EP0475976B1 - Druckformierleiste - Google Patents
Druckformierleiste Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0475976B1 EP0475976B1 EP19900908446 EP90908446A EP0475976B1 EP 0475976 B1 EP0475976 B1 EP 0475976B1 EP 19900908446 EP19900908446 EP 19900908446 EP 90908446 A EP90908446 A EP 90908446A EP 0475976 B1 EP0475976 B1 EP 0475976B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- drainage
- forming fabric
- forming
- stock
- box
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F1/48—Suction apparatus
- D21F1/483—Drainage foils and bars
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F1/009—Fibre-rearranging devices
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F9/00—Complete machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F9/02—Complete machines for making continuous webs of paper of the Fourdrinier type
Definitions
- This invention is concerned with the initial formation of paper on machines of the type wherein an aqueous slurry known as the stock is deposited onto a continuous moving forming fabric.
- the stock which contains both fibers and other substances in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight is fed from a head box slice onto a moving forming fabric. Water is progressively drained from the stock through the forming fabric as it passes over various drainage elements until at the end of the forming section the stock contains some 2% to 4% by weight of solid material. At that point, the distribution and orientation of the fibers and other solids in the still very wet stock is largely determined, and will not change very much in the later paper making steps. Thus at the end of the forming section the formation of the paper is largely completed.
- a conventional paper making machine forming section includes a forming fabric which is supported at the head box slice end by a breast roll, which is followed in sequence by a forming board, and thereafter by a sequence of drainage devices which complete the forming section.
- the nature and placement of these drainage devices varies considerably, and is determined at least in part by whether either a conventional open fabric forming section or a twin wire or gap former is being used.
- Calehuff in United States Patent No. 3 066 068 proposes to improve the drainage of the stock through the forming fabric. It is proposed that in the Fourdrinier-type machine, suction and positive pressure are alternately applied to the incipient paper web on the forming fabric, by means of a series of sealed drainage chambers, alternately containing a "relatively high vacuum", of the order of 3'' to 12'' mercury (that is, from about 104 cm to about 415 cm water gauge), and a "substantially higher pressure", which is "slightly below atmospheric, atmospheric, or slightly above atmospheric, depending on operating conditions". According to Calehuff, rapid application of this level of suction and relaxation to about ambient pressure, will agitate the fibres and tend to break up lumps. However, it appears that the vacuum levels advocated by Calehuff are far too high, and cause the incipient web to form a sealed mat on the forming fabric. Rather than improving drainage, such a sealed mat restricts and hinders further drainage.
- the concepts of this invention are equally applicable to both a twin wire machine, and to a conventional open-surface forming section, that is to improve stock formation in the region of the forming section immediately adjacent the head box slice.
- Curtailing the drainage rate through a conventional design forming board would appear to be simple: all that is needed is to decrease the available drainage area, by widening the support surfaces, and/or moving them closer together. Experiment shows that this is not so and the drainage rate is not significantly reduced. Further, the paper web is marked severely with streaks, of uneven fibre weight across the width of the paper. In other words, such changes can cause significant deterioration in paper quality.
- this invention provides a paper making machine having a forming section including at least a continuous travelling forming fabric which passes over a breast roll adjacent a head box slice through which aqueous stock is deposited onto the forming fabric, and a foraminous forming board surface supported by a drainage box, which surface both supports the forming fabric and provides a pressure tight seal between the forming fabric and the drainage box; characterized in that
- the positive pressure will generally decrease from a high value adjacent the head box slice to a value approaching ambient atmospheric at the end of the forming board.
- the air supply means provides a positive pressure above ambient atmospheric of from about 0.1 kPa (1 cm water gauge) to about 2.5 kPa (25 cms water gauge).
- the forming board surface preferably comprises a plurality of thin elongate blades extending across the full width of the forming fabric, so placed as to contribute toward controlled agitation of the stock on the forming fabric. More preferably, at least some of the thin elongate blades are provided with a top surface contour which will induce controlled agitation in the stock on the forming fabric.
- the invention provides a method for improving stock formation in a paper making machine having a forming section including at least a continuous travelling forming fabric which passes over a breast roll adjacent a head box slice through which aqueous stock is deposited onto the forming fabric, a forming board surface adjacent the head box slice supported by a drainage box, which surface both supports the forming fabric and provides a pressure tight seal between the forming fabric and the drainage box; in which method an aqueous stock is discharged from the head box slice onto the moving forming fabric, characterized in that
- the air pressure is controlled to be from about 0.1 kPa (1 cm water gauge) above ambient atmospheric pressure to about 2.5 KPa (25 cms water gauge).
