Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/327—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof
  • D06M15/333—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof of vinyl acetate; Polyvinylalcohol
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/68—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with phosphorus or compounds thereof, e.g. with chlorophosphonic acid or salts thereof
  • D06M11/72—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with phosphorus or compounds thereof, e.g. with chlorophosphonic acid or salts thereof with metaphosphoric acids or their salts; with polyphosphoric acids or their salts; with perphosphoric acids or their salts
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/244—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • D06M15/248—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons containing chlorine
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/31—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated nitriles
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/643—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain

Definitions

• This invention relates to a coating and impregnation composition especially one for treating fabrics to render them flame retardant.
• Cotton fabrics can be rendered flame retardant by incorporation therein of a wide variety of chemicals, which can provide durable or non durable flame retardance.
• these chemicals are antimony compounds, organo halogen compounds and organic or non organic P compounds such as water insoluble and soluble ammonium polyphosphates, which can be cured into the fabric by heating (eg see GB-P-1504507).
• antimony compounds organo halogen compounds
• organic or non organic P compounds such as water insoluble and soluble ammonium polyphosphates, which can be cured into the fabric by heating (eg see GB-P-1504507).
• many upholstery fabrics are fire retarded by back coating especially with a resin composition containing antimony oxide and an organo bromine compounds.
• Such compositions are undesirable for environmental reasons and secondly are only suitable for low fabric weight fabrics.
• the present invention provides a composition for flame retarding fabrics which comprises (i) an at least partly water insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, (ii) an antifoam agent (iii) a heat curable resin and (iv) water. It is especially preferred that the composition contains (v) a surfactant. Preferably the composition also contains (vi) a water soluble ammonium polyphosphate and/or (vii) a carbamic acid derivative.
• a method of flame retarding a fabric substrate which comprises impregnating the fabric with a composition comprising components (i) to (iv), and especially also (v), (vi) and/or (vii), and then heat curing the impregnated fabric.
• the invention also provides a fabric which as been flame retarded by impregnation with a composition comprising components i) to (iv) and preferably also (v), (vi) and/or (vii) and curing the impregnated fabric.
• the at least partly water insoluble (hereinafter referred to as insoluble) ammonium polyphosphate usually has a water solubility of less than 10 g/100g water at 20°C, especially less than 8 or 5 g/100g, such as 0.1-5, 0.5-3 or 1.5-7g/100g water, wherein the solubility is as measured by the Manders test as defined by the Manders Paint company for ammonium polyphosphates used in paints and as hereinafter described. It may be considered as comprising a mixture of truly soluble and insoluble components, the soluble components of which can leach out on addition of or to water to produce an insoluble fraction of very high surface area to volume ratio e.g. as a very fine powder and/or a honeycomb structure.
• the insoluble polyphosphate may have a straight or branched chain structure and may be of general formula (NH4) a H b-a+2 P b O 3b+1 , where b has an average value of greater than 10, a/b is 0.7-1.1 and the maximum value of a is b+2.
• the molecular weight of the insoluble polyphosphate is usually greater than 10,000, eg 10,000 to 2 million, such as 10,000 to 1,000,000 or 200,000 to 1.5 million.
• the water insoluble ammonium polyphosphate usually has a mean particle size of less than 50 microns preferably less than 30 microns such as 1-50, 5-50 or 10-30 microns; preferably at least 60% of the particles are of less than 30 microns and especially at least 40% less than 10 microns.
• the polyphosphate usually contains 20-35% P, such as 23-32%P, preferably 25-32%P.
• insoluble polyphosphates examples are these sold by Albright & Wilson Limited under the Trade Marks AMGARD MC or AMGARD PI.
• the composition usually contains (based on the weight of components (i-vii)) 15-30%, eg 10-25%, or 19-23% of the water insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, while containing 15-30%, such as 20-28 or 21-25, and especially 24-27%, of the polyphosphate (based on the weight of components (i-iv)).
• An antifoam agent is a material which interacts with a liquid which is foaming or capable of doing so and which contains a surfactant by interacting with the surfactant molecules and/or the liquid/vapour interface in order to destroy the foam or prevent its formation.
• examples of such agents are soaps, alkyl phosphate esters and mineral oil, wax, vegetable oil or silicone based formulations.
