EP0474835A1 - Appareil et procede permettant de projeter un gaz dans un liquide - Google Patents

Appareil et procede permettant de projeter un gaz dans un liquide

Info

Publication number
EP0474835A1
EP0474835A1 EP91907192A EP91907192A EP0474835A1 EP 0474835 A1 EP0474835 A1 EP 0474835A1 EP 91907192 A EP91907192 A EP 91907192A EP 91907192 A EP91907192 A EP 91907192A EP 0474835 A1 EP0474835 A1 EP 0474835A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liquid
gas
flow
tube
acceleration tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP91907192A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Alan T. Y. Cheng
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Praxair Technology Inc
Original Assignee
Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corp
Praxair Technology Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corp, Praxair Technology Inc filed Critical Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corp
Publication of EP0474835A1 publication Critical patent/EP0474835A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
    • B01F23/45—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using flow mixing
    • B01F23/454—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using flow mixing by injecting a mixture of liquid and gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/20—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams
    • B01F25/21—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams with submerged injectors, e.g. nozzles, for injecting high-pressure jets into a large volume or into mixing chambers
    • B01F25/211—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams with submerged injectors, e.g. nozzles, for injecting high-pressure jets into a large volume or into mixing chambers the injectors being surrounded by guiding tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus and method for sparging a gas into a body of liquid.
  • the distribution of a gas stream into a body of liquid has many mass transfer applications in chemical processing. These include dissolving a gas into a liquid, stripping a dissolved gas or vapor from a liquid with a gas insoluble in the liquid, stripping a fraction of a liquid mixture leaving a fraction richer in the least volatile component in the mixture, and reacting a gas with a liquid. Particulate matter can also be removed from a liquid if the particulate matter is susceptible to being suspended in ether the sparging gas or in the fraction of the liquid volatilized into the sparging gas. Dissolving or reacting oxygen or ozone into a liquid is a common operation. Mixing of a liquid can also be accomplished by sparging.
  • Another application of sparging is suspending gas bubbles in a liquid to achieve a foamed product such as in the sparging of liquified margarine with gaseous nitrogen. Subsequent cooling produces a solidified, fluffed product which spreads more easily, and covers more surface than unfluffed margarine.
  • Still another specific application is the sparging of gas into a liquified reactant such as a polyol prior to introducing another reactant such as isocyanate and injecting the reacting mixture into a mold.
  • the degree of sparging and the resulting sparging gas content strongly influence the density of the polyurethane foam product.
  • Mass transfer between liquid and gas phases can only occur across their interfacial area. Hence dispersing a liquid and gas to increase the interfacial area directly increases the transfer rate achieved.
  • the simplest method of sparging a gas into a liquid is through a single open pipe, which is an inefficient and slow method for a sizeable body of liquid in a pond or a tank.
  • Multiple orifices in a straight pipe protruding into the tank begin to achieve some limited distribution of gas across the tank.
  • Ring spargers and branched network spargers are common and provide greater distribution of discharge orifices across the vessel.
  • Their disadvantages are that gas bubbles emerging from the orifices are fairly large, and equal flows from the multiple orifices in a complex system are often difficult to achieve.
  • adjunct loop and adjunct column recirculation methods are efficient for dispersion and mixing, situations arise where the solids content of the liquid is too high for pumping, a suitable circulation pump is not available, the liquid cannot readily be transferred out of a reactor, or a vessel with an adjunct recirculation loop or column is not available. In such situations sparging is preferable.
  • Another application is sparging into a natural body of liquid such as a pond, stream or lake. Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide an efficient method of sparging gas into a body of liquid with relatively simple and inexpensive apparatus.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide an efficient sparging method and apparatus that are operable in a tank.
  • Still another object is to provide an efficient method and apparatus for mixing a tank of liquid by sparging. Yet other objects are made apparent in this specification.