- the desired level of agitation is caused and controlled within the stock by controlling the spacing of the support-surfaces comprising the forming board. More preferably, the desired level of agitation is caused within the stock by a support surface with a top surface contour which induces controlled agitation within the stock on the forming fabric.
- the drainage box is either a single box divided into separate compartments by pressure tight transverse walls, or a plurality of contiguous separate boxes, to each of which a different level of pressure can be applied.
- Figure 1 the initial part of a paper making machine is shown, incorporating a forming fabric 1, which moves in the direction of the arrows shown at 1A and 1B.
- the forming fabric moves over a breast roll 2, and various tensioning and idling rollers 3.
- the stock is deposited onto the forming fabric 1 from the head box shown diagrammatically at 4, through a slice opening 5, which extends transversely across the forming fabric 1.
- Adjacent the breast roll 2 and the head box slice 5 is a forming board followed by the first of the many drainage units which comprise the forming section, which in this case is shown as a foil unit 7, based on that originally described by Wrist in US 2,928,465.
- the forming board unit 6 is provided with a plurality of support surfaces shown generally at 12, 13 and 14, of which that nearest the head box slice, 5, is generally wider, than the others. Each of these surfaces is mounted on a T-bar, as at 10. As shown, the drainage box 6 is merely left open at its bottom to provide gravity drainage.
- FIG 2 is shown one embodiment of the forming board of this invention.
- the unit is now a closed box 20 with a pressurized air supply pipe 28, and the drain pipe 32 has an integral pressure leg, to contain the applied pressure.
- the forming board support surfaces again comprise a T-bar 10 onto which is mounted the elongate blade 17, which extends across the width of the forming fabric.
- sealing pieces (not shown)- are inserted between the blade units to seal the forming fabric effectively to the top surface of the drainage box.
- the shape of the top surface, and also their lateral spacing, will be discussed in more detail below.
- the first blade 18 has to counter the impact of the jet of stock as it exits the slice 5 onto the forming fabric 1.
- this first blade is usually much wider than the others, often being twice the width of the later ones. It has now been found that this need not be so, and a blade substantially the same width as the others can often be used.
- This first blade will also generally have a flat top surface. As is the case with all of the blades, it is mounted onto a conventional T-bar arrangement.
- the placement and shape of the remaining blades 19 is important. It is now known that almost any surface used to support a forming fabric has an effect on the behaviour of the stock on the fabric. The characteristics of the surface can be chosen to produce agitation in the stock which can range from sufficient effectively to lift the stock bodily off the fabric ranging downwardly through visible macroscopic agitation to microscopic agitation which can only be observed by using careful photography and strobe light illumination (i.e., with a simple flat surfaced blade such as the first blade 18). Further, it is also now known that the placement of these blades along the forming fabric is important, particularly for static drainage devices. Although the hydraulic phenomena causing the agitation are not fully understood, it is nevertheless known that they exhibit harmonic characteristics.
- the blades 19 can be placed so that the microscopic agitation which they induce is harmonically spaced apart along the length of the forming board. It then follows that by controlling the amount of agitation imparted by any one blade, the overall level of stock agitation can be controlled.
- the amount of agitation imparted by the blades is largely determined by the shape of the support surface.
- a simple flat blade generates some agitation in the microagitation range, which can be enough for some purposes.
- the blade used to provide microagitation in the stock will cause low or zero drainage.
- Suitable blade types are described by Johnson in US 3,874,998 and by Saad in US 4,420,370. These blades can be constructed using the now standard T-bar support concepts. This invention does not preclude the use of devices which cause some drainage as well as providing the desired amount of agitation.
- FIGs 3A and 3B show blades which agitate without draining, as described by Johnson, in U.S. 3,874,998.
- the blade 37 or 38 mounts on a T-bar 10.
- the blade 37 has a central depression 39, in its top surface, so that a cross-machine gap of a flat triangular shape, having a depth x, is created below the plane of the forming fabric.
- this depression rather than being triangular, can be a shallow concave shape.
- Typical dimensions for a blade such as those shown in Figure 3A or Figure 3B when used to cause microagitation are:
- the preferred value for the depression width z is that it is about half the total width of the blade. This then leaves adequate leading and trailing flat portions (y1 and y2) to get a water seal with the fabric onto the blade in these areas. As the depth also affects the amount of agitation, a wider blade will not necessarily require a deeper depression. In many cases it is found that if the blade is widened then the depth, x, should not be changed, although the width z will increase, to maintain it at about half the total blade width. In selecting a blade for a given circumstance, some care is needed. The narrowest blade that gives adequate support should be used, which will mean that a forming board according to this invention usually will use more support blades than a conventional board.
