EP0454056B2 - Aluminium cathode-plate for the electrowinning of zinc - Google Patents

Aluminium cathode-plate for the electrowinning of zinc Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0454056B2
EP0454056B2 EP91106515A EP91106515A EP0454056B2 EP 0454056 B2 EP0454056 B2 EP 0454056B2 EP 91106515 A EP91106515 A EP 91106515A EP 91106515 A EP91106515 A EP 91106515A EP 0454056 B2 EP0454056 B2 EP 0454056B2
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Prior art keywords
plate
cathode
polyolefine
zinc
insulating strip
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP91106515A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0454056B1 (en
EP0454056A1 (en
Inventor
Herbert Dr. Meissner
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Austria Metall AG
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Austria Metall AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cathode sheet for the electrolytic production of zinc, with a Aluminum plate and one on at least one Edge of the plate melted around it Insulation strip made of plastic.
  • DE-A-2558694 is a deposition cathode known, which has a deposition body, the one made conductive on both sides with one Copolymer of butene-1 and ⁇ -olefin coated aluminum sheet is formed, with an edge strip the same copolymer, only without conductivity additives, is applied on this coating.
  • a cathode sheet insulated at the edge which has a layer of polyethylene with a low molecular weight of 2 ⁇ 10 4 and was melted onto the surfaces to be insulated, a strip of polyethylene with a higher molecular weight being applied via this layer was pushed between 1x10 6 and 5x10 6 .
  • copolymeric polyolefin / aluminum pairing proves compared to each other as particularly liquid-tight the aggressive sulfuric acid electrolyte.
  • the insulation strip includes a layer on the sheet metal side consists of the copolymeric polyolefin and otherwise made of ordinary polyolefin. This design is very inexpensive because less of the expensive copolymer Polyolefin is necessary.
  • the insulation strip consists entirely of the highly adhesive polyolefin.
  • This type of construction can be used for large quantities sheet metal to be produced particularly inexpensively because simple. are manufactured.
  • the used Manufacturing process carried out according to the invention is that the insulation strip is extruded and after extrusion on the edges of the cathode sheet metal strip while still hot (e.g. at temperatures between 100 and 200 ° C, preferably 160 and 180 ° C, for 1 to 5 min), the sheets cut and then brackets on the narrow side surfaces of the cathode sheet are welded on, which are provided with an insulation strip Connect narrow side surfaces.
  • Copolymeric polyolefins in the sense of the invention are copolymers of olefin and adhesive additives for Metal surfaces. These are additives aliphatic carboxylic acids in an amount of 1 to 10 %, for example acrylic acid or its derivatives. Instead of acrylic acid can also esters such as. B. vinyl acetates to be available. Vinyl acetate can also coexist Acrylic acid is present, as are others Terpolymers in question. Ultimately, those are suitable Hot melt adhesive based on polyolefin, in which sufficient corrosion resistance is guaranteed is.
  • a cathode plate with a plate 1 made of aluminum is in an electrolyte 2 in a tub 3 on busbars 4, 4 'arranged with its holder 5 and has insulation strips on both vertical narrow sides 6, 6 'attached from polyolefin.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the cathode sheet, which on the side edge of the aluminum plate 1 a uniformly made of highly adhesive copolymer Polyolefin melted existing insulation strip is.
  • the insulation strip can be extruded and melted using the extrusion heat be.
  • the insulation strip 3 is on the aluminum plate 1 of the cathode sheet a layer 7 of adhesive copolymer Polyolefin arranged and over this one the body the insulation strip is mainly constituted by U-shaped Slide 8 pushed on.
  • the postponement takes place in the heat, preferably using extrusion heat.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

Aluminium cathode plates for the electrowinning of zinc, which have insulation strips at least at the edges which form two mutually approximately parallel narrow-side surfaces with the electrode surfaces and which have holding devices for the purpose of suspension in the electrolysis bath and for current collection at one narrow-side surface joining said narrow-side surfaces. The insulation strips consist, at least in the parts adjoining the plate, of copolymeric polyolefin and are fused on around the edges formed by the side surfaces with the electrode surfaces. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Kathodenblech für die elektrolytische Gewinnung von Zink, mit einer Platte aus Aluminium und einer auf mindestens einem Rand der Platte diesen umgebend aufgeschmolzenen Isolationsleiste aus Kunststoff.The invention relates to a cathode sheet for the electrolytic production of zinc, with a Aluminum plate and one on at least one Edge of the plate melted around it Insulation strip made of plastic.

