EP0461287B1 - Générateur d'ondes de choc entraîné électriquement - Google Patents

Générateur d'ondes de choc entraîné électriquement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0461287B1
EP0461287B1 EP90111220A EP90111220A EP0461287B1 EP 0461287 B1 EP0461287 B1 EP 0461287B1 EP 90111220 A EP90111220 A EP 90111220A EP 90111220 A EP90111220 A EP 90111220A EP 0461287 B1 EP0461287 B1 EP 0461287B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
membrane
generator according
coil arrangement
coolant
coil
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90111220A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0461287A1 (fr
Inventor
Benedikt Dipl.-Ing. Hartinger (Fh)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to EP90111220A priority Critical patent/EP0461287B1/fr
Priority to DE59005639T priority patent/DE59005639D1/de
Priority to US07/707,673 priority patent/US5165388A/en
Publication of EP0461287A1 publication Critical patent/EP0461287A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0461287B1 publication Critical patent/EP0461287B1/fr
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K9/00—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers
    • G10K9/12—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers electrically operated

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrically drivable acoustic shock wave generator which has, as electrically conductive elements, a coil arrangement and a membrane which can be driven in an electric shock-like manner by means of the coil arrangement, by means of which shock waves can be introduced into an acoustic propagation medium adjacent to the membrane.
  • shock wave generators can be used for a wide variety of purposes, e.g. in medicine to non-invasively break up the stones in a patient's body or to treat non-invasive pathological tissue changes.
  • shock wave generators can be used in material testing to apply shock waves to material samples.
  • the shock wave generator is always acoustically coupled in a suitable manner to the object to be irradiated, so that the shock waves generated in the acoustic propagation medium can be introduced into the object.
  • the shock wave generator and the object to be sonicated must be aligned so that the area of the object to be sonicated is in the path of propagation of the shock waves. If the shock wave generator emits focused shock waves, it must also be ensured that the area of the object to be irradiated is in the focus area of the shock waves.
  • shock wave generators For such shock wave generators it is approximately the case that the peak pressure of the shock waves which can be achieved increases with the square of the current flowing through the coil arrangement.
  • the coil arrangement with high-voltage pulses in the order of 10 to 20 kV must be applied in order to produce currents in the coil arrangement, the level of which is sufficient to generate shock waves which, after suitable focusing, can be used for Shattering of concrements in the body of living beings have the required peak pressure.
  • the necessity of having to apply voltages of the stated height to the coil arrangement is considered to be extremely disadvantageous in practice, since the insulation measures required to achieve a sufficient electrical strength of the shock wave generator are problematic and very complex.
  • the high voltages mentioned have a disadvantageous effect on the service life of not only the shock wave generator but also the electrical and electromechanical components of the high-voltage generator device provided for driving the shock wave generator.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of designing a shock wave generator of the type mentioned in such a way that a relatively high peak pressure of the shock waves can be achieved even when the coil arrangement is subjected to comparatively low voltage.
  • this object is achieved in that at least one of the electrically conductive elements, that is to say the coil arrangement and / or membrane, contains material which can be set into the superconducting state and that means for setting the material containing the at least one electrically conductive element into the superconducting state are provided.
  • the ohmic resistance component of the coil arrangement practically completely disappears and / or higher currents are induced in the membrane as a result of superconductivity, in comparison with the prior art, electrical impulses of a lower voltage are sufficient in the shock wave generator according to the invention to reduce a specific current to let the coil assembly flow.
