EP0485866B1 - Hacheur pour alimenter une lampe à décharge - Google Patents

Hacheur pour alimenter une lampe à décharge Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0485866B1
EP0485866B1 EP91118851A EP91118851A EP0485866B1 EP 0485866 B1 EP0485866 B1 EP 0485866B1 EP 91118851 A EP91118851 A EP 91118851A EP 91118851 A EP91118851 A EP 91118851A EP 0485866 B1 EP0485866 B1 EP 0485866B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
power supply
switched
mode power
capacitor
lamp
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91118851A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0485866A1 (fr
Inventor
Franz Bernitz
Andreas Huber
Frank Hansmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH filed Critical Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Publication of EP0485866A1 publication Critical patent/EP0485866A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0485866B1 publication Critical patent/EP0485866B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/24—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by high frequency ac, or with separate oscillator frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
    • H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
    • H05B41/288—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps without preheating electrodes, e.g. for high-intensity discharge lamps, high-pressure mercury or sodium lamps or low-pressure sodium lamps
    • H05B41/2881—Load circuits; Control thereof
    • H05B41/2882—Load circuits; Control thereof the control resulting from an action on the static converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/36—Controlling
    • H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
    • H05B41/382—Controlling the intensity of light during the transitional start-up phase
    • H05B41/388—Controlling the intensity of light during the transitional start-up phase for a transition from glow to arc
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S315/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
    • Y10S315/07—Starting and control circuits for gas discharge lamp using transistors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a clocked switching power supply according to the preamble of protection claim 1.
  • Switching power supplies of this type are part of electronic ballasts for high-pressure discharge lamps, in particular high-pressure discharge lamps with low power consumption.
  • EP-A-0 256 231 discloses a switching power supply with a control circuit which is suitable for discharge lamps.
  • the capacitor at the output of the switching power supply is used to supply energy to the discharge lamp during the conducting phase of the switching transistor.
  • the capacitance of this capacitor should be chosen so large that the supply current of the discharge lamp is only from a small AC component, which results from the high-frequency switching frequency of the transistor, is superimposed. This prevents the discharge in the lamp from going out during the conducting phase of the switching transistor.
  • the capacitance of the capacitor on the output side must be sufficiently small so that the voltage across this capacitor can be set to the lamp operating voltage quickly enough via the pulse width ratio of the switching regulator.
  • Document FR 2 489 069 discloses a circuit arrangement with a ballast and an igniter for a high-pressure discharge lamp, the lamp being connected via the igniter to a capacitor arranged at the output of the ballast.
  • this circuit arrangement has a low-frequency choke coil, which is arranged between the aforementioned capacitor and the lamp.
  • the lamp current is pressed to a relatively low value when the lamp voltage is sufficiently high, so that a glow discharge occurs only at a small front point of the cathode in order to preheat the cathode and thus ensure a safe transition from the glow. to ensure arc discharge.
  • low-frequency choke coils are relatively voluminous and therefore cannot be used in compact ballasts.
  • the RC element parallel to the output capacitor has a relatively large time constant, so that a small but longer-lasting discharge current flows from the capacitor of the RC element, which in connection with the relatively high, but only briefly tig flowing discharge current of the output capacitor, the ignition with subsequent arc acceptance in the discharge lamp ensured.
  • a time-variable resistor can also be connected between the switching power supply and the high-pressure discharge lamp in series with the lamp.
  • This resistor can consist of a thermistor or a parallel connection of a resistor with a mechanical relay contact.
  • the high resistance value of the resistor prevents a high discharge current from flowing out of the output capacitor for a short time. It is only through the onset of self-heating - in the case of the thermistor - or through the closing of the relay contact in parallel connection that an increased current flow is made possible, so that the start of the lamp is guaranteed to work properly.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic structure of an electronic ballast for a 35 watt metal halide high-pressure discharge lamp L with a switching power supply according to the invention and an ignition circuit Z.
  • the switching power supply is a secondary clocked throttle step-up converter (boost converter).
  • the control part S is not the subject of the invention and is therefore only shown schematically. An example of this can be found eg in EP-A-0 059 053.
  • As voltage source U Batt. serves a 12 volt car battery.
  • An input capacitor C E with a capacitance of 5000 ⁇ F is connected in parallel with the voltage source.
  • a power MOSFET is used as the switching transistor T Q , the gate voltage of which is keyed at a frequency of 20-75 kHz by means of the control circuit.
  • the choke step-up converter also includes a choke L S with an inductance of 0.5 mH, a diode D and an output capacitor C A with a capacitance of 3.3 ⁇ F.
  • An RC element is connected in parallel with the output capacitor C A , whose ohmic resistance R has a value of 33 ⁇ and whose capacitor C R has a capacitance of 22 ⁇ F.
  • the 35-watt high-pressure discharge lamp L is connected in series with the ignition circuit Z in parallel with the output capacitor C A and in parallel with the RC element. Examples of the ignition circuit Z are described in the article "Ignition of metal halide lamps" by H.-J.Fähnrich and H.Leyendecker, predominantly- und Kino-Technik 1972, No. 8, p.279.
  • the load circuit with the discharge lamp L is completely separated from the circuit which is formed by the battery, the inductor L S and the transistor T Q because of the diode D.
  • the energy supply of the lamp L is mainly ensured by the output capacitor C A during the conducting phase of the transistor T Q.
  • the battery and the choke L S take over the voltage supply for the discharge lamp L.
  • the capacitors C A and C R are also charged to the output voltage of the switching power supply.
  • the control circuit regulates the output voltage of the Switching power supply via the pulse duty factor of the switching transistor T Q to the lamp lamp voltage of approx. 100 V.
  • the RC element only serves as an ignition aid.
  • the output capacitor C A supplies a high discharge current of approximately 50 A for a short period of approximately 3 ⁇ s, which generates a “hot spot” on the electrodes of the lamp, but is not sufficient for the lamp after the ignition pulse to be transferred to the arc discharge. Only the slowly decaying, relatively small discharge current of the capacitor C R , the initial value of which is approximately 5 A, together with the discharge current of the output capacitor C A enables the lamp to be ignited safely.
  • FIG. 2 shows a modified embodiment of the basic structure of an electronic ballast for a 35-watt metal halide high-pressure discharge lamp.
  • the exemplary embodiment largely corresponds to the example shown in FIG. 1.
  • a thermistor H is connected in series with the high-pressure discharge lamp L.
  • the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment described here, but can equally well be applied to other switching power supplies, such as can be applied to a flyback converter (isolated ornonisolated) or a buck converter (buck converter).
  • a flyback converter isolated ornonisolated
  • buck converter buck converter