Bei heute bekannten Kathodenblechen für die elektrolytische Gewinnung von Zink sind an den Rändern Isolierungsleisten angeordnet. Dies ist deswegen notwendig, um das an den Kathodenflächen abgeschiedene Zink daran zu hindern, in Richtung der Anodenplatte bzw. Elektrolytwanne zu wachsen und dadurch einen Kurzschluß zu erzeugen. Diese Isolierungsleisten sind entweder an den Rändern des Kathodenblechs aufgeschnappt oder aufgepreßt. Es sind aber auch Versionen mit angeschraubten Isolationsleisten bekannt. Diese Isolationsleisten selbst bestehen aus Kunststoff, Gummi oder Holz. Ein Kathodenblech der eingangs genannten Art ist aus DE-A-3 219 300 bekannt.In today's known cathode sheets for the electrolytic Extraction of zinc are on the edges Insulation strips arranged. This is necessary around the deposited on the cathode surfaces Prevent zinc from moving towards the anode plate or electrolyte tub to grow and thereby a Generate short circuit. These insulation strips are either snapped onto the edges of the cathode sheet or pressed on. But there are also versions known with screwed insulation strips. This Insulation strips themselves are made of plastic, rubber or wood. A cathode plate of the type mentioned Art is known from DE-A-3 219 300.

Da die Kathodenbleche im Betrieb mit Schwefelsäure, die als Elektrolyt verwendet wird, getaucht sind, kommt es zur Korrosion des Aluminiums. Diese Korrosion tritt bevorzugt unter den Leisten auf. Dies deshalb, da die Säure zwischen den Blechen und den Isolationsleisten eindringt und dort ein sehr schnelles Korrodieren des Aluminiums bewirkt. Es erfolgt somit ein frühzeitiger Ausfall des Kathodenblechs, da die Ränder ausfressen, die Leiste an Halt am Blech verliert und somit es zu einem Kurzschluß beim Wegbrechen der Isolationsleiste zwischen anwachsendem Zink und der Anodenplatte bzw. Elektrolytwanne kommt.Since the cathode sheets are in operation with sulfuric acid, which are used as electrolyte, are immersed, there is corrosion of the aluminum. This corrosion occurs preferentially under the lasts. This is because because the acid between the sheets and the insulation strips penetrates and there is a very fast corroding of aluminum. There is therefore an early Failure of the cathode sheet, because the edges eat out, the bar loses grip on the sheet and thus it becomes one Short circuit when the insulation strip breaks away between growing zinc and the anode plate or electrolyte tray comes.

Aus DE-A-2558694 ist eine Abscheidungskathode bekannt, welche einen Abscheidungskörper aufweist, der durch ein beidseitig mit einem leitfähig gemachten Copolymer aus Buten-1 und α-Olefin beschichtetes Aluminiumblech gebildet ist, wobei eine Randleiste aus dem gleichen Copolymer, nur ohne Leitfähigkeitszugätze, auf dieser Beschichtung ausgebracht ist.DE-A-2558694 is a deposition cathode known, which has a deposition body, the one made conductive on both sides with one Copolymer of butene-1 and α-olefin coated aluminum sheet is formed, with an edge strip the same copolymer, only without conductivity additives, is applied on this coating.