  • a variant of the invention provides that the coil arrangement can be brought into the superconducting state by means of a cooling medium, which is located in the region of the coil arrangement. Since the coil arrangement generally has to be fixed to a coil carrier, there is the advantageous possibility of providing the coil carrier with a channel through which the cooling medium flows past the coil arrangement as closely as possible. According to a preferred variant of the invention, however, it is provided that the coil arrangement is wound from a tube into material that can be brought into the superconducting state and that the cooling medium flows through the tube. That way it is special with low design effort possible to put the coil arrangement in the superconducting state, since a special channel system or the like is not required to bring the cooling medium to the coil arrangement.
  • a further particularly preferred embodiment of the invention provides that a coolant which brings the membrane into the superconducting state and is accommodated in a space upstream of the membrane is provided as the acoustic propagation medium.
  • the coolant that serves to put the membrane in the superconducting state is also used as an acoustic propagation medium for the shock waves, so that no additional design effort is required to be able to put the membrane in the superconducting state .
  • the coolant-receiving space is closed at its end remote from the membrane with a solid plate, which is formed from shock wave conductive material, ie a material with low acoustic damping for shock waves, and that side of the solid plate facing away from the membrane adjoins a second space in which there is a medium which conducts shock waves and whose temperature is higher than that of the coolant.
  • the membrane is formed from such a material that very low temperatures, ie temperatures well below 170 Kelvin, are required to achieve the superconducting state, since then, when viewed from the membrane, it is "tolerable” beyond the solid plate Temperatures ", for example in the order of the usual room temperature, can be achieved.
  • the heat flow from the medium conducting the shock waves through the solid plate into the coolant can be influenced, since the greater the thickness of the solid plate, the smaller the heat flow.
  • the cooling medium the channel or the tube forming the coil arrangement and / or the coolant the space upstream of the membrane and / or the shock wave conducting medium flows through the second space.
  • a partition wall made of shock wave-conducting material which closes the second room at its end remote from the solid plate, the one facing away from the second room Side of the partition is bordered by a material whose acoustic impedance corresponds essentially to that of an object to be irradiated.
  • the partition is designed as an acoustic lens.
  • the required design effort can be reduced considerably.
  • the changes in the refractive index of the lens material caused by a possibly existing temperature gradient of the lens material transverse to the direction of propagation of the shock waves can be taken into account.
  • One embodiment of the invention provides that a flexible sack is provided for acoustically coupling the shock wave generator to a living being to be sonicated, and that a shock wave conducting material adjoins the inside of the bellows, the temperature of which does not differ significantly from the body temperature of the living being.
  • the material adjacent to the bellows may be the coolant in the space upstream of the membrane, or the medium in the second space the one facing away from the second room Act on the side of the partition adjacent fabric or a special material.
  • the acoustic impedances of the substances in the propagation path of the shock waves should differ as little as possible from the acoustic impedance of the object to be irradiated in order to avoid losses due to reflections as far as possible.
  • FIG. 1 shows a shock wave generator which serves to break up concrements and has a tubular housing 1 which is closed at one end by a shock wave source, generally designated 2, and at the other end by a flexible bag 3.
  • the shock wave source 2 has a coil 5 arranged on a flat contact surface of a coil carrier 4. This has the connections 6 and 7, the turns of the coil 5 connecting the connections 6 and 7, one of the turns being provided with the reference symbol 8, running in a spiral.
  • the coil carrier 4 is formed from an electrically insulating material, for example aluminum oxide ceramic.
  • the space between the turns 8 of the coil 5 is filled with an electrically insulating casting resin, for example araldite (registered trademark).
  • the coil 5 consists of a material which can be put into the superconducting state, for example yttrium-barium-copper oxide, which remains superconducting up to temperatures of approximately 90 Kelvin.
  • a spiral groove 9 is embedded in the coil carrier 4, which is sealed liquid-tight with a disk 10, which is made of the same material as the coil carrier 4, so that an inlet 11 with the outlet 12 connecting channel is present.
  • the inlet line 13 and the outlet line 14 are connected to this.
  • liquid nitrogen With the help of a pump 15, liquid nitrogen, the temperature of 77 Kelvin is easily sufficient to bring the material of the coil 5 into the superconducting state, is pumped through the channel as a cooling medium.