Claims (7)

  1. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée, mettant en oeuvre une modulation d'impulsions en durée pour la conversion d'une tension continue en une autre tension continue pour le fonctionnement d'une lampe à décharge haute pression (L) à l'aide d'un circuit d'amorçage (Z), le bloc d'alimentation à découpage comportant un ou plusieurs interrupteurs à semiconducteurs actifs (TQ) et passifs (D), une ou plusieurs inductances (LS) ainsi que des condensateurs respectifs (CE, CA) en parallèle avec l'entrée et la sortie du bloc d'alimentation à découpage, caractérisé par le fait qu'un circuit RC (R, CR) possédant une constante de temps relativement élevée est branché en parallèle avec le condensateur (CA) de la sortie du bloc d'alimentation à découpage de sorte que, pendant la phase d'amorçage de la lampe, un courant de décharge durant plus longtemps est délivré par le condensateur (CR) du circuit RC (R, CR).
  2. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée mettant en oeuvre une modulation d'impulsions en durée pour la conversion d'une tension continue en une autre tension continue pour le fonctionnement d'une lampe à décharge haute pression (L) à l'aide d'un circuit d'amorçage (Z), le bloc d'alimentation à découpage comportant un ou plusieurs interrupteurs à semiconducteurs actifs (TQ) et passifs (D), une ou plusieurs inductances (LS) ainsi que des condensateurs respectifs (CE, CA) en parallèle avec l'entrée et la sortie du bloc d'alimentation à découpage, caractérisé par le fait qu'entre la sortie du bloc d'alimentation à découpage et la lampe à décharge haute pression (L), et en série avec la lampe, est branchée une résistance (H) variable dans le temps, qui possède une valeur résistive élevée à l'instant d'amorçage de la lampe (L).
  3. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que le condensateur (CA) situé à la sortie du bloc d'alimentation à découpage possède une capacité comprise entre 0,01 mF et 25 mF.
  4. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la capacité du condensateur (CR) dans le circuit RC (R, CR) possède une capacité comprise entre 0,5 mF et 25 mF.
  5. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la résistance ohmique (R) du circuit RC (R, CR) possède une résistance électrique comprise entre 10 W et 100 W.
  6. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée suivant la revendication 2, caractérisé par le fait que la résistance variable dans le temps est un conducteur à chaud (H) possédant une résistance à froid comprise entre 10 et 100 W.
  7. Bloc d'alimentation à découpage commandé de façon cadencée suivant la revendication 2, caractérisé par le fait que la résistance variable dans le temps est un circuit parallèle formé d'une résistance et d'un contact mécanique de relais.
EP91118851A 1990-11-15 1991-11-05 Hacheur pour alimenter une lampe à décharge Expired - Lifetime EP0485866B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE9015674U 1990-11-15
DE9015674U DE9015674U1 (fr) 1990-11-15 1990-11-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0485866A1 EP0485866A1 (fr) 1992-05-20
EP0485866B1 true EP0485866B1 (fr) 1996-01-31