• the silicone based formulations comprise polysiloxane liquids which may be fluoro or alkyl siloxanes optionally prossessing amino substituents and are preferably dimethyl siloxane polymers and preferably also contain finely divided silica which may be formed in situ by the hydrolysis of tetra alkoxy silanes.
• a preferred antifoam agent for use in the current invention is that sold by Wacker-Chemie GmbH under the name S132.
• the composition usually contains 0.01-0.5%, e.g. 0.02-0.4%, preferably 0.05-0.2%, of the antifoam agent.
• the resin (iii) is derived from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and may be a homopolymer but is preferably is a copolymer.
• suitable monomers are ethylene and mono substituted ethylenes eg vinyl carboxylate esters eg of 4-8 carbons such as vinyl acetate, mono and di carboxy substituted ethylenes and esters thereof such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and their esters such as ethyl acrylate, chloreothylenes such as vinyl chloride and cyaneothylenes such as acrylonitile.
• Preferred resins are copolymers comprising acrylic monomer units with each other or acrylonitrile or vinyl chloride, or vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymers.
• suitable resins are those sold under the trade marks REVACRYL 274 by Harlow Chemical Co, England VINAMUL 3306 sold by Vinamul Ltd, Surrey, England LUTOFAN LA560S and LUTOFAN 300d and ACRONAL DS 2272 sold by BASF, West Germany.
• the resin is usually commercially available as an aqueous dispersion or emulsion which usually contains an emulsifier, which may be anionic such as an alkyl sulphate and/or alkyl ether sulphate, a mixture of which is present in the case of the REVACRYL 274 resin, or non-ionic as in the case of the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer sold as VINAMUL 3306.
• the dispersions usually contain 40-55% solids content of the resin.
• the emulsifier added with the resin may be sufficient to provide the sole emulsifier for use in the compositions of this invention (as in the case of the vinyl chloride acrylic copolymer sold as LUTOFAN 560S), a separate emulsifier can be added as well.
• the resins are usually ones with T G of less than 30°C, eg -40 to +30°C, and especially 0 to - 30°C.
• the resins are self curable by heat, eg at 80-180°C, but especially 120-170°C.
• compositions of the invention usually contain 10-30% or 15-30%, such as 20-25%, 21-24% or 21.5-23.5% resin (expressed as resin solids on the total weight of the components (i-vii)), or 10-30%, eg 14-23% such as 17-21% or 14-18% (based on the weight of a composition containing components (i-v) but not (vi) or (vii)).
• compositions also contains as component (iv) water in weight amount usually of 40-51%, such as 42-50 or 44-49% (based on the weight of components (i-vii)) or 50-60% such as 56-58% (based on the weight of components (i-iv) in the absence of (v), (vi) and (vii)).
• component (iv) water in weight amount usually of 40-51%, such as 42-50 or 44-49% (based on the weight of components (i-vii)) or 50-60% such as 56-58% (based on the weight of components (i-iv) in the absence of (v), (vi) and (vii)).
• the surfactant (v) is usually a poor wetting agent but with some surface activity. It preferably comprises strong foaming agent, especially one stabilizing oil in water emulsions with an hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) figure of greater than 12, e.g. 12-20 eg 12-16, but may alternatively be suitable for stabilizing water in oil emulsion with an HLB of figure less than 12, eg 1-8, especially 3-7.
• the composition may comprise a mixture of surfactants, e.g. as an emulsifier for the resin.
• the surfactant may comprise at least one anionic, non-ionic, cationic, amphoteric and/or semi-polar component.
• Surfactants for use in our invention typically contain hydrophobic groups such as alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkyl/aryl or more complex aryl (as in petroleum sulphonates) moieties having from 8 to 22, preferably 10 to 20, typically 12 to 18, carbon atoms and a hydrophilic moiety.
• Other hydrophobic groups included in the invention are polysiloxane groups.
• the surfactant may for example consist substantially of an at least sparingly water-soluble salt of sulphonic or mono esterified sulphuric acids, e.g. an alkylbenzene sulphonate, alkyl sulphate, alkyl ether sulphate, olefin sulphonate, alkane sulphonate, alkylphenol sulphate, alkylphenol ether sulphate, alkylethanolamide sulphate, alkylethanolamide ether sulphate, or alpha sulpho fatty acid or its esters, each having at least one alkyl or alkenyl group with from 8 to 22, more usually 10 to 20, aliphatic carbon atoms.