  • a cooling unit 16 is provided in order to be able to ensure that the nitrogen remains in its liquid state.
  • the connections 6 and 7 of the coil 5 are connected to an electrical pulse generator 17.
  • a disc-shaped, flat membrane 19 is arranged opposite the side of the coil 5 facing away from the coil carrier 4, which also consists of a material that can be put into the superconducting state, for example barium-lanthanum-copper oxide.
  • the membrane 19, the insulating film 18 and the coil 5 are combined with the coil carrier 4 and the disk 10 by means of a centering edge attached to the coil carrier 4 to form a unit.
  • This unit is pressed against a shoulder 21 provided in the bore of the housing 1 by means of a ring 20 and a plurality of screws resting on the coil carrier 4 and several screws; only the center lines of two screws are indicated by dash-dotted lines.
  • the membrane 19 possibly with the interposition of suitable sealants, not shown, bears against the shoulder 21 in a liquid-tight manner.
  • a solid plate 22 which is made of a material with low thermal conductivity, for example polystyrene, in a liquid-tight manner.
  • liquid nitrogen In the space between the solid plate 22 and the membrane 19 there is liquid nitrogen, the presence of which causes the membrane 19 to be brought into the superconducting state.
  • the limited by the membrane 19 and the solid plate 22 Room has an inlet 23 and an outlet 24, to which an inlet line 25 and an outlet line 26 are connected, so that the liquid nitrogen can be circulated as a coolant by means of a pump 27, again with a cooling unit 28, so that it is ensured that the nitrogen maintains its liquid state.
  • a plane-concave acoustic converging lens 30 is fixed, which consists, for example, of polystyrene.
  • Glycerin for example, is possible as a liquid, whose acoustic impedance is similar to that of polystyrene.
  • the liquid located between the collecting lens 30 and the solid plate 22 is fed via inlet and outlet lines 33 and / or outlet lines 33 connected to an inlet 31 and an outlet 32. 34 with the help of a pump 35 through a heater 36, which compensates for the heat loss and ensures a constant temperature of the liquid in a manner known per se by means of thermostatic control.
  • the space between the collecting lens 30 and the sack 3 is filled with another liquid substance, for example water, the acoustic impedance of which is matched as precisely as possible to that of the tissue of the living being to be treated.
  • the further liquid substance which is circulated by means of a pump 41 via an inlet 37 and an outlet 38 and the inlet and outlet lines 39 and 40 connected to them, is kept at a temperature by means of a thermostat-controlled heater 42 which is different from the body temperature of the body treating living being does not deviate significantly.
  • Shock waves are generated in a manner known per se by means of the shock wave generator according to the invention by applying a voltage pulse to the coil 5 by means of the pulse generator 17.
  • the coil 5 then builds up a magnetic field extremely rapidly, which induces a current in the membrane 19 which is opposite to the current flowing through the coil 5.
  • This current is accompanied by a magnetic field which is opposite to the magnetic field belonging to the current flowing through the coil 5.
  • the membrane 19 is suddenly moved away from the coil 5, whereby an initially flat shock wave is introduced into the acoustic propagation medium adjacent to the membrane 19, in the case of the shock wave generator according to the invention the liquid nitrogen.
  • the liquid nitrogen located between the membrane 19 and the solid plate 22, which brings the membrane 19 into the superconducting state, advantageously also serves as an acoustic propagation medium for the shock waves emanating from the membrane 19.
  • These pass through the solid plate 22 and between the solid plate 22 and the flat side of the converging lens 30 liquid.
  • the essentially flat shock wave entering the converging lens 30 is focused as a result of the lens effect of the converging lens 30 in the manner indicated by dash-dotted lines on a focus zone F which lies on the central axis M of the shock wave source.
  • shock wave generator is pressed by means of the sack 3 with the aid of a known, suitable locating device in such a position on the body 44 of the living being to be treated that the concretion K to be broken, for example the stone of a kidney N, is in the focus zone F.
  • the concrement K can be broken up into fragments by a series of shock waves that are so small that they can be excreted naturally.
  • the solid plate 22 which, as already mentioned, consists of a material with low thermal conductivity, serves the purpose of keeping the amount of heat supplied to the liquid nitrogen between the solid plate 22 and the membrane 19 per unit time as low as possible.