Family

ID=6859402

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91118851A Expired - Lifetime EP0485866B1 (fr) 1990-11-15 1991-11-05 Hacheur pour alimenter une lampe à décharge

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5343125A (fr)
EP (1) EP0485866B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH0499697U (fr)
KR (1) KR0120598Y1 (fr)
DE (2) DE9015674U1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2693074B1 (fr) * 1992-06-26 1994-08-19 Valeo Vision Dispositif pour une lampe à décharge destiné à équiper un projecteur de véhicule et projecteur équipé d'un tel dispositif.
DE4231968A1 (de) * 1992-09-24 1994-03-31 Bosch Gmbh Robert Getaktete Stromversorgungsschaltung
FR2698515B1 (fr) * 1992-11-20 1995-01-06 Valeo Vision Dispositif d'alimentation de lampes à décharge notamment pour projecteur de véhicule.
DE4404658A1 (de) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-15 Tridonic Bauelemente Ges Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zur Begrenzung des Gleichstromscheitelwertes und/oder des Anlaufwechselstromes nach dem Einschalten einer Entladungslampe
DE19544838A1 (de) * 1995-12-01 1997-06-05 Bosch Gmbh Robert Zündvorrichtung für eine Hochdruck-Gasentladungslampe
US5646485A (en) * 1995-12-14 1997-07-08 General Motors Corporation Motor vehicle daytime running light system having buck switch mode converter
DE59801941D1 (de) * 1997-07-22 2001-12-06 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Beleuchtungssystem mit einer dielektrisch behinderten entladungslampe und einer schaltungsanordnung zum erzeugen von impulsspannungsfolgen.
CN1237323A (zh) * 1997-09-01 1999-12-01 皇家菲利浦电子有限公司 电路结构
FR2775155B1 (fr) * 1998-02-13 2000-05-05 Valeo Electronique Perfectionnements aux dispositifs pour l'alimentation d'une lampe a decharge de projecteur de vehicule automobile
DE69930897T2 (de) * 1998-06-25 2006-11-23 ORC Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Chofu Anordnung zum Betreiben einer Entladungslampe
WO2001084678A2 (fr) * 2000-04-18 2001-11-08 Lambda Physik Ag Technique de stabilisation pour lasers gazeux a haute frequence de repetition d"impulsions
US6495970B1 (en) * 2001-11-14 2002-12-17 Sun Lite Sockets Industry Inc. Lamp stand with multi-stage light modulation
US7557555B2 (en) * 2007-04-05 2009-07-07 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method to determine an operating characteristic of a vehicle power converter
US8274236B2 (en) * 2009-04-01 2012-09-25 Delta Electronics, Inc. Power supply having an auxiliary power stage for sustaining sufficient post ignition current in a DC lamp