• sulphonic or mono esterified sulphuric acids e.g. an alkylbenzene sulphonate, alkyl sulphate, alkyl ether sulphate, olefin sulphonate, alkane sulphon
• ether hereinbefore refers to compounds containing one or more glyceryl groups and/or an oxyalkylene or polyoxyalkylene group, especially a group containing from 1 to 20 oxyethylene and/or oxypropylene groups.
• One or more oxybutylene groups may additionally or alternatively be present.
• the sulphonated or sulphated surfactant may be sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, potassium hexadecyl benzene sulphonate, sodium dodecyl dimethyl benzene sulphonate, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium tallow sulphate, potassium oleyl sulphate, ammonium lauryl monoethoxy sulphate, or monoethanolamine cetyl 10 mole ethoxylate sulphate.
• anionic surfactants useful according to the present invention include alkyl sulphosuccinates, such as sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulphosuccinate and sodium dihexylsulphosuccinate, alkyl ether sulphosuccinates, alkyl sulphosuccinamates, alkyl ether sulphosuccinamates, acyl sarcosinates, acyl taurides, isethionates, soaps such as stearates, palmitates, resinates, oleates, linoleates, and alkyl ether carboxylates.
• alkyl sulphosuccinates such as sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulphosuccinate and sodium dihexylsulphosuccinate
• alkyl ether sulphosuccinates alkyl sulphosuccinamates
• alkyl ether sulphosuccinamates
• anionic phosphate esters, alkyl phosphonates and alkyl amino and imino methylene phosphonates may also be used.
• the anionic surfactant typically contains at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon chain having from 8 to 22, preferably 10 to 20 carbon atoms, and, in the case of ethers, one or more glyceryl and/or from 1 to 20 oxyethylene and/or oxypropylene and/or oxybutylene groups.
• Preferred anionic surfactants are sodium salts.
• Other salts of commercial interest include those of potassium, lithium, ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and alkyl amines containing up to seven aliphatic carbon atoms.
• the surfactant may optionally contain or consist of nonionic surfactants.
• the nonionic surfactant may be, e.g. a C10 ⁇ 22 alkanolamide of a mono or di- lower alkanolamine, such as coconut monoethanolamide.
• nonionic surfactants which may optionally be present, include tertiary acetylenic glycols, polyethoxylated alcohols, polyethoxylated mercaptans, polyethoxylated carboxylic acids, polyethoxylated amines, polyethoxylated alkylolamides, polyethoxylated alkylphenols, polyethoxylated glyceryl esters, polyethoxylated sorbitan esters, polyethoxylated phosphate esters, and the propoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated analogues of all the aforesaid ethoxylated nonionics, all having a C8 ⁇ 22 alkyl or alkenyl group and up to 20 ethyleneoxy and/or propyleneoxy groups.
• polyoxypropylene/polyethylene oxide copolymers polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers and polyoxybutylene/polyoxypropylene copolymers.
• the polyethoxy, polyoxypropylene and polyoxybutylene compounds may optionally be end-capped with, e.g. benzyl groups to reduce their foaming tendency.
• compositions of our invention preferably contain at least one amphoteric surfactant.
• the amphoteric surfactant may for example be a betaine, e.g. a betaine of the formula:- R3N+CH2COO ⁇ , wherein each R is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or alkaryl group and preferably at least one, and most preferably not more than one R, has an average of from 8 to 20, e.g. 10 to 18, aliphatic carbon atoms and each other R has an average of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• a betaine e.g. a betaine of the formula:- R3N+CH2COO ⁇
• each R is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or alkaryl group and preferably at least one, and most preferably not more than one R, has an average of from 8 to 20, e.g. 10 to 18, aliphatic carbon atoms and each other R has an average of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• R and R1 are alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkaryl or hydroxyalkyl groups having an average of from 1 to 20 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• R preferably has an average of from 8 to 20, e.g. 10 to 18, aliphatic carbon atoms and R1 preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• amphoteric surfactants for use according to our invention include alkyl amine ether sulphates, sulphobetaines and other quaternary amine or quaternised imidazoline sulphonic acids and their salts, and other quaternary amine or quaternised imidazoline carboxylic acids and their salts and Zwitterionic surfactants, e.g. N-alkyl taurines, carboxylated amido amines such as RCONH(CH2)2N+(CH2CH2CH3)2CH2CO2 ⁇ , and amino acids having, in each case, hydrocarbon groups capable of conferring surfactant properties (e.g.
