Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
  • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
  • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
  • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
  • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
  • A61F9/00802—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser for photoablation
  • A61F9/00804—Refractive treatments
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
  • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
  • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
  • A61F9/00802—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser for photoablation
  • A61F9/00817—Beam shaping with masks
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
  • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
  • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
  • A61F2009/00855—Calibration of the laser system
  • A61F2009/00857—Calibration of the laser system considering biodynamics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
  • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
  • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
  • A61F2009/00861—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser adapted for treatment at a particular location
  • A61F2009/00872—Cornea

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a device, masks and a method for adapting the corneal surface of an eye.
• Refractive surgery is a field of intense research in ophthalmology, the objective being to correct in a surgical manner frequently occurring sight disorders or ametropias such as myopia (short-sightedness) , hyperopia (long-sighted- ness) , astigmatism and combinations of the above, in order to replace spectacles or contact lenses.
• the invention relates to that branch of refractive surgery which attempts to correct the above mentioned defects by means of a suitable laser device which removes tissue from the front of the corneal stro a by controlled volumetric ablation, whereby this surface is remodelled in order to improve the optical properties of the eye.
• This method of refractive surgery is called “photorefractive keratectomy” or “laser-refractive keratoplasty” and consists of "grinding” or "remodelling" the cornea by means of laser photoablation.
• UV radiation preferably having a wavelength of 193 nanometers such as is provided for example by a pulsed excimer laser operating on argon fluoride.
• the photons have sufficient energy (6.4 eV) to break covalent bondings in molecules.
• the effect can best be compared macroscopically with an "evaporation" of the molecules, called photoablation, which takes place almost without damage to the surrounding tissues (figure 5) . Only molecules directly exposed to the radiation are ablated. The effect amounts to an exact and controllable removal of tissue. With a pulsed excimer laser on ArF for instance, between 0.1 and 1 micrometer (m ⁇ ) can be ablated per shot or laser pulse.
• a photorefractive operation may proceed as follows: the refraction of the cornea and lens, which together focus the light on the retina, is examined; the curvature of the cornea in the different meridians is determined with a kera- tometer; the required curvature of the cornea is computated in the different meridians so that the light focuses on the retina; the local thickness of the layer of tissue for remo ⁇ val in order to obtain this required curvature is computated.
• fig. 1 shows, short-sightedness is corrected by flattening the cornea curvature and long-sightedness (fig. 2) by enlarging the cornea curvature.
• Astigmatism requires the reduction or increase of the radius of curvature in one meridian (fig. 3 and 4) .
• the outer epithelial layer of approximately 50 micrometer thickness is carefully removed for instance with a No. 57 "hockeystick” Beaver knife.
• the laser needs approximately 30 seconds to grind the cornea and the whole procedure can be carried out under local anesthesia, and optionally as out-patient treatment.
• a first art consists of dosing laser flux such that the desired quantity of tissue is removed to change the curvature as indicated in the figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.
• EP-A- 0151869 Suggested in the European patent application EP-A- 0151869 is the performing of a controlled photoablation of the cornea using a scanning movement over the cornea with a beam of an excimer laser.
• the cornea curvature correction is achieved by exposing the cornea to a sequence of mask openings of differing, though related, surface area, optionally assembled on a rotating disc, wherein the cumulative effect is to expose particular zones in relation to others such that the desired net cornea curvature results, either with or without a transition ring around the operative zone to stimulate re-growth of the epithelium.
• EP-A-0261193 It is suggested in EP-A-0261193 to characterize the laser beam by an erodible mask,- also called a "phantom lens" or by a mask of a material having differing transmission characteristics over the shielded zone and with a predeter ⁇ mined resistance profile for the laser beam.
• Proposed in EP-A-0207648 is to achieve the remodelling effect by a controlled change in the size of the projected laser spot and to use this either through an indexable mask or mirror in the form of a plate with a collection of round or annular openings of differing diameter.
• Proposed in EP-A-0257836 as an alternative to the central opaque spot at the annular opening is an openable, reflective umbrella.