- all of the blades used can be of the same width.
- the shallowest depression should be used that is needed to cause the desired amount of agitation. If the blade is made too wide, and the depression is made too deep, then the level of agitation can go far beyond the microagitation needed in this area of the forming fabric to a level where the forming fabric with the stock on it lifts clear of the blades. This is not conducive to the making of good paper. Although it is simpler to use a blade with a single depression, it is realized that in certain circumstances a wider blade with more than one depression might be desirable. If such a blade is used, then the central flat portion between the depressions should be about as wide as the leading and trailing flat surfaces.
- FIG 4 a preferred embodiment is shown.
- the drainage box shown generally at 6 is divided into a series of pressure tight smaller compartments 20, 21, 22, and 23, by transverse walls 24, 25 and 26. Four are shown, but this number is not crucial. Similarly, a series of separate boxes could also be used, with their side walls contiguous.
- Each of the compartments 20 through 23 extends across the full width of the forming fabric. In each case, a blade, as at 27, is placed over each of the transverse walls.
- Each of the compartments is provided with a pressurized air supply pipe 28, 29, 30 and 31, which incorporates a pressure control means (not shown), and also with a drainage leg 32, 33, 34 and 35, which includes suitable means to contain pressure in the compartment while also allowing free drainage. This arrangement permits a different marginal pressure above ambient to be applied to each of boxes 20, 21, 22 and 23.
- the applied pressure will decrease in a stepwise fashion from box 20, adjacent the head box slice, to box 23 to which a low pressure, or even none at all, is applied. It is also contemplated that situations might arise wherein such a progression is not desirable, and for example the highest pressure might be found desirable in box 21.
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
- Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
Claims (11)
- Papierherstellmaschine mit einem Formungsabschnitt, der mindestens ein kontinuierliches laufendes Siebtuch (1) enthält, das über eine Umlenk- oder Brustwalze (2) benachbart zu einem Auflaufkastenschlitz (5) läuft, durch welchen wäßrige Papiermasse auf das Siebtuch abgeschieden wird, und eine mit Öffnungen versehene Siebtischauflagefläche (17, 18, 19), die durch einen Entwässerungskasten (6) abgestützt ist, welche Flache sowohl das Siebtuch trägt als auch eine Druckabdichtung zwischen dem Siebtuch und dem Entwässerungskasten schafft;
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß(a) der Entwässerungskasten mit daran angebrachtem Luftzuführmittel (28, 29) versehen ist, das eine Quelle für Luft mit positivem Druck und ein Luftdruck-Steuermittel enthält, so daß ein über dem Umgebungs-Atmosphärendruck liegender positiver Luftdruck in dem Entwässerungskasten aufrecht erhalten wird, der ausreicht, den Wasserablauf von der Papiermasse durch die mit Öffnungen versehene Siebtischauflagefläche zu behindern, jedoch nicht dazu, die Papiermassenausbildung auf dem Siebtuch an der Siebtischauflagefläche zu behindern;(b) der Entwässerungskasten auch ein Entwässerungsmittel (32, 33) enthält, das sowohl den über Umgebungs-Atmosphärendruck liegenden angelegten positiven Luftdruck in dem Entwässerungskasten aufrecht erhält als auch das Abfließen des ablaufenden Siebwassers aus dem Entwässerungskasten zuläßt;(c) die mit Öffnungen versehene Siebtischauflagefläche einen Weg für die Bewegung des Siebtuchs schafft, der ein gesteuertes Ausmaß von mit gleichem Abstand auftretender periodischer harmonischer Bewegungsbildung in der Papiermasse induziert; und(d) der Entwässerungskasten mindestens ein sich über die Breite des Siebtuchs erstreckendes Fach (20, 21) enthält, das separate Drucksteuermittel und Entwässerungsmittel (32, 33) besitzt. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Auflagefläche umfaßt eine Vielzahl von mit gleichmäßigen Abständen versehenen dünnen länglichen Leisten (17, 18, 19), die sich, zusammen mit zwischen ihre Enden gesetzten Dichtstreifen, über die Gesamtbreite des Siebtuchs (1) erstrecken.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die erste dem Auflaufkastenschlitz (5) benachbarte längliche Leiste (18) breiter als die restlichen Leisten ist.