• Typical examples include 2-tallow alkyl 1-tallow amido alkyl 1-carboxymethyl imidazoline and 2-coconut alkyl N-carboxymethyl 2-(hydroxyalkyl) imidazoline.
• any water soluble amphoteric or Zwitterionic surfactant compound which comprises a hydrophobic portion including a C8 ⁇ 20 alkyl or alkenyl group and a hydrophilic portion containing an amine or quaternary ammonium group and a carboxylate, sulphate or sulphonic acid group may be used in our invention.
• compositions of our invention may also include cationic surfactants.
• the cationic surfactant may for example be an alkylammonium salt having a total of at least 8, usually 10 to 30, e.g. 12 to 24, aliphatic carbon atoms, especially a tri or tetra-alkylammonium salt.
• alkylammonium surfactants for use according to our invention have one, or at most two, relatively long aliphatic chains per molecule (e.g. chains having an average of 8 to 20 carbon atoms each, usually 12 to 18 carbon atoms) and two or three relatively short chain alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms each, e.g. methyl or ethyl groups, preferably methyl groups.
• Typical examples include dodecyl trimethyl ammonium salts.
• Benzalkonium salts having one C8 ⁇ 20 alkyl group, two C1 ⁇ 4 alkyl groups and a benzyl group are also useful.
• N-alkyl pyridinium salts wherein the alkyl group has an average of from 8 to 22, preferably 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Other similarly alkylated heterocyclic salts such as N-alkyl isoquinolinium salts, may also be used.
• Alkylaryl dialkylammonium salts having an average of from 10 to 30 aliphatic carbon atoms are useful, e.g. those in which the alkylaryl group is an alkyl benzene group having an average of from 8 to 22, preferably 10 to 20, aliphatic carbon atoms and the other two alkyl groups usually have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. methyl groups.
• alkyl imidazoline or quaternised imidazoline salts having at least one alkyl group in the molecule with an average of from 8 to 22, preferably 10 to 20, carbon atoms.
• Typical examples include alkyl methyl hydroxyethyl imidazolinium salts, alkyl benzyl hydroxyethyl imidazolinium salts, and 2-alkyl-1-alkylamidoethyl imidazoline salts.
• Another class of cationic surfactant for use according to our invention comprises the amido amines such as those formed by reacting a fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms or an ester, glyceride or similar amide forming derivative thereof, with a di or poly amine, such as, for example, ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine, in such a proportion as to leave at least one free amine group.
• amido amines such as those formed by reacting a fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms or an ester, glyceride or similar amide forming derivative thereof, with a di or poly amine, such as, for example, ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine, in such a proportion as to leave at least one free amine group.
• Quaternised amido amines may similarly be employed.
• the cationic surfactant may be any water soluble compound having a positively ionised group, usually comprising a nitrogen atom, and either one or two alkyl groups each having an average of from 8 to 22 carbon atoms.
• the anionic portion of the cationic surfactant may be any anion which confers water solubility, such as formate, acetate, lactate, tartrate, citrate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate or an alkylsulphonate ion having up to 4 carbon atoms such as a methanesulphonate. It is preferably not a surface active anion such as a higher alkyl sulphate or organic sulphonate.
• Polyfluorinated anionic, nonionic or cationic surfactants may also be useful in the compositions of our invention.
• examples of such surfactants are polyfluorinated alkyl sulphates and polyfluorinated quaternary ammonium compounds.
• compositions of our invention may contain a semi-polar surfactant, such as an amine oxide, e.g. an amine oxide containing one or two (preferably one) C8 ⁇ 22 alkyl group, the remaining substituent or substituents being preferably lower alkyl, e.g. C1 ⁇ 4 alkyl, groups or benzyl groups.
• a semi-polar surfactant such as an amine oxide, e.g. an amine oxide containing one or two (preferably one) C8 ⁇ 22 alkyl group, the remaining substituent or substituents being preferably lower alkyl, e.g. C1 ⁇ 4 alkyl, groups or benzyl groups.
• mixtures of two or more of the foregoing surfactants may be used.
• mixtures of non-ionic surfactants with cationic and/or amphoteric and/or semi polar surfactants or with anionic surfactants may be used.
• the surfactant is usually present in the resin-containing emulsion but made additionally or alternatively be added separately, if desired.