• Proposed in EP-A-0224322 is the varying of the shape and size of the exposed zone by means of an optical system with a "beam-shaping opening or stop", and axially movable on a converging or diverging portion of the laser beam.
• an elongate pro ⁇ file F can be eroded in a surface using a mask E with one (or more) window(s) which is moved forward "slidingly" in the beam bundle in accordance with the lengthwise direction of the profile perpendicularly to the axis of the laser beam, and wherein the opening distance of the window along the axis of translation (Y-axis) is proportional for , each distance x from the profile to the thickness of this profile for eroding at the corresponding position.
• a spherically more negative lens can be ground on a convex surface by means of a mask with a window whereof the aperture is maximal in the centre and which gradually decreases towards the edge of the optical zone, where it reaches zero.
• This mask could be used to give the cornea a flatter curvature (myopia correction) , but the corneal tissues undergo a recovery process after photoablation.
• the epithelium may exhibit a. hyperplasia (fig. 8) and the stroma forms new connective tissue under the epithelium. Both these phenomena change the curvature and the refraction of the anterior surface in a manner difficult to predict.
• optically refractive surface is namely the air (refractive index l)-tear film (refractive index 1.33) transition and not the epithelium-stroma transition.
• a spherically more positive lens can be ground on a convex surface by means of a mask with a window whereof the aperture is minimal in the centre and which gradually increases towards the edge of the optical zone, where the aperture is maximal.
• Such a mask can be used to grind on the cornea a zone with a smaller radius of curvature. Resulting however on the surface of the cornea is an abrupt denivelation on the edge of the ground zone.
• the hyperplasia of the epithelium (fig. 9) and the deposition of newly formed connective tissue on this place reduce the optical effect of the curvature correction in a manner difficult to predict, as explained above.
• the same problem arises if it is wished to grind a cylindrically more positive lens on a convex surface with a "sliding" mask.
• This mask is subjected to a translation and the zone for ablation is restricted by a second mask to a circular zone centrally on the cornea.
• an abrupt denivelation is created whereby due to the recovery process- of the corneal layers a part of the optical correction is abolished.
• the laser normally removes no more than 50 micron, roughly 10% of the total thickness of the cornea (the Bowman layer and the surface layers of the stroma) .
• the eye must remain covered for several days to give the epithelium the opportunity to grow over the naked, remo ⁇ delled stroma surface, and to heal.
• the fibroblasts in the stroma react to a keratectomy by producing collagen under the epithelium. This can be greatly inhibited by local administering of corticosteroids. (Corneal repair following Keratectomy; S. Tuft et al, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Vol. 30, No. 8, August 1989).
• corticosteroids Corneal repair following Keratectomy; S. Tuft et al, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Vol. 30, No. 8, August 1989.
• local administering of steroids is a first important step.
• the overlying epithelium consists on the other hand of very strongly interconnected cells, firmly joined to each other by desmosomes.
• the hyperplasia of the corneal epithelium is less easily influenced by medication.
• the contour of the stroma has an influence on the hyperplasia of the epithelium. This can be explained by a property of the epithelium comparable to the surface tension of liquids: the surface layer of the epithelium has a tendency to contract so that the total outer surface area of the epithelium remains as small as possible.
• the surface epithelium cells are held together by so-called "zonulae occludentes" or "tight-junctions".
• the epithelium covers the irregularities and provides a smooth optically refractive surface.
• the advantage is that the surface of the cornea does not have to be ground with the precision of a lens.
• the epithelium in any case grows quickly over small bumps and cavities.
• the present invention provides a device according to claim 1.
• Preferred embodiments of the device according to the invention are characterized in the dependent claims.
• the present invention further provides a mask and method for adapting the corneal surface of an eye as descri ⁇ bed in claims 7 and 9. Further features, advantages and details of the pre ⁇ sent inventions will become apparent in the light of the following description with reference to the figures:
• Figures 1 and 2 show how a profile of a cornea, as if it were an inert surface, must be modified to correct short- sightedness and long-sightedness respectively.
• Figures 3 and 4 show how a profile of a cornea, as if it were an inert surface, must be modified to correct a stigmatism.