  • the apparatus comprises a tube ending in a nozzle for discharging the gas at sonic velocity into the liquid to form the jet of dispersion.
  • An acceleration tube open at both ends is positioned to receive the jet at one end opening, induce and accelerate liquid, and discharge the mixture at the other.
  • the mixture from the acceleration tube is further received into one end opening of a draft tube, and discharged from the other end opening.
  • the acceleration tube and draft tube induce and augment liquid flow past the gas discharge nozzle thereby inhibiting coalescence of gas bubbles and enhancing mass transfer across the interfacial area.
  • the jet of dispersion from the gas discharge nozzle is caused to expand and contract in the draft tube, which causes additional dispersion of the gas and liquid.
  • Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional representation of a first embodiment of apparatus for carrying out the method of this invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a top view of a second embodiment installed in a tank.
  • Fig. 3 is a cross sectional representation of a third embodiment of apparatus for carrying out the method of this invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a cross sectional representation of a fourth embodiment of apparatus for carrying out the method of this invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of equipment used for evaluating the first embodiment.
  • Fig. 6 is a top view of the tank in which the first embodiment was mounted for evaluation.
  • Fig. 7 is a graphical comparison of the sparging performance of the first embodiment with prior art sparging devices.
  • Fig. 8 is a graphical representation of the effect of gas discharge nozzle locations relative to the acceleration tube in the practice of the invention.
  • Fig. 9 is a graphical representation of the effect of acceleration tube length in the practice of the invention.
  • Fig. 10 is a graphical representation of the effect of acceleration tube diameter in the practice of the invention.
  • Fig. 11 is a graphical representation of the effect of sparging gas flow rate on stripping performance in the practice of the invention.
  • Fig. 12 is a graphical representation of the effect of sparging gas pressure on stripping performance in the practice of the invention.
  • Fig. 13 is a graphical representation showing the improvement in stripping performance obtained with an embodiment including a draft tube.
  • Fig. 1 depicts a sonic jet sparger in accordance with this invention in its simplest embodiment.
  • a gas discharge tube 2 terminating in a flow discharge nozzle 3.
  • An acceleration tube 5 is disposed to receive the jet within or near an entrance opening to the tube 5. The acceleration tube 5 serves to confine the jet thereby promoting entrainment of liquid by the jet, and, by viscous drag, a cocurrent flow of liquid contiguous to the jet.
  • the liquid flow energing from the acceleration tube mixes the liquid body outside the tube. Induced liquid flow past the nozzle 3 also promotes shearing of the discharging gas into smaller bubbles and inhibits coalescence of the bubbles.
  • An important feature of this invention is the discharge (or injection) of gas at sufficient velocity into the liquid so that a sonic shock wave is produced which disperses the gas into the liquid. The shock wave will occur if the gas is discharged at sonic or supersonic velocity from the nozzle.
  • air at 70°F will discharge from an orifice or a converging nozzle at a velocity equal to the speed of sound in air if a pressure ratio of or greater than about 2 is provided across the orifice or nozzle.
  • Supersonic velocities can be developed with appropriately shaped diverging flow nozzles, but they have not shown an advantage for the purposes of this invention.
  • the momentum of the discharging gas stream that produces the desired jet of gas and liquid dispersion and cocurrent flow of contiguous liquid.
  • the effectiveness of the invention action is promoted by increasing the momentum of the discharging gas, i.e., the product of its mass flow and its velocity.
  • the gas mass flow is proportional to its absolute pressure and inversely proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature.
  • the speed of sound in a gas is also approximately proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature of the gas.
  • the momentum supplied and the effectiveness of the action of the invention is increased by increasing the gas supply pressure, which will, of course, also increase the gas consumption.
  • the momentum supplied, and the effectiveness of the action of the invention will be maintained by increasing the gas supply temperature, which will decrease the gas consumption.
  • the invention can be most economically practiced by preheating the gas supplied to the nozzle, which, as is well known, can readily be accomplished by various means such as an electrical heater or a steam jacket.
