EP0443279A1 - Sound insulated air intake housing - Google Patents

Sound insulated air intake housing Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0443279A1
EP0443279A1 EP90403554A EP90403554A EP0443279A1 EP 0443279 A1 EP0443279 A1 EP 0443279A1 EP 90403554 A EP90403554 A EP 90403554A EP 90403554 A EP90403554 A EP 90403554A EP 0443279 A1 EP0443279 A1 EP 0443279A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
housing
absorbent material
layer
sound
longitudinal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90403554A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Paul Cussenot
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment
Original Assignee
Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment filed Critical Ferco International Usine de Ferrures de Batiment
Publication of EP0443279A1 publication Critical patent/EP0443279A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/24—Means for preventing or suppressing noise
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B7/00—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows
    • E06B7/02—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows for providing ventilation, e.g. through double windows; Arrangement of ventilation roses
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B7/00—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows
    • E06B7/02—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows for providing ventilation, e.g. through double windows; Arrangement of ventilation roses
    • E06B7/10—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows for providing ventilation, e.g. through double windows; Arrangement of ventilation roses by special construction of the frame members

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an isophonic air inlet box.
  • Such devices are arranged on or through walls of a building or dwelling and allow the entry of air inside them. They are suitable for both so-called natural ventilation arising from heat flows between rooms and between the outside and inside of the home, as well as ventilation carried out mechanically by extraction. They are designed on the one hand to fulfill ventilation functions but also to fulfill acoustic insulation functions.
  • Such isophonic air inlet boxes generally consist of a U-shaped section shell comprising on its inner wall an absorbent coating of acoustic insulation and on one of the longitudinal walls an air flow outlet formed a number of holes.
  • the interior of the housing is filled as much as possible with an absorbent material in order to obtain the best possible sound absorption.
  • the present invention proposes to use, in such a ventilation unit, the so-called membrane effect known in the acoustic field. When a sound hits a smooth membrane, it results in a mass-spring phenomenon accompanied by reflection. The natural resonance of the membrane is negligible since no external or internal volume of the aeration amplifies the induced effects. There is no resonance due to the external environment of the aerator and the internal design of the aerator remains a sound trap.
  • the present invention therefore proposes to considerably improve the acoustic qualities of an aerator, by exploiting this so-called membrane effect.
  • the isophonic air inlet box according to the invention therefore consists of a U-shaped section shell comprising an absorbent coating of interior acoustic insulation and on at least one of its longitudinal walls, at least one hole air flow outlet.
  • This housing is remarkable in that at least one of the longitudinal interior walls of the housing is devoid of acoustic absorbent material, the absorbent material being a foam with closed cells on the surface.
  • the housing can be made of plastic, preferably PVC, ABS or metallic material.
  • the volume of foam used is modified and reduced and this results in a significant reduction in manufacturing costs, while retaining an excellent sound absorption efficiency since it allows a gain sound absorption greater than 2 dB compared to known ventilation devices.
  • the nozzle device installed inside the ventilation device does not necessarily have to be placed in front of the outlet holes of the housing and this allows a certain freedom as to the length of the nozzle or air regulation device.
  • the isophonic air inlet box 10 is conventionally constituted by a shell of U-shaped section, preferably made of PVC or ABS, and comprising on one of these walls longitudinal an air outlet 11.
  • the invention relates to housings comprising two air outlets 11 elongated near the ends of one of the longitudinal walls.
  • the incoming air flow must circulate inside the housing before being evacuated by the outlet orifices 11.
  • the inlet of the housing 10 is conventionally equipped with a nozzle 12 which subjects the reentry air flow to a deviated trajectory.
  • a nozzle 12 which subjects the reentry air flow to a deviated trajectory.
  • the incoming air is deflected so as to have an initial trajectory perpendicular to one of the longitudinal faces of the housing 10.
  • the object of the invention is to very specifically equip the interior of the housing with insulating material.
  • the housing 10 is therefore equipped with the nozzle 12, on one of its longitudinal walls 13 with a layer of absorbent material 13 ', on its bottom 14 with a layer of absorbent material 14' and its longitudinal wall 15 is left blank any absorbent material.
  • the nozzle 12 is preferably a membrane flow control device known per se.
  • the phonic circuit will now be described, in a relatively simplified manner inside the ventilation box 10.
  • the arrows 1 diagrammatically propagate the sound in the direction of the layer of absorbent material with a smooth surface 13 and by impact of the sound with the surface thereof, a classic sound absorption phenomenon is therefore carried out to which is added a phenomenon of noise reflection and damping shown by the arrows 2.
  • the dotted arrows F S show diagrammatically the air leaving the ventilation box through the holes already described 11.
  • the layers of absorbent material 13 'and 14' taking into account the damping and absorption of sound at the level thereof, and also the reflection at the level of the wall longitudinal 15, the residual sound passing through the latter is of a low sound level lower than the admissible level for such ventilation boxes.
  • the nozzle can divert the reentry air flow differently and as a result, the arrangement of the coated walls and the uncoated wall can be modified.