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens eine längliche Leiste eine Kontur an der oberen Fläche (39, 62) besitzt, die dazu ausgelegt ist, zu der Bewegungsbildung der Papiermasse an dem Siebtuch beizutragen.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Oberflächenkontur einen ebenen Flächenteil umfaßt mit einem in Richtung der Bewegung des Siebtuchs vorderen und einem hinteren Abschnitt, welche Abschnitte getrennt sind durch mindestens eine flache Vertiefung (39, 62), die sich in Längsrichtung der Leiste über die Breite des Siebtuches erstreckt und bei der jeder vordere und hintere Abschnitt und etwaige ebene Abschnitte zwischen den flachen Vertiefungen von ausreichender Breite sind, um eine hydraulische Abdichtung der Maschinenseite des Siebtuches zu schaffen, und der Pegel der Bewegungsbildung gesteuert wird durch Steuern der Tiefe oder der Gestalt oder sowohl der Tiefe wie der Gestalt der flachen Vertiefung.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Entwässerungskasten (6) entweder einen einzigen Kasten umfaßt, der von einer dem Auflaufkastenschlitz (5) benachbarten Stelle bis zum Ende der Auflagefläche reicht und mit einer Vielzahl von druckdichten Querteilungen (24, 25, 26) versehen ist, zwischen denen jeweils ein separater gesteuerter positiver Druck angelegt werden kann, und jeweils ein separates Entwässerungsmittel (32, 33, 34, 35) besitzt, oder eine Vielzahl von aneinanderstoßend benachbarten Kästen (20, 21, 22, 23), die sich von der Nachbarschaft zum Auflaufkastenschlitz erstrecken, und an die jeweils ein separater gesteuerter positiver Druck angelegt werden kann und von denen jeder ein separates Wasserablaufmittel (32, 33, 34, 35) besitzt.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Entwässerungskasten (6) entweder einen einzelnen Kasten umfaßt, der von einer Stelle benachbart zum Auflaufkastenschlitz (5) bis zum Ende der Auflagefläche reicht und mit einer Vielzahl von druckdichten Querteilungen (24, 25, 26) versehen ist, zwischen denen jeweils ein separater gesteuerter positiver Druck angelegt werden kann, und jeweils ein separates Entwässerungsmittel (32, 33, 34, 35) besitzt, oder eine Vielzahl von aneinander anstoßend benachbarten Kasten (20, 21, 22, 23), die sich von der Nachbarschaft zum Auflaufkastenschlitz erstrecken, an die jeweils ein separater gesteuerter positiver Druck angelegt werden kann und von denen jedes ein separates Wasserablaufmittel (32, 33, 34, 35) besitzt, und daß je eine längliche Leiste (18, 17, 27) über die erste, die letzte und irgendwelche zwischenliegende quer verlaufende druckdichte Unterteilungen (24, 25, 26) in dem Entwässerungskasten (6) gesetzt ist.
- Verfahren zur verbesserten Papiermassen-Ausbildung bei einer Papierherstell-Maschine mit einem Formungsabschnitt, der enthält mindestens ein kontinuierlich laufendes Siebtuch (1), das über eine Umlenk- oder Brustwalze (2) benachbart einem Auflaufkastenschlitz (5) läuft, durch welchen wäßrige Papiermasse auf dem Siebtuch abgeschieden wird, eine dem Auflaufkastenschlitz benachbarte, durch einen Entwässerungskasten (6) abgestützte Siebtischauflagefläche, welche Fläche sowohl das Siebtuch abstützt, als auch eine Druckabdichtung zwischen dem Siebtuch und dem Entwässerungskasten schafft; bei welchem Verfahren eine wäßrige Papiermasse von dem Auflaufkastenschlitz auf das sich bewegende Siebtuch entlassen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß(i) das Siebtuch über eine mit Öffnungen versehene Siebtischauflagefläche (17, 18, 19) bewegt wird mit einem unter Druck stehenden Entwässerungskasten (6), der mindestens eine Kammer (20) enthält, an die ein gesteuertes Druckniveau angelegt wird, das ausreicht, die Entwässerung von der Papiermasse an dem Siebtuch zu behindern, jedoch nicht dazu, die Papierstoffausbildung an dem Siebtuch zu stören; und(ii) ein gewünschtes Niveau von mit gleichförmigem Abstand aufgebrachter periodischer harmonischer Bewegungsbildung in die Papiermasse an dem Siebtuch an der mit Öffnungen versehenen Siebtischauflagefläche induziert wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die mit Öffnungen versehene Fläche einen Weg für die Bewegung des Siebtuches schafft, der ein gesteuertes Bewegungsbildungs-Niveau in der Papiermasse verursacht.