  • a roughly schematically indicated heat protection 43 is provided, which surrounds the entire housing 1 with the exception of the end closed by means of the bag 3.
  • the heat protection can be a body made of a suitable insulating material, e.g. Styrofoam (registered trademark), or an evacuated double-walled body, or both.
  • the heat protection 43 also prevents the liquid nitrogen located in the region of the coil 5 in the channel formed by the groove 9 and the disk 10 from being supplied with ambient heat.
  • the liquid located between the solid plate 22 and the converging lens 30 also serves the purpose of keeping the extreme temperatures of the liquid nitrogen away from the object to be sonicated, ie the body 44 of the living being to be treated, and in the region of the end engaging with the body 44 of the shock wave generator to ensure physiologically pleasant temperatures.
  • a further temperature adjustment takes place by means of the liquid enclosed between the collecting lens 30 and the bag 3, which also serves for the acoustic impedance adjustment to the conditions of the body 44 of the living being to be treated.
  • the liquid enclosed between the collecting lens 30 and the bag 3 which also serves for the acoustic impedance adjustment to the conditions of the body 44 of the living being to be treated.
  • the solid plate 22 and the collecting lens 30 and the liquids located between the membrane 19 and the solid plate 22 or the solid plate 22 and the collecting lens 30 are advisable for the solid plate 22 and the collecting lens 30 and the liquids located between the membrane 19 and the solid plate 22 or the solid plate 22 and the collecting lens 30 to choose substances which have material properties such that the acoustic losses in the direction of propagation of the shock waves limit through reflections and attenuation.
  • the acoustic impedances of the different materials should not differ significantly from one another in order to keep the reflection losses low.
  • oils, glycerols, alcohols, etc. may be used as liquids between the membrane 19 and the solid plate 22 in the future. Under certain circumstances, this would enable a further improvement of the acoustic adjustments and thus further reduced acoustic losses.
  • FIG. 2 A further variant of a shock wave generator according to the invention is shown in FIG. 2, with only the total here Shown with 45 designated shock wave source area of the shock wave generator is shown, which otherwise corresponds to that described above, which is why the same parts have the same reference numerals.
  • the membrane 46 is composed of a carrier 48, which can be made of titanium, for example, and one on the carrier 48 attached layer 47 of a material which can be brought into the superconducting state, for example barium-lanthanum-copper oxide.
  • the carrier 48 serves as mechanical fixation and stiffening for the layer 47 made of barium-lanthanum copper oxide, into which high currents can be induced, since it is adjacent to the coil 49.
  • the coil 49 is again arranged on the flat contact surface of a coil carrier 50 and wound spirally.
  • the coil 49 is made of a tube of material that can be put into the superconducting state, for example barium-lanthanum copper oxide, whereby liquid nitrogen, which puts this material in the superconducting state, through which the coil 49 forming tube flows. It is therefore unnecessary to provide a channel system in the coil carrier 50, which allows the liquid nitrogen to be brought into the area of the coil 49.
  • This has two connections 51 and 52, via which it is connected to the electrical pulse generator 17.
  • the connections 51 and 52 also serve as inlet and outlet for the liquid nitrogen and are accordingly connected to a pump 53 and a cooling unit 54.
  • the pump 53 and the cooling unit 54 are also responsible for the liquid nitrogen located between the membrane 46 and the solid plate 22, which is why the inlet line 25 and the outlet line 26 are connected in a corresponding manner to the pump 53 and the cooling unit 54.
  • shock wave generators which are used to crush concretions.
  • the invention can also be used in shock wave generators which serve any other purposes.
  • both the membrane and the coil are flat.
  • shock wave generators according to the invention can also be constructed in which the membrane and the coil do not have a flat shape, but are, for example, spherically curved around a common center.
  • high-temperature superconductors namely yttrium-barium-copper oxide and barium-lanthanum-copper oxide
  • yttrium-barium-copper oxide and barium-lanthanum-copper oxide have been described in connection with the exemplary embodiments as an example of the material which can be brought into the superconducting state and are contained in the coil and the membrane.
  • other (high-temperature) superconductors are also possible, in which case substances other than liquid nitrogen must or may be present in order to bring these materials into the superconducting state.