• Figure 5 shows how a (static) mask A can characterize a beam for controlled ablation of a determined volume of tissue B.
• Figure 6 shows a (rotation) mask C and a similarly circular symmetrical profile D which can be eroded by "il ⁇ luminating" the rotating mask C with a homogeneous laser beam.
• Figure 7 shows a (translation) mask E and a similarly elongate profile F which can be eroded by "illuminating" the sliding mask E with a homogeneous laser beam.
• Figures 8 and 9 show how a hyperplasia of the epithe ⁇ lium can partly compensate a curvature correction.
• Figure 10 shows the laser system which can consist of a laser device 1 which excites the radiation 2, a homogenizer 3 which brings about a homogeneous flux density distribution, a beam divider 4 which feeds a laser beam monitor 5 for measuring the flux density distribution, and a mask rotator or mask translator 6 with mask 7.
• the whole can be held in an envelope 8 with dry nitrogen. This nitrogen allows unobstructed passage of the UV radiation and prevents the formation of ozone which has an adverse affect on the laser beam.
• Figures 11 and 12 show two possible arrangements of the rotating or sliding mask.
• Figures 13 and 14 show a profile, a projection and a top view of the cornea with an optical zone and stabilization zone for correction of short-sightedness.
• Figure 15 shows an example of a (rotation) mask sui ⁇ table for myopia correction.
• Figures 16 and 17 show a profile, a projection and a top view of optical zone and stabilization zone for correc ⁇ tion of long-sightedness.
• Figures 18 and 19 show two possible forms of masks suitable for hyperopia correction.
• Figures 20 and 21 show a (rotation) mask suitable for correction of hyperopia with astigmatism and the angular speed of this mask as a function of the rotation position relative to the axis of the astigmatism.
• Figures 22 and 23 show a profile, a projection and a top view of optical zone and stabilization zone in the case of astigmatism and correction by making flatter one meridian with stabilization zone.
• Figures 24 and 25 show the form of a (translation) mask suitable for the correction of astigmatism by flattening of one meridian with a well defined translation relative to the cornea.
• Figures 26 and 27 show a profile, a projection and a top view of optical zone and stabilization zone in the case of astigmatism and correction by making one meridian with stabilization zone more curved.
• Figures 28 and 29 show a form of a (translation) mask suitable for correction of astigmatism by making more curved one meridian with a well defined translation relative to the cornea.
• the entirety of mask in the mask rotator or in the' translator can be placed at different distances from the eye, wherein one of the two following possibilities is preferred.
• the mask rotator (or translator) is situated (fig. 11) on the axis of the laser beam at for instance 20 cm from the eye of the patient, wherein the laser beam projects the mask profile onto the eye and wherein the eye is localized in the beam bundle and mechanically fixed or is fixed by a conscious effort of the patient who fixes his gaze (and therefore his eye) on a particular point in space so that the optical axis coincides with the axis of the beam bundle.
• the mask rotator or translator is fixed on the cornea or on the eye and centered on the optical axis of this eye. Fixation can take place with a suction ring or in other conventional manner.
• the mask rotator is simpler of construction if it has to be placed in the beam bundle at some distance from the eye, while in the second method it is built into a device that is placed on the eye.
• the mechanism is finer and lighter and ventilation of the corneal surface during the procedure is slightly more difficult. Ventilation of the corneal surface appears to be useful for removal of debris and ablation products.
• Each (remodelled) cornea surface and also the change in topography or the volume for ablation can be described by one or more quadratic equations.
• the first derivative of the functions describing the contour of the remodelled surface consisting of optical and stabilization zone and the edge of the unmodified surface must be a continuous variable. - the whole correction must fall within the zone of the corneal surface of the patient.
• the curvature (l ⁇ radius of curvature) must be minimal at each distance r from the optical centre.
• several arbitrary boundary conditions are the mini ⁇ mum diameter of the optical zone and the maximum cornea volume for ablation (the maximal ablation depth) .