Abstract

The invention relates to a sound insulated air intake housing constituted by a shell of U-shaped cross-section comprising an internal absorbent covering for sound insulation and on at least one of its longitudinal walls at least one airflow outlet hole (11). This housing (10) is equipped with a nozzle (12) directing the air entering towards one (13) of the internal longitudinal walls of the housing (10), this internal longitudinal wall (13) being covered with a layer of absorbent material (13') consisting of a foam with cells which are closed on the surface, while the bottom of the housing (14) is likewise covered with a layer of absorbent material (14') and the other internal longitudinal wall (15) of the housing is without absorbent material. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un boîtier d'entrée d'air isophonique.The present invention relates to an isophonic air inlet box.

De tels dispositifs sont disposés sur ou au travers de parois d'immeuble ou d'habitation et permettent l'entrée de l'air à l'intérieur de ceux-ci. Ils conviennent tant à la ventilation dite naturelle relevant des flux thermiques entre les pièces et entre l'extérieur et l'intérieur de l'habitation, qu'à la ventilation effectuée mécaniquement par extraction. Ils sont conçus d'une part pour remplir des fonctions d'aération mais également pour remplir des fonctions d'isolation acoustique.Such devices are arranged on or through walls of a building or dwelling and allow the entry of air inside them. They are suitable for both so-called natural ventilation arising from heat flows between rooms and between the outside and inside of the home, as well as ventilation carried out mechanically by extraction. They are designed on the one hand to fulfill ventilation functions but also to fulfill acoustic insulation functions.

De tels boîtiers d'entrée d'air isophoniques sont en général constitués d'une coquille de section en forme de U comportant sur sa paroi intérieure un revêtement absorbant d'isolation acoustique et sur une des parois longitudinales une sortie du flux d'air formée d'un certain nombre d'orifices. En règle générale, on garnit l'intérieur du boîtier au maximum d'un matériau absorbant afin d'obtenir une absorption phonique la meilleure possible. Contrairement à ces dispositifs de ventilation antérieurs, la présente invention se propose d'exploiter, dans un tel boîtier de ventilation l'effet dit de membrane connu dans le domaine acoustique. Lorsqu'un son percute une membrane lisse, il en résulte un phénomène de masse-ressort accompagné de réflexion. La résonance propre de la membrane est négligeable puisqu'aucun volume extérieur ou intérieur de l'aération n'amplifie les effets induits. Il n'y a pas résonance due à l'environnement extérieur de l'aérateur et la conception interne de l'aérateur reste un piège à son.Such isophonic air inlet boxes generally consist of a U-shaped section shell comprising on its inner wall an absorbent coating of acoustic insulation and on one of the longitudinal walls an air flow outlet formed a number of holes. As a general rule, the interior of the housing is filled as much as possible with an absorbent material in order to obtain the best possible sound absorption. Unlike these previous ventilation devices, the present invention proposes to use, in such a ventilation unit, the so-called membrane effect known in the acoustic field. When a sound hits a smooth membrane, it results in a mass-spring phenomenon accompanied by reflection. The natural resonance of the membrane is negligible since no external or internal volume of the aeration amplifies the induced effects. There is no resonance due to the external environment of the aerator and the internal design of the aerator remains a sound trap.

La présente invention se propose donc d'améliorer de façon considérable les qualités acoustiques d'un aérateur, en exploitant cet effet dit de membrane.The present invention therefore proposes to considerably improve the acoustic qualities of an aerator, by exploiting this so-called membrane effect.