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5419778B1 (fr) * 1971-06-18 1979-07-18
DE2710066A1 (de) * 1977-03-08 1978-09-14 Helmut Dipl Chem Ulrich Leuchtstofflampen-startschaltung und -speiseschaltung
JPS6016080B2 (ja) * 1980-08-20 1985-04-23 ウシオ電機株式会社 直流放電灯点灯装置
EP0059053A3 (fr) * 1981-02-21 1983-05-18 THORN EMI plc Alimentation de courant à impulsions
JPS6019148A (ja) * 1983-07-14 1985-01-31 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd 電子写真感光体
DE3441992A1 (de) * 1984-11-16 1986-05-22 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH, 8000 München Schaltungsanordnung zur zuendung einer niederdruckentladungslampe
ZA862614B (en) * 1986-04-08 1986-12-30 David John Cockram Controller for gas discharge lamps
DE3627395A1 (de) * 1986-08-13 1988-02-18 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Steuerschaltung fuer ein schaltnetzteil mit sinusfoermiger stromaufnahme zum umwandeln einer sinusfoermigen wechselspannung in eine geregelte gleichspannung
US4730147A (en) * 1986-08-19 1988-03-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and arrangement for the operation of a gas discharge lamp
US4866347A (en) * 1987-09-28 1989-09-12 Hubbell Incorporated Compact fluorescent lamp circuit
US4904907A (en) * 1988-02-26 1990-02-27 General Electric Company Ballast circuit for metal halide lamp
US5047695A (en) * 1990-02-20 1991-09-10 General Electric Company Direct current (DC) acoustic operation of xenon-metal halide lamps using high-frequency ripple
US5059867A (en) * 1990-04-03 1991-10-22 General Electric Company Ballast circuit with improved transfer functions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0485866A1 (fr) 1992-05-20
KR920010795U (ko) 1992-06-17
DE59107339D1 (de) 1996-03-14
JPH0499697U (fr) 1992-08-28
KR0120598Y1 (ko) 1998-10-01
DE9015674U1 (fr) 1992-03-12
US5343125A (en) 1994-08-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0485866B1 (fr) Hacheur pour alimenter une lampe à décharge
EP1333707B1 (fr) Ballast électronique pour une lampe à décharge
EP1741320B1 (fr) Montage et procede pour faire fonctionner des lampes a decharge haute pression
DE112005003141B4 (de) Entladungslampen-Vorschaltgerät mit zwei alternierend arbeitenden DC/DC-Wandlern
DE3623306A1 (de) Entladungslampen-treiber
EP0359860A1 (fr) Dispositif et procédé de mise en oeuvre d'au moins une lampe à décharge
EP0800335A2 (fr) Circuit pour alimenter des lampes électriques
EP0693864B1 (fr) Circuit pour alimenter une ou plusieurs lampes à décharge basse-pression
EP0655880B1 (fr) Circuit basse tension pour l'alimentation d'une lampe à décharge basse pression
DE19843643B4 (de) Schaltungsanordnung zum Starten und Betreiben einer Hochdruck-Entladungslampe
EP0439240B1 (fr) Ballast électronique
EP0868115B1 (fr) Circuit d'amorçage pour lampe HID
EP1514456B1 (fr) Appareil electronique auxiliaire muni d'une lampe de charge pour la correction active du facteur de puissance
EP1869951A1 (fr) Dispositif d'amorçage a transformateur piezoelectrique pour une lampe a decharge a haute pression
DE19849738A1 (de) Impulsgenerator und Vorrichtung zum Betreiben einer Entladungslampe, in der selbiger verwendet wird
EP2168229A1 (fr) Ensemble circuit pourvu d'un transformateur de tension et procédé correspondant
EP1033907A2 (fr) Circuit et méthode pour alimenter au moins une lampe à décharge à haute pression
WO2005011338A1 (fr) Circuit pour faire fonctionner des lampes a decharge a haute pression
DE2924069A1 (de) Schaltungsanordnung zum zuenden und betrieb einer gas- und/oder dampfentladungslampe
DE3245924A1 (de) Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb von hochdruck-gasentladungslampen
DE10210805B4 (de) Vorschaltgerät für eine Entladungslampe
DE102004039414B4 (de) Entladungslampenansteuerschaltung
DE10210804B4 (de) Vorschaltgerät für eine Entladungslampe
DE102022103824A1 (de) Bereitstellen von zwei voneinander unterschiedlichen elektrischen Gleichspannungen mittels eines Energiewandlers
DE19816965B4 (de) Vorschaltgerät für Leuchtstofflampen

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB IT

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19921007

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19940519

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB IT

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 59107339

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19960314

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed

Owner name: STUDIO JAUMANN

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 19960409

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: IF02

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20051108

Year of fee payment: 15

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20051122

Year of fee payment: 15

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20061130

Year of fee payment: 16

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20061105

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

Effective date: 20070731

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061105

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061130

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20071105

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20110121

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59107339

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59107339

Country of ref document: DE

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20111106