  • FIG. 2 A second embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 2.
  • Acceleration tube 5 is comprised of a constant area tubular section 7 to which is affixed a frusto-conical entry section 8 which serves to increase the amount of liquid flow (shown by arrow 6) induced into the acceleration tube 5.
  • the gas discharge nozzle in Fig. 2 is shown located within the constant area section. However the-gas discharge nozzle could also be located within the frusto-conical section of the acceleration tube, or somewhat outside and upstream of the entrance to the frusto-conical entry section.
  • the jet from the gas discharge nozzle must enter the acceleration tube. Therefore the gas discharge nozzle cannot be located so far upstream of the acceleration tube that the jet is appreciably dissipated before entering the acceleration tube.
  • acceleration tube 5 is shown installed in a tank 9 containing liquid 1 and an agitator 11.
  • the acceleration tube 5 is oriented in line with the direction of the flow produced by the agitator. This arrangement augments the flow of liquid into the acceleration tube 5, and the flow from the acceleration tube augments the flow produced by the agitator.
  • a third embodiment is shown in Fig. 3.
  • a draft tube 12 positioned to receive the dispersion of liquid and gas emerging from the acceleration tube 5 is provided to increase the induced liquid flow 6 into the acceleration tube 5. While the acceleration tube 5 is shown located within the draft tube 12 in Fig. 3, the acceleration tube 5 also could be located somewhat outside and upstream of draft tube 12.
  • the third embodiment is shown immersed in a body of liquid 1 contained in a tank 9.
  • a baffle 13 is positioned to deflect the flow from the draft tube 12 and prevent it from breaking through the surface of the liquid in the tank and dissipating into the space above the liquid.
  • the baffle serves to redirect the flow from the draft tube back into the body of liquid thereby enhancing the mixing of the liquid and the mass transfer across the interfacial area.
  • the shear tube 5 is provided with a frusto-conical entrance section 8, a constant area section 7, and frusto-conical exit section 14 to form a venturi.
  • the entrance area and exit area of the frusto-conical sections respectively coincide with the inside diameter of the draft tube 12.
  • the venturi configuration induces greater liquid flow 6 into the acceleration tube 5 and the draft tube 12 thereby further enhancing sparging performance.
  • Example I The first embodiment, shown in Fig. 1, was evaluated by immersion into a tank of liquid as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, and measuring its performance in stripping out a gas dissolved in the liquid.
  • the gas discharge tube 2 was 1/2 inch in outside diameter and terminated in a converging nozzle having a minimum flow area with a diameter of 0.072 inches.
  • the gas discharge tube 2 was inserted through and mounted in a reducing bushing closing one opening of a copper pipe tee of 1 inch nominal pipe size.
  • the discharge nozzle 3 of the gas discharge tube 2 was positioned so that its end extended 1/4 inches into the pipe nipple.
  • this embodiment of the invention was inserted into a 200 gallon tank comprised of an upright cylinder about 38 inches in diameter with a conical bottom.
  • the embodiment was fixed near the tank wall with the acceleration tube oriented horizontally. Instrumentation for controlling and measuring the pressure and flow rate of the sparging gas was provided in the piping leading to the embodiment.
  • the tank was charged with 92 gallons of soybean oil at 46°C immersing the embodiment and the oxygen sensor.
  • An agitator propeller 11 was immersed in the oil and rotated to impart a slow circulation to the oil. Air was sparged into the oil until the oxygen meter 16 indicated that the oil was saturated with oxygen.
  • Nitrogen gas at a pressure of 140 psig was then supplied to the embodiment producing a discharge of 4.8 scfm.
  • the pressure ratio across the converging flow discharge nozzle in the embodiment exceeded the critical pressure ratio for sonic flow, the nitrogen discharged from the nozzle at sonic velocity and produced a shock wave.
  • the described arrangement, conditions and embodiment dimensions were used in all of the experimentation to be described below with exceptions as noted.
  • the performance of embodiment 1 and three other spargers known in the art were determined for comparison. Results are depicted in Fig. 7.
  • the lowest curve depicts the performance of a tube of 1/2 inch outside diameter formed into a ring and perforated with 17 holes of 1/8 inch diameter.
  • the second lowest curve is for a porous metal disc 5 1/2 inches in diameter.
  • the third lowest curve is for a single nozzle having a discharge diameter of 0.072 inches.
  • the top curve is for the identical nozzle fitted with an acceleration tube to comprise the first embodiment.