• compositions usually contain 0.1-5%, eg 1.0-3.5%, of the surfactant (or surfactant mixture), especially with 0.2-1.5%, eg 0.4-1%, added surfactant in addition to any emulsifier present in the resin dispersion, which may be in amount of 0.2-3.5%, such as 0.5-2.5%, of components (i-vii).
• Added emulsifier may be 0.5-0.9% based on components (i-v).
• the emulsifier in the resin dispersion is preferably non ionic or anionic, eg an alkyl sulphate and/or alkyl ether sulphate.
• the water soluble ammonium polyphosphate (vi), which is preferably present in the compositions of the invention, is usually made by reaction of a condensed phosphoric acid with ammonia or an organic amine or quaternary ammonium hydroxide to give a water soluble product.
• the condensed phosphoric acid usually has a mean degree of condensation of more than 3, e.g. 3-30, and usually has a linear branched or cyclic structure.
• the salts contain N and P in an atomic ratio of 0.5-2:1, especially about 1:1.
• the polyphosphate salt is preferably a mixture of the ammonium salts of a plurality of polyphosphoric acids, which mixture has been produced by a process of reacting an aqueous solution of phosphoric acids containing 80-86% by weight of phosphorus pentoxide with ammonia or a basic derivative thereof at a temperature of 15-70°C, e.g. 15-40°C, and at a pH of 4-12, e.g. 5-12, such as 5-9, 6-8 or 6.5-7.5.
• Ammonium polyphosphate mixtures which may be used are described in BP 1504507 and may be made as described therein. This added ammonium polyphosphate usually has a (true) water solubility of at least 50 g/l, e.g.
• Suitable soluble polyphosphates are these mixed with urea and sold by Albright & Wilson Ltd under the Trade Mark AMGARD LR2.
• the composition usually contains 0-10%, such as 2-8%, eg 4-6%, of the water soluble ammonium polyphosphate.
• the flame retardant composition of the invention usually contains a carbamic acid derivative (vii) having 2 amino groups per molecule in a weight percentage (expressed as urea) to the ammonium polyphosphate (expressed by weight as ammonium polyphosphate itself) of 0.5%-300%, such as 0.5-50%, eg 5-30%, such as 7-20% or 10-20%. However 50-300%, e.g. 50-200%, and especially 75-125% are preferred.
• the carbamic acid derivative may be guanidine or dicyandiamide, but is preferably urea.
• the weights are expressed as urea but equivalent weights of the other carbamic acid derivative can be used.
• the presence of the carbamic acid derivative reduces any tendency to discoloration of the fabric after heat curing.
• the composition usually contains 0-10%, such as 2-8%, eg 4-6%, of the carbamic acid derivative (expressed as urea).
• compositions of the invention are usually thixotropic pastes, which are pourable when freshly made, form a gel on standing but are converted to a pourable emulsion on shearing.
• the stable emulsions may be water in oil emulsions, but are preferably oil in water emulsions.
• On contact with a cotton fabric under the influence of gravity only, the compositions tend not to pass through the fabric nor to lose water rapidly into the fabric.
• shearing the composition in contact with the fabric eg under the pressure of a knife edge it is believed that the compositions shear allowing them to penetrate the fabric, wherein they regel rapidly, but do not pass through the fabric and exude from the opposite side.
• compositions may be made by mixing the components in any order, but usually in order of resin first, then insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, followed preferably by soluble ammonium polyphosphate and carbamic acid derivative, then water and finally the defoamer.
• the mixing is usually done with a high speed stirrer.
• compositions of the invention containing components (i) - (iv) usually contain these in weight proportions of 20-28 : 0.01-5 : 14-30 : 50-60.
• compositions of the invention containing components (i-vii) usually contain these in weight proportions of 15-30 : 0.01-5 : 15-30 : 40-51 : 0.1-5 : 2-8 : 2-8.
• the substrates to which the composition is applied may be woven or non woven. They are usually cellulosic based substrates, e.g. textile fabrics, such as cotton, linen, jute, hessian or regenerated cellulosic materials, such as rayon or viscose, alone with other fibres coblendable or mixable therewith, e.g. polyester, nylon, acrylics, acetate, polypropylene, silk or wool. These blends or mixtures of fibres may contain at least 10%, or at least 20%, such as 15-100% or 30-90%, but preferably at least 40%, such as 40-75%, of the cellulosic material.