Le boîtier d'entrée d'air isophonique conforme à l'invention est donc constitué d'une coquille de section en forme de U comportant un revêtement absorbant d'isolation acoustique intérieur et sur au moins une de ses parois longitudinales, au moins un trou de sortie du flux d'air.The isophonic air inlet box according to the invention therefore consists of a U-shaped section shell comprising an absorbent coating of interior acoustic insulation and on at least one of its longitudinal walls, at least one hole air flow outlet.

Ce boîtier est remarquable en ce qu'au moins une des parois intérieures longitudinales du boîtier est dépourvue de matière absorbante acoustique, la matière absorbante étant une mousse à cellules fermées en surface.This housing is remarkable in that at least one of the longitudinal interior walls of the housing is devoid of acoustic absorbent material, the absorbent material being a foam with closed cells on the surface.

De préférence :

  • le boîtier est équipé d'un ajutage dirigeant l'air rentrant vers une des parois longitudinales intérieures du boîtier ;
  • cette paroi longitudinale intérieure est recouverte d'une couche de matériau absorbant ;
  • le fond du boîtier est également revêtu d'une couche de matériau absorbant ;
  • l'autre paroi longitudinale intérieure est quant à elle dépourvue de matière absorbante.
Preferably:
  • the housing is equipped with a nozzle directing the incoming air towards one of the interior longitudinal walls of the housing;
  • this inner longitudinal wall is covered with a layer of absorbent material;
  • the bottom of the housing is also coated with a layer of absorbent material;
  • the other inner longitudinal wall is devoid of absorbent material.

Le boîtier peut être réalisé en matière plastique, de préférence en PVC, ABS ou en matière métallique.The housing can be made of plastic, preferably PVC, ABS or metallic material.

Grâce à l'objet de l'invention, le volume de mousse utilisé s'en trouve modifié et est diminué et ceci entraîne une réduction appréciable des coûts de fabrication, tout en conservant un excellent rendement d'absorption acoustique puisqu'il permet un gain d'absorption acoustique supérieur à 2 dB par rapport aux dispositifs de ventilation connus.Thanks to the object of the invention, the volume of foam used is modified and reduced and this results in a significant reduction in manufacturing costs, while retaining an excellent sound absorption efficiency since it allows a gain sound absorption greater than 2 dB compared to known ventilation devices.

De plus, grâce à l'agencement conforme à l'invention, le dispositif d'ajutage installé à l'intérieur du dispositif de ventilation ne doit pas nécessairement être disposé devant les trous de sortie du boîtier et ceci permet une certaine liberté quant à la longueur du dispositif d'ajutage ou de régulation d'air.In addition, thanks to the arrangement according to the invention, the nozzle device installed inside the ventilation device does not necessarily have to be placed in front of the outlet holes of the housing and this allows a certain freedom as to the length of the nozzle or air regulation device.

L'invention est exposée ci-après plus en détail à l'aide de dessins représentant seulement un mode d'exécution.

  • la figure 1 représente en vue de perspective un boîtier conforme à l'invention sectionné dans sa partie médiane et ;
  • la figure 2 représente une vue en coupe transversale d'un tel boîtier.
The invention is set out below in more detail with the aid of drawings representing only one embodiment.
  • Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a housing according to the invention sectioned in its middle part and;
  • Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of such a housing.

Comme on peut le voir sur la figure 1 le boîtier d'entrée d'air isophonique 10 est constitué de façon classique d'une coquille de section en forme de U, de préférence en PVC ou en ABS, et comportant sur une de ces parois longitudinales une sortie d'air 11. De préférence, l'invention se rapporte aux boîtiers comportant deux sorties d'air 11 allongées à proximité des extrémités d'une des parois longitudinales. Ainsi, le flux d'air rentrant doit circuler à l'intérieur du boîtier avant de s'évacuer par les orifices de sortie 11.As can be seen in FIG. 1, the isophonic air inlet box 10 is conventionally constituted by a shell of U-shaped section, preferably made of PVC or ABS, and comprising on one of these walls longitudinal an air outlet 11. Preferably, the invention relates to housings comprising two air outlets 11 elongated near the ends of one of the longitudinal walls. Thus, the incoming air flow must circulate inside the housing before being evacuated by the outlet orifices 11.