Aus JP-A-6333590 ist ein am Rand isoliertes Kathodenblech bekannt, welches eine Schicht aus Polyethylen mit niedrigen Molekular gewicht von 2 x 104 aufweist und auf den zu isolierenden Flächen aufgeschmolzen wurde, wobei über diese Schicht eine Leiste aus Polyethylen mit höherem Molekular gewicht von zwichen 1x106 und 5x106 geschoben wurde.From JP-A-6333590 a cathode sheet insulated at the edge is known, which has a layer of polyethylene with a low molecular weight of 2 × 10 4 and was melted onto the surfaces to be insulated, a strip of polyethylene with a higher molecular weight being applied via this layer was pushed between 1x10 6 and 5x10 6 .

Der oben erwähnte ungüstige Korrosionseffekt wird erfindungsgemäß durch ein Kathodenblech mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 verhindert.The bad corrosion effect mentioned above will according to the invention by a cathode sheet with the Features of claim 1 prevented.

Die Paarung copolymeres Polyolefin/Aluminium erweist sich dabei als besonders flüssigkeitsdicht gegenüber dem aggressiven schwefelsaueren Elektrolyten.The copolymeric polyolefin / aluminum pairing proves compared to each other as particularly liquid-tight the aggressive sulfuric acid electrolyte.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung umfaßt die Isolationsleiste blechseitig eine Lage aus dem copolymeren Polyolefin und im übrigen besteht sie aus gewöhnlichem Polyolefin. Diese Bauweise ist sehr preisgünstig, weil weniger von dem teueren copolymeren Polyolefin notwendig ist.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the insulation strip includes a layer on the sheet metal side consists of the copolymeric polyolefin and otherwise made of ordinary polyolefin. This design is very inexpensive because less of the expensive copolymer Polyolefin is necessary.

Es ist weiters in einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung eine solche Bauweise vorgesehen, daß die Isolationsleiste insgesamt aus dem hochhaftenden Polyolefin besteht.It is also in an embodiment of the invention such a design provided that the insulation strip consists entirely of the highly adhesive polyolefin.

Bei dieser Bauweise kann bei großen Stückzahlen herzustellender Bleche besonders kostengünstig, weil einfach. gefertigt werden.This type of construction can be used for large quantities sheet metal to be produced particularly inexpensively because simple. are manufactured.

Es hat sich gezeigt, daß das dazu verwendende Herstellungsverfahren erfindungsgemäß so durchgeführt wird, daß die Isolationsleiste extrudiert wird und nach der Extrusion an den Rändern des Kathodenblechbandes im noch heißen Zustand (wie z.B. bei Temperaturen zwischen 100 und 200°C, vorzugsweise 160 und 180 °C, für 1 bis 5 min) angedrückt wird, die Bleche zugeschnitten und danach Halterungen an den Schmalseitenflächen des Kathodenblechs angeschweißt werden, die die mit einer Isolationsleiste versehenen Schmalseitenflächen verbinden.It has been shown that the used Manufacturing process carried out according to the invention is that the insulation strip is extruded and after extrusion on the edges of the cathode sheet metal strip while still hot (e.g. at temperatures between 100 and 200 ° C, preferably 160 and 180 ° C, for 1 to 5 min), the sheets cut and then brackets on the narrow side surfaces of the cathode sheet are welded on, which are provided with an insulation strip Connect narrow side surfaces.

Es ist dabei in einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung günstig, daß die Extrusion der Leiste durch Koextrusion von hochhaftendem copolymerem Polyolefin und normalem Polyolefin erfolgt. Dadurch wird weniger von dem teueren und nur blechseitig erforderlichen hochhaftenden Polyolefin verwendet, wodurch die Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Kathodenblechs günstiger wird.It is a further embodiment of the invention favorable that the extrusion of the bar by coextrusion of highly adhesive copolymeric polyolefin and normal polyolefin. This will make less of the expensive and only required on the sheet metal side high-adhesion polyolefin used, which makes the manufacture of the cathode sheet according to the invention cheaper becomes.