Claims (10)

  1. Générateur d'ondes de choc acoustiques pouvant être activé électriquement et qui comporte, en tant qu'éléments électriquement conducteurs (5, 19; 49, 46), un dispositif de bobine (5; 49) et une membrane (19; 46), qui peut être entraînée électriquement de façon brusque au moyen du dispositif de bobine (5; 49) et à l'aide de laquelle les ondes de choc peuvent être introduites dans un milieu de propagation acoustique jouxtant la membrane (19; 46), caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins l'un des éléments électriquement conducteurs (5, 19; 49, 46) contient un matériau pouvant être placé à l'état supraconducteur et que des moyens (9 à 16, 23 à 28; 23 à 26, 49, 51 à 54) sont prévus pour placer le matériau, contenu dans le ou les éléments électriquement conducteurs (5; 49, 19, 46) dans l'état supraconducteur.
  2. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que le dispositif de bobine (5) peut être amené dans l'état supraconducteur à l'aide d'un fluide de refroidissement, qui est situé au voisinage du dispositif de bobine (5).
  3. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant la revendication 2, dans lequel le dispositif de bobine (5) est fixé à un porte-bobine (4), caractérisé par le fait que le porte-bobine (4) comporte un canal (9, 10), dans lequel le fluide de refroidissement circule en passant devant le dispositif de bobine (5).
  4. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que le dispositif de bobine (49) est formé par enroulement à partir d'un tube formé d'un matériau pouvant être placé à l'état supraconducteur, et que le fluide de refroidissement circule dans le tube.
  5. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé par le fait qu'il est prévu, en tant que milieu de propagation acoustique, un milieu de refroidissement qui place la membrane (19; 46) à l'état supraconducteur et qui est logé dans un espace disposé en avant de la membrane.
  6. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant la revendication 5, caractérisé par le fait que l'espace logeant le fluide de refroidissement est fermé, au niveau de son extrémité éloignée de la membrane (19; 46), par une plaque en matériau solide (22), qui est formée par un matériau conduisant les ondes de choc, et que la face, tournée à l'opposé de la membrane (19; 46) de la plaque en matériau solide (22) jouxte un second espace, dans lequel est situé un milieu conduisant les ondes de choc et dont la température est supérieure à celle du fluide de refroidissement.
  7. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que le fluide de refroidissement circule dans le canal (9, 10) ou dans le tube, qui forme le dispositif de bobine (49), et/ou le fluide de refroidissement traverse l'espace situé en avant de la membrane (5; 46) et/ou que le fluide transmettant les ondes de choc traverse le second espace.
  8. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé par le fait qu'il est prévu une paroi de séparation (30) réalisée en un matériau transmettant les ondes de choc et qui ferme le second espace au niveau de son extrémité éloignée de la plaque en matériau solide (22), et qu'un matériau, dont l'impédance acoustique correspond sensiblement à l'impédance d'un objet (44) à irradier acoustiquement, jouxte la face, tournée à l'opposé du second espace, de la paroi de séparation (3).
  9. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant la revendication 8, caractérisé par le fait que la paroi de séparation est réalisée sous la forme d'une lentille acoustique (30).
  10. Générateur d'ondes de choc suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé par le fait qu'il est prévu un sac flexible (3) servant à réaliser le couplage acoustique du générateur d'ondes de choc à un être vivant devant être irradié acoustiquement et qu'un matériau, qui transmet les ondes de choc et dont la température ne diffère pas fortement de la température du corps de l'être vivant, jouxte la face intérieure du sac (3).
EP90111220A 1990-06-13 1990-06-13 Générateur d'ondes de choc entraîné électriquement Expired - Lifetime EP0461287B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90111220A EP0461287B1 (fr) 1990-06-13 1990-06-13 Générateur d'ondes de choc entraîné électriquement
DE59005639T DE59005639D1 (de) 1990-06-13 1990-06-13 Elektrisch antreibbarer akustischer Stosswellengenerator.
US07/707,673 US5165388A (en) 1990-06-13 1991-05-30 Electrodynamic shockwave generator with a superconducting coil arrangement