• cellulosic based substrates e.g. textile fabrics, such as cotton, linen, jute, hessian or regenerated cellulosic materials, such as rayon or viscose, alone with other fibres coblendable or mixable therewith, e.g. polyester, nylon, acrylics, acetate, polypropylene,
• the fibres used to form at least part of the fabrics may if desired be of core sheath construction but are preferably not so.
• the fabrics may be of union construction, for example with at least one of the weft and especially the warp being predominantly (eg 50-100%), especially essentially completely, of synthetic polymer fibres. Those with a warp predominantly of polyester or nylon and cotton weft, especially with embossed cotton designs and/or colour woven cotton are preferred.
• the flame retardant compositions of the invention and the method of the invention enables one more uniformly to flame retard, at least semidurably, such union fabrics, preferably embossed ones, but especially ones with non uniform distribution of synthetic polymer and cellulosic material on a surface thereof (hereinafter called "differential surface fabrics").
• Particularly important differential surface fabrics are ones with a front side with a different (usually lower) proportion of the cellulosic material to synthetic material from that on the back side, as well usually as having a face or front side having significant areas of predominantly (eg 50-100%) fibres of synthetic polymer on the surface, as well usually as significant areas of predominantly (eg 50-100%) fibres of the cellulosic material.
• differential surface fabrics are ones with a polyester warp and dyed cotton weft, especially with more than one differently coloured cotton weft, with the fabrics woven with front designs of such dyed cotton on a background of the polyester warp and a nondesigned back with a substantial cotton surface.
• Such differential surface fabrics may be used as upholstery fabrics.
• Other useful fabrics are pile fabrics, especially with a cotton base fabric back and an acrylic pile face. In the cases of the union fabrics and pile fabrics each having a face and a back, the compositions are applied to the back of the fabrics.
• the flame retardant composition can be applied to other furnishing fabrics, such as curtains, which are not subjected to frequent washing, and which are for use in, for example, domestic, office, institutional or public buildings.
• fabrics such as curtains
• the ability to treat different types of fabric makes it useful where various fabrics bear the same, or similar, designs for use in situations which have "colour-coordinated" decor.
• Fabric weights can be 0.050-1.0kg/m2, e.g. 0.080-0.700kg/m2, or 0.400-0.700 kg/m2, typically 0.200-0.400 kg/m2, especially with fabrics containing at least 30% of non cellulosic fibres.
• Each of the components of the fabric may be plain or undyed or may be dyed especially with white or pastel shades.
• the fabric before impregnation is usually free of dirt, sizes, natural waxes and applied finishes though it may contain an optical brightening agent.
• the flame retardant composition may also be used to treat carpeting (by back coating) which can weigh up to 2kg/m2.
• the flame retardant composition usually at pH 2-8, e.g. 5.5-7.5, is applied to the fabric substrate by a back coating procedure such spreading with a knife over a roller or air to give an application rate of 35-150% or 50-150% (on weight of fabric), such as 60-80% on pile fabrics or 80-120% on intimate blend or union fabrics.
• the minimum application rate necessary to provide adequate flame retardant properties is typically that required to saturate the fabric (especially the pores of the fabric) or a minimum of 95%, whichever amount is the lesser.
• the substrate may be dried, e.g. at 80-120°C for 0.1 to 10 minutes.
• the drying may be performed in any conventional drier, e.g. a forced air drier or stenter.
• the impregnated substrate after drying is then heat cured, eg by heating at a temperature of at least 80°C, such as at least 120°C, e.g. 120-170°C, preferably 140-170°C or 140-165°C, e.g. for 6 to 0.5 minutes, the combination of longer times and higher temperature preferably being avoided to decrease any tendency to discoloration.
• a temperature of at least 80°C such as at least 120°C, e.g. 120-170°C, preferably 140-170°C or 140-165°C, e.g. for 6 to 0.5 minutes, the combination of longer times and higher temperature preferably being avoided to decrease any tendency to discoloration.
• the drying and curing steps are combined.
• the curing which is usually continuous, may be performed by radiant, e.g. infra red, heating but preferably the curing is by heating from impact of hot air on the surface of the substrate, preferably on both surfaces to ensure uniformity of heating.
• the substrate is passed continuously on a stenter through a thermostated oven in which heated air flows are passed on to the top and bottom surfaces of the substrate.
• the stenter gives the most uniform curing with minimum scorching.