Durch die Extrusion des Profils mit nachfolgendem Aufschmelzen auf den Kathodenblechbändern wird die für die Extrusion notwendige Wärme optimal genützt. Die Produktion kann kontinuierlich erfolgen, wodurch große Mengen an solchen Kathodenblechbändern hergestellt werden können. Diese sind nachher nur mehr zu schneiden und an ihnen die für die Stromeinleitung und Aufhängung benötigten Halterungen anzuordnen.By extruding the profile with the following The will melt on the cathode sheet metal strips optimally used heat necessary for the extrusion. Production can take place continuously, which means large quantities of such cathode strips are produced can be. Afterwards these are just more to cut and on them the ones for power introduction and suspension required brackets to arrange.

Dadurch, daß dieses gut haftende Polyolefin dicht mit dem Kathodenblech verbunden ist, kann kein Elektrolyt in die Verbindung eindringen und die eigentliche Isolationsleiste braucht lediglich warm aufgeschoben zu werden. Die Haftung, die zwischen der Schicht Polyolefin und der übrigen Isolationsleiste vorhanden ist, reicht beim Betrieb des Kathodenblechs zur Befestigung aus. Dieses Verfahren ist besonders dann wirtschaftlich, wenn nur wenige Kathodenbleche erzeugt werden sollen, was bei Reparaturen und bei der Wartung einer Elektrolyseanlage häufig der Fall ist.Because this well-adhering polyolefin is tight is connected to the cathode plate, no electrolyte penetrate the connection and the actual Insulation strip only needs to be pushed on warm will. The adhesion between the polyolefin layer and the remaining insulation strip is sufficient when operating the cathode sheet for attachment. This process is particularly economical if only a few cathode sheets are to be produced, what about repairs and maintenance of a Electrolysis plant is often the case.

Copolymere Polyolefine im Sinne der Erfindung sind Mischpolymerisate von Olefin und Haftzusätzen für Metalloberflächen. Diese Haftzusätze sind aliphatische Carbonsäuren in einer Menge von 1 bis 10 %, beispielsweise Acrylsäure oder deren Derivate. Statt der Acrylsäure können auch Ester wie z. B. Vinylacetate vorhanden sein. Vinylacetat kann auch gleichzeitig mit Acrylsäure vorhanden sein, ebenso kommen auch andere Terpolymere in Frage. Geeignet sind letzlich diejenigen Schmelzkleber auf Polyolefinbasis, bei welchen eine ausreichende Korrosionsbeständigkeit gewährleistet ist.Copolymeric polyolefins in the sense of the invention are copolymers of olefin and adhesive additives for Metal surfaces. These are additives aliphatic carboxylic acids in an amount of 1 to 10 %, for example acrylic acid or its derivatives. Instead of acrylic acid can also esters such as. B. vinyl acetates to be available. Vinyl acetate can also coexist Acrylic acid is present, as are others Terpolymers in question. Ultimately, those are suitable Hot melt adhesive based on polyolefin, in which sufficient corrosion resistance is guaranteed is.

Die Erfindung wird anhand der nachstehenden Zeichnungen beschrieben. Es zeigt:

  • Fig. 1 eine Gesamtansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Kathodenblechs,
  • Fig. 2 ein Detail eines erfindungsgemäßen Kathodenblechs im Horizontalschnitt in vergrößerter Ansicht,
  • Fig. 3 ein Detail eines weiteren erfindungsgemäßen Kathodenblechs.
    • The invention will be described with reference to the drawings below. It shows:
  • 1 is an overall view of a cathode sheet according to the invention,
  • 2 shows a detail of a cathode sheet according to the invention in horizontal section in an enlarged view,
  • Fig. 3 shows a detail of a further cathode sheet according to the invention.

    • Ein Kathodenblech mit einer Platte 1 aus Aluminium ist in einem Elektrolyten 2 in einer Wanne 3 an Stromschienen 4, 4' mit seiner Halterung 5 angeordnet und hat auf beiden vertikalen Schmalseiten Isolationsleisten 6, 6' aus Polyolefin befestigt.A cathode plate with a plate 1 made of aluminum is in an electrolyte 2 in a tub 3 on busbars 4, 4 'arranged with its holder 5 and has insulation strips on both vertical narrow sides 6, 6 'attached from polyolefin.