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90111220A EP0461287B1 (fr) 1990-06-13 1990-06-13 Générateur d'ondes de choc entraîné électriquement

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0461287A1 EP0461287A1 (fr) 1991-12-18
EP0461287B1 true EP0461287B1 (fr) 1994-05-04

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EP90111220A Expired - Lifetime EP0461287B1 (fr) 1990-06-13 1990-06-13 Générateur d'ondes de choc entraîné électriquement

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US (1) US5165388A (fr)
EP (1) EP0461287B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59005639D1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5350352A (en) * 1991-02-21 1994-09-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Acoustic pressure pulse generator
DE4132343C1 (fr) * 1991-09-27 1992-12-10 Siemens Ag, 8000 Muenchen, De
DE102008034702A1 (de) * 2008-07-25 2010-01-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Ultraschall-Stoßwellenkopf
CN101829009A (zh) * 2010-05-11 2010-09-15 席贤兴 冲击波锤
CN101829012A (zh) * 2010-05-11 2010-09-15 陈文韬 冲击波针
CN101904767B (zh) * 2010-05-11 2015-11-25 朱伟辉 冲击波棒
US9833373B2 (en) 2010-08-27 2017-12-05 Les Solutions Médicales Soundbite Inc. Mechanical wave generator and method thereof
US20170195765A1 (en) * 2015-12-11 2017-07-06 Sebastian Koper Wearable device for conversation during high motion activity
US11883047B2 (en) * 2019-09-02 2024-01-30 Moshe Ein-Gal Electromagnetic shockwave transducer

Family Cites Families (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3343035A (en) * 1963-03-08 1967-09-19 Ibm Superconducting electrical power transmission systems
US4048437A (en) * 1974-05-16 1977-09-13 The United States Energy Research And Development Administration Superconducting magnet cooling system
CH641290A5 (de) * 1978-12-22 1984-02-15 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Verfahren zur herstellung einer supraleiterspule und nach diesem verfahren hergestellte spule.
DE3328051A1 (de) * 1983-08-03 1985-02-14 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Einrichtung zum beruehrungslosen zertruemmern von konkrementen
JPS6220303A (ja) * 1985-07-19 1987-01-28 Hitachi Ltd 強制冷却超電導コイル装置
EP0253053B1 (fr) * 1986-07-14 1994-04-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Générateur d'ondes de choc pour un dispositif de désintégration à distance des concrétions dans un organisme vivant
DE8709363U1 (fr) * 1987-07-07 1988-11-03 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen, De
DE3742500A1 (de) * 1987-12-15 1989-06-29 Siemens Ag Stosswellengenerator zum beruehrungslosen zertruemmern von konkrementen und verfahren zu dessen herstellung
DE8801989U1 (fr) * 1988-02-16 1989-06-15 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen, De
US5057645A (en) * 1989-10-17 1991-10-15 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Low heat loss lead interface for cryogenic devices

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EP0461287A1 (fr) 1991-12-18
DE59005639D1 (de) 1994-06-09
US5165388A (en) 1992-11-24

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