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die mit Öffnungen versehen Fläche umfaßt eine Vielzahl von mit gleichmäßigem Abstand angebrachten dünnen länglichen Leisten (17, 18, 19), die sich zusammen mit zwischen deren Enden eingesetzten Dichtstreifen über die volle Breite des Siebtuchs erstrecken.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Entwässerungskasten (6) umfaßt entweder einen einzigen Kasten, der sich von der Nachbarschaft zum Auflaufkastenschlitz bis zum Ende der Siebtischauflage erstreckt, mit einer Vielzahl von druckdichten Querunterteilungen (24, 25, 26) versehen ist, zwischen denen jeweils ein separater gesteuerter positiver Luftdruck angelegt werden kann und von denen jedes ein separates Entwässerungsmittel (32, 33, 34, 35) besitzt, oder eine Vielzahl von aneinander anstoßend benachbarten Kästen (20, 21, 22, 23), an die jeweils ein separater gesteuerter positiver Druck angelegt werden kann, und von denen jeder ein separates Entwässerungsmittel (32, 33, 34, 35) besitzt, und wobei eine längliche Leiste (17, 18, 27) über die erste, die letzte und irgendwelche dazwischen befindliche druckdichte Querteilungen in dem Entwässerungskasten gesetzt ist.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT90908446T ATE103022T1 (de) | 1989-06-08 | 1990-06-07 | Druckformierleiste. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US36292589A | 1989-06-08 | 1989-06-08 | |
US362925 | 1989-06-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0475976A1 EP0475976A1 (de) | 1992-03-25 |
EP0475976B1 true EP0475976B1 (de) | 1994-03-16 |
Family
ID=23428078
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19900908446 Expired - Lifetime EP0475976B1 (de) | 1989-06-08 | 1990-06-07 | Druckformierleiste |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0475976B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH07113194B2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU633100B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2057880C (de) |
DE (1) | DE69007479T2 (de) |
FI (1) | FI101819B (de) |
WO (1) | WO1990015186A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106320049A (zh) * | 2015-06-29 | 2017-01-11 | 浙江永泰纸业集团股份有限公司 | 一种纸或纸板流浆箱控制方法 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI121820B (fi) | 2006-05-15 | 2011-04-29 | Ramtec Oy | Seulakauha ja seulakauhan voimansiirtomoduli |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2928466A (en) * | 1955-12-27 | 1960-03-15 | Ontario Paper Co Ltd | Means for improving drainage on paper machines |
US3052296A (en) * | 1958-11-04 | 1962-09-04 | Beloit Iron Works | Uniflow fourdrinier |
US3066068A (en) * | 1960-09-08 | 1962-11-27 | West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co | Means for and method of improving drainage on fourdrinier machines |
US3149026A (en) * | 1961-09-26 | 1964-09-15 | Beloit Iron Works | Air assisted formation method and apparatus |
GB1447486A (en) * | 1972-07-26 | 1976-08-25 | Jwi Ltd | Blades for papermaking machines |
FI49854C (fi) * | 1973-12-05 | 1975-10-10 | Valmet Oy | Menetelmä paperikoneen viiraosan toiminnan tehostamiseksi |
US4306934A (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1981-12-22 | Seppanen Erkki O | Method and apparatus for forming paper |
-
1990
- 1990-06-07 CA CA 2057880 patent/CA2057880C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-06-07 EP EP19900908446 patent/EP0475976B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-06-07 WO PCT/CA1990/000184 patent/WO1990015186A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-06-07 DE DE69007479T patent/DE69007479T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-06-07 AU AU56748/90A patent/AU633100B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-06-07 JP JP2507884A patent/JPH07113194B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-12-05 FI FI915762A patent/FI101819B/fi active
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106320049A (zh) * | 2015-06-29 | 2017-01-11 | 浙江永泰纸业集团股份有限公司 | 一种纸或纸板流浆箱控制方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU633100B2 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
FI915762A0 (fi) | 1991-12-05 |
CA2057880C (en) | 1996-05-07 |
EP0475976A1 (de) | 1992-03-25 |
DE69007479T2 (de) | 1994-06-23 |
AU5674890A (en) | 1991-01-07 |
FI101819B1 (fi) | 1998-08-31 |
DE69007479D1 (de) | 1994-04-21 |
CA2057880A1 (en) | 1990-12-09 |
JPH07113194B2 (ja) | 1995-12-06 |
FI101819B (fi) | 1998-08-31 |
WO1990015186A1 (en) | 1990-12-13 |
JPH04504148A (ja) | 1992-07-23 |
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