  • the penetration of the nozzle 3 into the acceleration tube 5 was found to have an influence as depicted in Fig. 8 on the performance of the first embodiment 1.
  • Sparging performance is shown with the gas discharge nozzle 3 positioned: (1) 1 1/2 inches upstream of the entrance edge of the acceleration tube, (2) 1/4 inches within the entrance edge of the acceleration tube and (3) 2 3/4 inches within the acceleration tube. Best performance was obtained with the gas discharge nozzle within the acceleration tube, but little variation in performance was observed in varying the length of penetration. A penetration of 1/4 inches was adopted as a standard for measuring the influence of other geometric variables on sparging performance.
  • Fig. 9 depicts oxygen removal obtained at sparging times of 10, 20 and 30 minutes for the first embodiment alternately fitted with several lengths of acceleration tube. With the standard nozzle penetration of 1/4 inches into the acceleration tube, the optimum extension of the acceleration tube past the nozzle was about 2 3/4 inches.
  • acceleration tube length and diameter are functions of the sparging gas flow rate. With higher gas flow rates, acceleration tubes of greater length and diameter are preferred for favorable performance.
  • the choice of these variables will be influenced by the tank size and shape, the allowable time for the sparging operation, and the cost of the sparging gas.
  • acceleration tube inside diameters ranging from 1/2 to 10 inches and lengths ranging from 1 to 10 acceleration tube diameters will be useful in practice.
  • draft tube inside diameters ranging from 3 inches to 72 inches and lengths ranging from 1 to 20 draft tube diameters will be compatible and useful.
  • This sparger embodiment was oriented vertically upward in the center and just above the bottom of an upright cylindrical tank 30.5 inches in diameter.
  • the tank was charged with 85.4 gallons of water at 17.9°C which provided about 24 inches of water above the sparger.
  • the gas discharge tube was 0.5 inches in outside diameter, protruded 1 inch into the constant diameter portion of the acceleration tube and terminated in an orifice 0.072 inches in diameter.
  • the tank was provided with an inlet and outlet through which its contents were circulated at about 5 gallons per minute by a pump.
  • the gas discharge tube orifice was increased to a diameter of 0.15 inches.
  • the oxygen removal was measured as a function of sparging time with a sparging nitrogen gas flow of 5.12 scfm. This required a pressure upstream of the orifice of 14 psig and subsonic flow through the orifice.
  • Fig. 12 compares the oxygen removal obtained with the prior orifice which had a diameter of 0.072 inches and passed 4.8 scfm. This required an upstream pressure of 64 psig and sonic flow through the orifice.
  • the oxygen removal rate was greater by about 10% for the smaller orifice with the higher pressure gas supply which produced sonic flow.
  • supplying sparging gas at higher pressures and particularly at a pressure which produces sonic flow results in greater removal rates, other conditions being equal.
  • Example 4 Evaluations were conducted on the third embodiment, as generally depicted in Fig. 3, comprised of the acceleration tube described in Example 2 with a draft tube 6.36 inches in inside diameter and 22 inches in length.
  • the embodiment was oriented vertically in the tank described in Example 2 with a clearance at the bottom of 1.5 inches.
  • a flat circular baffle 8.6 inches in diameter was located 4 inches above the outlet end of the draft tube and about 1 inch below the surface of the water.
  • the third embodiment provided about 8 percent greater oxygen removal rate than the second embodiment at the same sparging nitrogen gas flow of 5 scfm supplied at a pressure of
  • the third embodiment comprised of an acceleration tube and draft tube, were submerged in vertical orientation into 3000 gallons of water contained in a tank.
  • the acceleration tube was positioned just within the bottom end of the draft tube located 12 inches above the tank bottom in the center of the tank cross section.
  • the acceleration tube comprised a tube about 1 inch in diameter and 2 1/2 inches in length with an entry frusto-conical section having an included angle of 45° and a maximum (opening) diameter of 4 inches.
  • the sparging gas discharge tube was 1/2 inch in outside diameter and terminated in an orifice 0.15 inch in diameter.
  • the draft tube was about 12 inches in diameter and 66 inches long.
  • a flat circular baffle was positioned 4 inches above the upper end of the draft tube.
  • a flow of 1500 scfm of nitrogen gas was passed at a pressure ratio in excess of the critical ratio for sonic flow.
  • the dye was dispersed throughout the tank in 1.2 minutes, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the sonic sparger for mixing.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Aeration Devices For Treatment Of Activated Polluted Sludge (AREA)