• the laser device and the eventual mask rotator or the cornea. Since in preference for each distance r (or x) from the rotation centre (or the translation axis) , the aperture theta (or the opening distance y) is proportional to the depth of the tissue for removal, these functions can be converted into a correspondingly rotatable and/or transla ⁇ table (or sliding) mask. It can be of importance to make the global surface area of a window maximal to make the most efficient possible use of the laser beam.
• the present invention provides a specific laser beam characterizing system which provides an optical zone and a well defined stabilization zone and whereof six embodiments are described below.
• the masks in question are preferably manufactured from a thin sheet of non-eroding material such as inox or brass and the windows are cut out in a mathematically exact manner by one of the modern micro-processing methods such as cutting with the YAG-laser or wire spark erosion. They are so designed that they can be rapidly placed into and removed from the rotator.
• the mask In a photorefractive procedure using rotator or translator the mask is returned after one or more full revolutions to its original position when correcting a hyperopia or a myopia, or, in the case of astigmatism correction, it has covered a well defined trajectory one or more times.
• the profile consists of a central optical zone with the desired radius of curvature and an annular stabilization zone with an intermediate radius of curvature (fig. 13 and 14) .
• the corresponding mask an example of which is shown in fig. 15, is a first embodiment of the present invention.
• the portion of the window inside the dashed line serves to characterize the optical zone; the portion outside the dashed line * corresponds with the stabilization zone. Characteristic here is that the stabilization zone is comparatively narrow compared to the optical zone. Many other embodiments are possible, but they comply with the same general formula.
• the hyperplasia of the epithelium centrally in the optical zone is restricted to a minimum with this mask.
• the remodelled surface can be made to transpose into the original surface in an annular stabilization zone.
• a profile as shown in fig. 16 is to be preferred. This profile satisfies the above described boundary conditions.
• three zones can be distinguished: the central circle of the optical corrected zone, an annular stabilization zone and a rim of the original cornea surface.
• the corrected surface merges gradually and in specific manner into the original surface.
• the ratio of the radius of the optical zone to that of the stabilization zone here 1/2
• the ratio of the radius of the optical zone to that of the stabilization zone can be further optimalized depending on the intended correction.
• the corresponding (rotation) mask which is a second realization of the present invention, has a very specific form: a first design (fig. 18) has two windows and two spo ⁇ kes. A second design (fig. 19) has three windows and three spokes.
• the portion of the window inside the dashed line serves to characterize the optical zone; the portion outside the dashed line corresponds with the stabilization zone. Characteristic here is that the maximum thickness for abla ⁇ tion and the maximum aperture lie outside the optical zone in the stabilization zone. Many other embodiments are possible but they all comply with the equivalent formula.
• the rotation speed and the number of revolutions are well defined and a function of the maximum depth for ablation, i.e. of the extent of the optical correction.
• this invention proposes a method and device for correction of a hyperopia in combination with a slight astigmatism. It is a variant of the second aspect of this invention, i.e. it comprises a mask the shape of which complies with the general description for hyperopia correction and is characterized by the fact that there are only two windows, with a symmetry around the X-axis and the Y-axis and such that one window can be written in one quadrant of the mask.
• the mask is subjected to a rotation in two phases: in a first phase the hyperopia is corrected, in a second phase the astigmatism.
• the angular speed is constant in the first phase and displays a variation per revolution in the second phase as according to fig.
• this invention proposes to correct the curvature in the said meridian as in fig. 22 with a narrow stabilization zone and, in the meridian perpendicular thereto - above and below -, to have the remodelled surface surrounded by a stabilization zone bounded by the shape of the window and the limited translation and characterized by the fact that the window does not pass thereover (fig. 23 and 24) along its whole maximum opening distance (in the translation axis) .
• the meridian in the translation axis preserves the same radius of curvature in the region where the window passes over its whole height (opening distance) because a peel of equal thickness is ablated over this region. In the region where the window does not pass over its whole height the ablated peel becomes increasingly thinner and the ablated surface in the meridian of translation merges gradually into the original surface having the same radius of curvature (fig. 22) .