• the cure temperature of the substrate is essentially the same as that of the heated air flow.
• the substrate is cooled rapidly by passing or drawing cool air through it.
• the cured fabric as finished usually has a solids content of 30-60%, such as 35-45% for pile fabrics or 50-60% for union or other non pile fabrics, and usually contains 3-10% P, preferably 5-8% P.
• the fabric as finished has a reduced flammability compared to the untreated substrate and can pass the BS 5852 test with ignition sources 0 and 1.
• the fabric after leaching once in hard water at 40°C according to BS 5651 without final ironing can pass the flammability test of BS 5852 Part 1 with ignition sources 0 and 1.
• the reduced flammability finish can be durable for 1-3 washes in soft water at 74°C or to 10 dry cleaning operations depending primarily on the nature of the resin.
• the fabric as finished usually has a face handle not significantly changed from that of the untreated fabric, and shows no surface salt deposits or resin marks. It usually has a colour not significantly changed from that of the untreated fabric.
• the synergistic combination of the components (i)-(iv) especially with components (v), (vi) and (vii), can give treated fabrics with improved flame retardant properties and, particularly with fabrics having a face and back, without salt or resin deposits on the face, when the composition is applied to the back. It is believed that some of the water and any water soluble ammonium polyphosphate, added as such or as part of the water insoluble polyphosphate, migrates from the back towards the face but does not reach the face.
• Fabric A was a 50:50 cotton polyester union fabric with cotton weft and polyester warp of 0.240 kg/m2 weight.
• Fabric B was a 65:35 cotton polyester union fabric with cotton weft and polyester warp of 0.470 kg/m2 weight.
• composition of the invention was prepared and applied to the fabric on a supporting surface with the aid of a knife which spread the composition onto the fabric and forced it into the fabric.
• the supporting surface under the fabric became cool but not damp in this procedure, showing that water did not exude from the underside of the fabric.
• the impregnated fabric was then heated in a stenter at 150°C for 90 secs to provide a combined drying and curing operation.
• the cured fabric was then tested for flame retardancy as finished and after one leach in hard water at 40°C according to BS 5651 part 1 without final ironing.
• the solubility of the water insoluble ammonium polyphosphate as used in the text and Examples is that determined by the Manders test, in which 5g of solid is shaken with 50ml of water at ambient temperature and then 10 ml of solution is removed, weighed and evaporated to dryness to leave a residue. The solubility is given as 10 times the weight in g of the residue.
• a composition was made up by thoroughly mixing in the following order the following ingredients : 48 parts of a 45.5% solids content aqueous emulsion of a self cross linking heat curable acrylic copolymer containing some acrylonitrile monomer units, whose T G was -24°C, sold as REVACRYL 274 by Harlow Chemical Co.
• composition was a pourable stable emulsion which on standing thickened to a gel, which itself was reconverted to the emulsion on shearing and was applied to fabric A with an application rate of 90%.
• the cured fabric samples passed the ignition source 0 and 1 tests and showed no salt deposits or resin marks on their faces or on the surface opposed to that on which the composition was applied.
• the face handle of the fabric was substantially unaffected by the treatment.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

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• 1990
  • 1990-05-29 GB GB909011921A patent/GB9011921D0/en active Pending
• 1991
  • 1991-05-27 BR BR919102161A patent/BR9102161A/pt unknown
  • 1991-05-28 JP JP3123826A patent/JPH04228676A/ja active Pending
  • 1991-05-28 GB GB9111467A patent/GB2245286B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1991-05-28 NO NO91912048A patent/NO912048L/no unknown
  • 1991-05-28 CA CA002043380A patent/CA2043380A1/fr not_active Abandoned
  • 1991-05-28 PT PT97780A patent/PT97780A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1991-05-28 FI FI912567A patent/FI912567A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1991-05-28 HU HU911781A patent/HUT60336A/hu unknown
  • 1991-05-28 AU AU77337/91A patent/AU7733791A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1991-05-28 ZA ZA914040A patent/ZA914040B/xx unknown
  • 1991-05-28 PL PL29044891A patent/PL290448A1/xx unknown
  • 1991-05-28 IE IE181391A patent/IE66315B1/en unknown
  • 1991-05-29 EP EP19910108755 patent/EP0460516A3/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1991-05-29 CS CS911602A patent/CS160291A3/cs unknown

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