    Fig. 2 zeigt eine Ausführungsform des Kathodenblechs, bei welcher auf dem seitlichen Rand der Aluminiumplatte 1 eine einheitlich aus hochhaftendern copolymerem Polyolefin bestehende Isolationsleiste aufgeschmolzen ist. Die Isolationsleiste kann extrudiert und unter Ausnutzung der Extrusionshitze aufgeschmolzen sein.2 shows an embodiment of the cathode sheet, which on the side edge of the aluminum plate 1 a uniformly made of highly adhesive copolymer Polyolefin melted existing insulation strip is. The insulation strip can be extruded and melted using the extrusion heat be.

    In der Fig. 3 ist auf der Aluminiumplatte 1 des Kathodenblechs eine Schicht 7 haftendes copolymeres Polyolefin angeordnet und über diese eine den Körper der Isolationsleiste hauptsächlich ausmachende U-förmige Schiene 8 aufgeschoben. Das Aufschieben erfolgt in der Wärme, vorzugsweise unter Ausnutzung von Extrusionshitze.3 is on the aluminum plate 1 of the cathode sheet a layer 7 of adhesive copolymer Polyolefin arranged and over this one the body the insulation strip is mainly constituted by U-shaped Slide 8 pushed on. The postponement takes place in the heat, preferably using extrusion heat.

    Claims (4)

    1. Cathode-plate for the electrowinning of zinc, having a plate (1) of aluminium and an insulating strip (6) of synthetic material melted onto and surrounding at least one edge of the plate, characterised in that the insulating strip (6) consists, at least in a part adjoining the plate (1), of a copolymeric polyolefine consisting of a copolymer of olefine and 1-10 % adhesive additives of aliphatic carbonic acids.
    2. Cathode-plate according to claim 1, characterised in that the insulating strip (6) is formed from a layer (7) of copolymeric polyolefine adjoining the plate (1) and from a layer (8) of normal polyolefine located thereon.
    3. Method for producing a cathode-plate according to claim 1, characterised in that the insulating strip (6) is extruded and after extrusion is pressed in the still hot state on the edges of a cathode-plate, the length of plate provided with insulating strips is then cut up to form cathode-plates and then holding pieces (5) are welded on an edge extending between two edges provided with insulating strips.
    4. Method for producing a cathode-plate according to claim 3, characterised in that the extrusion of the insulating strip (6) is achieved by coextrusion of copolymeric polyolefine and normal polyolefine.
    EP91106515A 1990-04-23 1991-04-23 Aluminium cathode-plate for the electrowinning of zinc Expired - Lifetime EP0454056B2 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (3)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    AT93690 1990-04-23
    AT936/90 1990-04-23
    AT0093690A AT395722B (en) 1990-04-23 1990-04-23 ALUMINUM CATHODE SHEETS FOR ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION OF ZINC

    Publications (3)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0454056A1 EP0454056A1 (en) 1991-10-30
    EP0454056B1 EP0454056B1 (en) 1996-09-11
    EP0454056B2 true EP0454056B2 (en) 1999-12-15

    Family

    ID=3503251

    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP91106515A Expired - Lifetime EP0454056B2 (en) 1990-04-23 1991-04-23 Aluminium cathode-plate for the electrowinning of zinc

    Country Status (8)

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    EP (1) EP0454056B2 (en)
    JP (1) JP2596648B2 (en)
    AT (2) AT395722B (en)
    CA (1) CA2041055C (en)
    DE (1) DE59108156D1 (en)
    ES (1) ES2030645T5 (en)
    FI (1) FI97305C (en)
    NO (1) NO304658B1 (en)