• the corresponding (translation) mask which is a fourth embodiment of the present invention, has a specific shape (fig. 25) , characterized by a symmetry about the X- axis and the Y-axis and bounded by two paraboloids. It is subjected to a well defined translation movement (fig. 24) with well defined starting and finishing points relative to the cornea and with a translation speed which is a function of the maximum depth for ablation. Characteristic here is that in its starting and finishing positions the window falls completely outside the optical zone.
• Resulting from laser photoablation with characterizing of the laser beam in this manner is a corneal topography which is flattened in one meridian, with this meridian having a (narrow) stabilization zone and the meridian of translation having an unchanged radius of curvature in the optical zone due to a uniform ablation with a specific stabilization zone as in fig. 23.
• the translation axis is parallel to the axis of a negative cylindrical glass necessary for correction of the eye.
• the invention proposes to correct the curvature in the said meridian as in fig.
• the shape of the window ensures that the curvature correction both in the corrected meridian and in the direction perpendicular thereto extends slopingly outward in accordance with the biodynamic properties of the cornea.
• Characteristic here also is that the maximum thickness for ablation and the maximum opening distance of the (translation) mask lie outside the optical zone in the stabilization zone. The meridian in the translation axis centrally in the optical zone preserves the same radius of curvature because nothing is ablated over this region.
• the corresponding (translation) mask has a specific shape characterized by a symmetry about the X-axis and the Y-axis and is subjected to a well defined translation movement (fig. 28) with well defined starting and finishing points relative to the cornea and with a translation speed which is a function of the maximum depth for ablation. Characteristic here is that in its starting and finishing positions the window falls completely outside the optical zone.
• Resulting from laser photoablation with characterisation of the laser beam in this manner is a corneal topography with an increased curvature in one meridian, while the meridian in the axis of translation remains unchanged.
• the translation axis is parallel to the axis of a positive cylindrical glass necessary for correction of the eye. It is self-evident that the mixed ametropias can be corrected by a succession of various of the above described methods and devices. The experimental results have as yet to confirm the correct ratios of optical zone and stabilization zone in the different types of correction.
• the flux density distribu ⁇ tion of the laser beam is made homogeneous by a laser beam homogenizer, some types of which are commercially available, such as from the firm Exitech, Long Hanborough, Oxford, UK, and this homogenizing process is continually controlled by a laser beam monitor, likewise available from the same firm.
• a laser beam homogenizer some types of which are commercially available, such as from the firm Exitech, Long Hanborough, Oxford, UK, and this homogenizing process is continually controlled by a laser beam monitor, likewise available from the same firm.
• a laser beam monitor likewise available from the same firm.
• a first and main advantage is that with a single, relatively simple device a central and a peripheral part of the laser beam is characterized with a view to stable correction of an ametropia by a topographical change that is a combination of a curvature correction in the optical zone and a curvature adaptation in the so-called stabilization zone, taking into account the biodynamic properties of the epithelium.
• a second and particularly advantageous property of these masks is that a greater or smaller dioptric correction can be obtained by causing the illumination period or number of pulses on the same mask to increase or decrease: the maximum ablation depth hereby increases or decreases, abla ⁇ tion depth being the product of the number of pulses multi ⁇ plied by the ablation depth per shot or laser pulse.
• a third advantage is that the shape of a window can be made very precisely and mathematically exact with the present micro-processing methods and that this shape is fixed and much more stable than for instance a variable transmission characteristic of a mask, of which it is known that it can change under the influence of the laser beam.
• the effect of the shape of the window on the ablation depth is easier to predict than for instance the effect on the ablation of an erodible "phantom" lens.
• a fourth advantage is that the largest discontinuities that are formed on the surface are the size of the ablation thickness of one shot, whereby the remodelled surface is smoother and does not display any concentric stages as in some other systems.
• a fifth advantage is that it is a comparatively inex ⁇ pensive device because the masks can be re-used.

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Surgery (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Laser Surgery Devices (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=3884659

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (2)

Families Citing this family (20)

Family Cites Families (4)

• 1991
  • 1991-02-01 WO PCT/BE1991/000007 patent/WO1991011158A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1991-02-01 EP EP19910902988 patent/EP0466866A1/de not_active Withdrawn

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events