EP0485194B1 - Verbesserte Wärmeübertragungsfläche - Google Patents

Verbesserte Wärmeübertragungsfläche Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0485194B1
EP0485194B1 EP91310265A EP91310265A EP0485194B1 EP 0485194 B1 EP0485194 B1 EP 0485194B1 EP 91310265 A EP91310265 A EP 91310265A EP 91310265 A EP91310265 A EP 91310265A EP 0485194 B1 EP0485194 B1 EP 0485194B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat transfer
particles
carbon
metal
element according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91310265A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0485194A1 (de
Inventor
Stephen Forbes Pearson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Star Refrigeration Ltd
Original Assignee
Star Refrigeration Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Star Refrigeration Ltd filed Critical Star Refrigeration Ltd
Priority to AT91310265T priority Critical patent/ATE102338T1/de
Publication of EP0485194A1 publication Critical patent/EP0485194A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0485194B1 publication Critical patent/EP0485194B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/18—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C23C4/067—Metallic material containing free particles of non-metal elements, e.g. carbon, silicon, boron, phosphorus or arsenic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
    • F28F13/187—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings especially adapted for evaporator surfaces or condenser surfaces, e.g. with nucleation sites

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improved heat transfer surface for boiling a liquid, and a process of production thereof.
  • the heat transfer co-efficient for boiling a liquid may be improved by coating the heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger with a matrix of small heat-conductive particles which produce a network of linked re-entrant cavities.
  • US-A-3384154 describes a method of coating heat transfer surfaces with small metallic particles which are subsequently sintered on to the substrate material. Such coatings result in heat transfer co-efficients which may be two to ten times as great as the co-efficient when using a smooth tube.
  • the important parameters include particle size, pore size, range of pore sizes, activity of the particles, surface tension of the liquid being boiled and the angle of contact between liquid and particle surface in the presence of vapour.
  • the present invention uses porous carbon particles anchored to the heat transfer surface by means of a network of metal particles.
  • the present invention provides a heat transfer element which comprises a substrate having a surface coating comprising porous carbon particles embedded in a matrix of metal particles.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of heat transfer surface for boiling a liquid, which comprises spraying a substrate with a mixture of metal particles and particles of carbon, such that the carbon particles become embedded in a matrix of metal particles attached to the substrate.
  • spraying is to be interpreted broadly to include processes wherein substantially particulate solid, semi-solid or liquid material is impacted onto a substrate.
  • the metal particles are preferably formed of a heat conductive material such as aluminium or other high conductivity metal or alloy known in the art.
  • the particle size is usually in the range 1-100 microns, particularly 10-60 microns, and the thickness of the layer is preferably less than 250 microns. Thus, on average, the layer will usually be about 2-5 metal particles deep, so that the carbon particles are exposed to the liquid.
  • the porous carbon is preferably activated carbon or charcoal of a microporous nature.
  • the particle size of the carbon particles is usually in the range 1-100 microns, particularly 10-60 microns.
  • the activated carbon would generally comprise from 20 to 80% by volume of the matrix layer.
  • the mixture of carbon and metal particles will usually be sprayed on under conditions which avoid degradation of the carbon particles by excessive temperature or oxidation. Usually, the mixture will be sprayed together with an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon.
  • the surface of the applied matrix may be mechanically worked, for example by rolling, to improve its mechanical properties and to prevent detachment of the carbon particles in use.
  • the substrate is in the form of heat transfer tube but may also be a plate or other heat transfer element.
  • the substrate is usually of metal, e.g. cupro-nickel, copper, steel or stainless steel.
  • the heat transfer element of the invention allows heat exchangers for boiling liquids to be fabricated, which have high co-efficients of heat transfer. Carbon also has the advantage of having a relatively high heat conductivity. The element finds particular use in the refrigeration field.
  • a heat transfer tube according to the invention was produced as follows.
  • a cupronickel tube (90% Cu 10%N:) was cleaned by shot-blasting and then plasma-sprayed with a mixture of particles of aluminium metal and carbon (both of size approximately 60 microns) in an inert gas or reducing atmosphere to produce a surface coating 8 of 100-200 microns thick.
  • a single spray gun equipped with two separate feeder chambers for metal and carbon respectively was used.
  • the heat transfer tube 2 was then fitted with a heater 4 as shown in Figure 1, and a low melting point alloy Ostalloy 158 was poured into the space 9 between the heater and the tube to provide good thermal contact.
  • the tube was equipped with a surface thermocouple pair 6 to measure the temperature at the surface of the tube 2.
  • Figure 2 shows a test rig for measuring temperature difference between the tube surface and a boiling liquid, in this case refrigerant R11.
  • the surface temperature of the tube is measured by thermocouple 6 and the temperature of the refrigerant R11 measured by a series of thermocouples (not shown) placed in the bulk of the liquid.
  • a sealed container 10 is filled with liquid R11 which is circulated to a cooler (not shown) via inlet 12 and outlet 14.
  • the liquid is boiled by three heated tubes H, P and M each equipped with a heater and variable power supply.
  • Each power supply consists of a watt meter 20 and varistor 22 in parallel with the heater.
  • Heat transfer tube M is provided with an aluminium/carbon coating according to the invention, as described above.
  • Tube P is a plain copper tube
  • tube H is a high flux tube. The temperature difference between the tube surface and the R11 liquid was measured.
  • Figure 3 shows the test results.
  • the plain copper tube P shows a temperature difference of between 5.5°C and 8.5°C depending on the power.
  • the temperature difference for the high flux tube H was erratic up to a power of about 60 watts and then varied from 1 to 3.5°C.
  • the temperature difference for tube M of the invention was substantially constant at about 1.5°C irrespective of power, and thus showed the best heat transfer ability.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cookers (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Wrappers (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Wärmeübertragungselement zum Kochen einer Flüssigkeit, das einen mit einem Oberflächenüberzug (8) versehenen Schichtträger (2) enthält, welch ersterer poröse Kohlenstoffpartikel einschliesst die in eine Grundmasse aus Metallpartikeln eingebettet sind.
  2. Element gemäß Anspruch 1, in welchem die Korngrösse der Kohlenstoffpartikel 1 - 100 Mikron beträgt.
  3. Element gemäß irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, in welchem der Kohlenstoff 20 bis 80 Volumenprozent des Oberzuges ausmacht.
  4. Element gemäß irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, in welchem die Korngrösse der Metallpartikel 1 - 100 Mikron beträgt.
  5. Element gemäß irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, in welchem das Metall Aluminium ist.
  6. Element gemäß irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, in welchem die Dicke des Überzuges geringer als 250 Mikron ist.
  7. Element gemäß irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, in welchem der Überzug mechanisch gewalzt worden ist.
  8. Element gemäß irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, in welchem die Metallpartikel durch Plasmaspritzen, zusammen mit den Kohlenstoffpartikeln, aufgetragen worden sind.
  9. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Wärmeübertragungsoberfläche zum Kochen einer Flüssigkeit, das ein Aufspritzen einer Mischung aus Metallpartikeln und aus porösen Kohlenstoffpartikeln auf den Schichtträger beinhaltet, sodaß die Kohlenstoffpartikel in die mit dem Schichtträger verbundene Grundmasse aus Metallpartikeln eingebettet werden.
EP91310265A 1990-11-06 1991-11-06 Verbesserte Wärmeübertragungsfläche Expired - Lifetime EP0485194B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT91310265T ATE102338T1 (de) 1990-11-06 1991-11-06 Verbesserte waermeuebertragungsflaeche.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB909024056A GB9024056D0 (en) 1990-11-06 1990-11-06 Improved heat transfer surface
GB9024056 1990-11-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0485194A1 EP0485194A1 (de) 1992-05-13
EP0485194B1 true EP0485194B1 (de) 1994-03-02