Abstract

Appareil et procédé améliorés de projection d'un gaz dans un liquide, dans lequel le gaz est libéré à une vitesse sonique. Ceci produit une onde de choc et crée un jet de gaz et de liquide dispersés. Le dit jet induit un écoulement parallèle dans le liquide contigu, qui a pour effet d'empêcher l'apparition d'un phénomène de coalescence et de stimuler le transfert de matière entre les phases. Dans l'appareil utilisé dans ce procédé, l'éjecteur de gaz (3) est dirigé dans un tube d'accélération (5) que traversent le jet et l'écoulement de liquide induit pour venir se déverser dans un tube aspirateur-diffuseur de plus grandes dimensions (12), provoquant ainsi l'augmentation de l'écoulement de liquide induit.
EP91907192A 1990-04-03 1991-04-03 Appareil et procede permettant de projeter un gaz dans un liquide Withdrawn EP0474835A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US50438590A 1990-04-03 1990-04-03
US504385 1990-04-03

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0474835A1 true EP0474835A1 (fr) 1992-03-18

Family

ID=24006045

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91907192A Withdrawn EP0474835A1 (fr) 1990-04-03 1991-04-03 Appareil et procede permettant de projeter un gaz dans un liquide

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0474835A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH05500772A (fr)
KR (1) KR920700751A (fr)
BR (1) BR9105678A (fr)
CA (1) CA2056418A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1991015287A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AUPN683795A0 (en) * 1995-11-27 1995-12-21 Burns Philp Food Holdings Pty Limited A device for entraining a gas into a liquid
BR9904748A (pt) * 1998-10-21 2000-08-08 Praxair Technology Inc Processo para intensificar a ta xa de transferência entre uma fase gasosa e uma fase lìquida em um reator tubular de fluxo plugado
DE19935010A1 (de) * 1999-07-26 2001-02-01 Linde Gas Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Imprägnieren von Flüssigkeiten mit Gasen
EP1412472A2 (fr) * 2001-07-31 2004-04-28 Sartorius Ag Bioreacteur
US8544827B1 (en) 2009-04-28 2013-10-01 Nested Nozzle Mixers, Inc. Nested nozzle mixer
JP5356182B2 (ja) * 2009-11-04 2013-12-04 独立行政法人水資源機構 水没式複合型曝気装置
JP5940768B2 (ja) * 2011-04-28 2016-06-29 独立行政法人水資源機構 気泡排出装置
WO2023283064A1 (fr) * 2021-07-09 2023-01-12 Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. Systèmes et procédés d'échantillonnage à impacteur à liquide
CN114307935B (zh) * 2022-01-06 2023-03-28 南京工业大学 一种自吸曝气结构的气升式反应器
WO2024058036A1 (fr) * 2022-09-14 2024-03-21 国立大学法人 鹿児島大学 Buse pour formation de bulles, dispositif de formation de bulles, procédé de formation de bulles, et procédé de production de buse pour formation de bulles

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL272849A (fr) *
GB458583A (en) * 1936-01-30 1936-12-23 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Improvements in and apparatus for the fine dispersion of gases in liquids
CH193911A (de) * 1936-09-18 1937-11-15 Sulzer Ag Anlage zum Imprägnieren von Fruchtsäften.
GB1024870A (en) * 1962-12-17 1966-04-06 Abbott Lab Device for circulating and turbulently intermixing a fluid with a liquid
FR1518124A (fr) * 1966-04-09 1968-03-22 Basf Ag Procédé et dispositif pour le mélange de gaz et de liquides avec un milieu liquide
US3722679A (en) * 1970-09-24 1973-03-27 L Logue Method and means for froth flotation concentration utilizing an aerator having a venturi passage
JPS5615831A (en) * 1979-07-18 1981-02-16 Nishihara Environ Sanit Res Corp Aerator
GB2118449B (en) * 1981-11-06 1985-09-25 Boc Group Plc Dissolving gas in a liquid

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1991015287A1 (fr) 1991-10-17
KR920700751A (ko) 1992-08-10
BR9105678A (pt) 1992-08-18
JPH05500772A (ja) 1993-02-18
CA2056418A1 (fr) 1991-10-04

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