    Families Citing this family (9)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    ES2067411B1 (en) * 1993-06-18 1995-11-01 Asturiana De Zinc Sa CATHODE FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC DEPOSITION OF IRON METALS.
    FI101818B1 (en) * 1995-12-08 1998-08-31 Outokumpu Wenmec Oy Process for producing a mother plate intended for use in electrolytic refining and mother plate produced by the method
    AT404035B (en) * 1996-06-17 1998-07-27 Fehrer Ernst Apparatus for needling a pre-consolidated nonwoven web
    JP3720240B2 (en) * 2000-05-08 2005-11-24 日本軽金属株式会社 Method for producing cathode for electrolytic deposition of nonferrous metal
    DE10039893A1 (en) * 2000-08-16 2002-02-28 Km Europa Metal Ag cathode plate
    DE102006046879B3 (en) * 2006-10-04 2007-11-22 Thyssenkrupp Vdm Gmbh Cathode plate for electrolytic zinc recovery, comprises carrier rod connected to main body of aluminum with external coating of copper applied by hot deformation
    DE102008041698A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 EMS Elektro Metall Schwanenmühle GmbH Cathode for the electrolytic deposition of zinc or the like. From an electrolyte bath
    CN103668341A (en) * 2013-11-22 2014-03-26 云南和美佳科贸有限公司 Negative plate with insulating sealed edge
    CN114703507A (en) * 2022-03-15 2022-07-05 洛阳双瑞精铸钛业有限公司 Titanium aluminium titanium electrolysis zinc negative plate

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    JPS5178704A (en) * 1974-12-28 1976-07-08 Onahama Seiren Kk
    NL7609332A (en) * 1976-08-23 1978-02-27 Shell Int Research PROCEDURE FOR ELECTROLYTIC WINNING OF A LAYER OF METAL.
    CA1082131A (en) * 1977-10-11 1980-07-22 Lucien Babin Electrode for the electrolytic deposition of metals
    AU506521B1 (en) * 1979-02-05 1980-01-10 M.I.M. Technology Marketing Limited Cathode with stainless steel - copper clad hanger bar
    JPS57123047A (en) * 1981-01-22 1982-07-31 Mitsui Petrochemical Ind Manufacture of laminated board
    JPS5822552A (en) * 1981-08-04 1983-02-09 株式会社東芝 Controller for monitoring power system
    ATE18580T1 (en) * 1981-12-23 1986-03-15 Peter Berger ELECTRODE EDGE PROTECTION, ELECTRODE PROVIDED WITH SUCH ELECTRODE EDGE PROTECTION.
    DE3219300A1 (en) * 1982-05-22 1983-11-24 Rolf 2838 Sulingen Schweers Cathode for the electrodeposition of metals, in particular for extracting high-purity zinc
    JPS6111230A (en) * 1984-06-27 1986-01-18 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd Bonding of metal with superhigh molecular weight polyethylene resin
    JPS61143137A (en) * 1984-12-18 1986-06-30 日本石油化学株式会社 Laminate consisting of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
    JPS62161976A (en) * 1986-01-08 1987-07-17 Showa Denko Kk Manufacture of electrolytic iron
    JPS6333590A (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-02-13 Akita Seiren Kk Method for insulating and coating peripheral edge part of electrolytic cathode
    JPS63161725U (en) * 1987-04-07 1988-10-21

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    FI911967A0 (en) 1991-04-23
    FI97305C (en) 1997-09-09
    JP2596648B2 (en) 1997-04-02
    ES2030645T1 (en) 1992-11-16
    FI911967A (en) 1991-10-24
    AT395722B (en) 1993-02-25
    CA2041055A1 (en) 1991-10-24
    JPH06293989A (en) 1994-10-21
    ES2030645T5 (en) 2000-05-01
    NO911552L (en) 1991-10-24
    NO911552D0 (en) 1991-04-19
    EP0454056B1 (en) 1996-09-11
    ES2030645T3 (en) 1996-12-01
    EP0454056A1 (en) 1991-10-30
    DE59108156D1 (en) 1996-10-17
    NO304658B1 (en) 1999-01-25
    ATE142715T1 (en) 1996-09-15
    CA2041055C (en) 2004-03-02
    ATA93690A (en) 1992-07-15
    FI97305B (en) 1996-08-15

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