Family

ID=10684909

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91310265A Expired - Lifetime EP0485194B1 (de) 1990-11-06 1991-11-06 Verbesserte Wärmeübertragungsfläche

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0485194B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE102338T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69101298T2 (de)
GB (2) GB9024056D0 (de)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5482744A (en) * 1994-02-22 1996-01-09 Star Fabrication Limited Production of heat transfer element
JP2981184B2 (ja) * 1997-02-21 1999-11-22 トーカロ株式会社 ボイラ伝熱管および管内面デポジット付着抑制効果に優れるボイラ伝熱管の製造方法
DE10141524C2 (de) * 2001-08-24 2003-10-30 Zae Bayern Bayerisches Zentrum Fuer Angewandte Energieforschung Ev Stoff- und Wärmeaustauscherfläche
WO2003019081A1 (de) 2001-08-24 2003-03-06 Zae Bayern Bayrisches Zentrum Für Angewandte Energieforschung E.V. Stoff- und wärmeaustauscherfläche sowie stoff- und wärmeaustauschreaktor mit einer solchen stoff- und wärmeaustauscherfläche
DE10141525B4 (de) * 2001-08-24 2009-12-31 ZAE Bayern Bayerisches Zentrum für angewandte Energieforschung eV Stoff- und Wärmeaustauschreaktor
DE102016209082A1 (de) * 2016-05-25 2017-11-30 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Verdampfer- und/oder Kondensatorelement mit oberflächlich eingebetteten porösen Partikeln

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4182412A (en) * 1978-01-09 1980-01-08 Uop Inc. Finned heat transfer tube with porous boiling surface and method for producing same
GB2013243B (en) * 1979-01-08 1982-10-06 Uop Inc Method for producing heat transfer surface and heat transfer member
US4232056A (en) * 1979-04-16 1980-11-04 Union Carbide Corporation Thermospray method for production of aluminum porous boiling surfaces
FR2507729B1 (fr) * 1981-06-12 1986-08-22 Snecma Joint susceptible d'etre use par abrasion et son procede de realisation
US4753849A (en) * 1986-07-02 1988-06-28 Carrier Corporation Porous coating for enhanced tubes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2251363B (en) 1994-05-25
GB2251363A (en) 1992-07-01
DE69101298T2 (de) 1994-06-09
EP0485194A1 (de) 1992-05-13
GB9024056D0 (en) 1990-12-19
DE69101298D1 (de) 1994-04-07
GB9123544D0 (en) 1992-01-02
ATE102338T1 (de) 1994-03-15

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