L'entrée du boîtier 10 est équipée de façon classique d'un ajutage 12 qui soumet le flux d'air rentrant à une trajectoire déviée. Comme on peut le comprendre aisément grâce à la figure 1, l'air rentrant est dévié de façon à avoir une trajectoire initiale perpendiculaire à l'une des faces longitudinales du boîtier 10.The inlet of the housing 10 is conventionally equipped with a nozzle 12 which subjects the reentry air flow to a deviated trajectory. As can be easily understood from FIG. 1, the incoming air is deflected so as to have an initial trajectory perpendicular to one of the longitudinal faces of the housing 10.

L'objet de l'invention est d'équiper de façon bien spécifique l'intérieur du boîtier de matériau isolant.The object of the invention is to very specifically equip the interior of the housing with insulating material.

Seule la paroi longitudinale 13 perpendiculairement à laquelle vient buter la trajectoire initiale de l'air rentrant et le fond 14 du boîtier sont équipés d'une mousse de matériau absorbant à cellules fermées en surface, d'une mousse pelliculée. La troisième paroi du boîtier à savoir l'autre paroi longitudinale 15, qui est équipée des orifices de sortie de flux d'air 11 est laissée brute, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'est pas recouverte de matériau absorbant acoustique.Only the longitudinal wall 13 perpendicularly to which abuts the initial path of the incoming air and the bottom 14 of the housing are equipped with a foam of absorbent material with closed cells on the surface, of a film-coated foam. The third wall of the housing, namely the other longitudinal wall 15, which is equipped with the air flow outlet orifices 11 is left untreated, that is to say that it is not covered with sound absorbing material .

L'objet de l'invention ainsi que son intérêt vont maintenant être plus explicités grâce à la figure 2.The object of the invention as well as its interest will now be explained more clearly by FIG. 2.

Le boîtier 10 est donc équipé de l'ajutage 12, sur une de ses parois longitudinales 13 d'une couche de matériau absorbant 13', sur son fond 14 d'une couche de matériau absorbant 14' et sa paroi longitudinale 15 est laissée vierge de tout matériau absorbant.The housing 10 is therefore equipped with the nozzle 12, on one of its longitudinal walls 13 with a layer of absorbent material 13 ', on its bottom 14 with a layer of absorbent material 14' and its longitudinal wall 15 is left blank any absorbent material.

L'ajutage 12 est de préférence un dispositif de régulation de débit à membrane connu en soi.The nozzle 12 is preferably a membrane flow control device known per se.

L'air arrive donc selon les flèches FE dans l'ajutage 12.The air therefore arrives according to the arrows F E in the nozzle 12.

C'est maintenant le circuit phonique qui va être décrit, de façon relativement simplifiée à l'intérieur du boîtier de ventilation 10.The phonic circuit will now be described, in a relatively simplified manner inside the ventilation box 10.

Les flèches 1 schématisent la propagation du son en direction de la couche de matériau absorbant à surface lisse 13 et par impact du son avec la surface de celle-ci, se réalise donc un phénomène d'absorption phonique classique auquel s'ajoute un phénomène de réflexion et d'amortissement du bruit schématisé par les flèches 2.The arrows 1 diagrammatically propagate the sound in the direction of the layer of absorbent material with a smooth surface 13 and by impact of the sound with the surface thereof, a classic sound absorption phenomenon is therefore carried out to which is added a phenomenon of noise reflection and damping shown by the arrows 2.

Le même phénomène se réalise à l'impact du son avec la couche absorbante à cellules lisses 14'.The same phenomenon occurs on impact of sound with the smooth cell absorbent layer 14 '.

Quant au son venant buter sur la paroi brute 15, il est également réfléchi comme le schématise la flèche 3 pour une part et pour une autre part transmis à l'extérieur du boîtier de ventilation lisse.As for the sound coming up against the rough wall 15, it is also reflected as shown by the arrow 3 on the one hand and on the other hand transmitted to the outside of the smooth ventilation box.

Les flèches en pointillé FS schématisent l'air sortant du boîtier de ventilation par les orifices déjà décrits 11.The dotted arrows F S show diagrammatically the air leaving the ventilation box through the holes already described 11.

Grâce à l'agencement selon l'invention des couches de matériau absorbant 13' et 14', compte tenu de l'amortissement et de l'absorption du son au niveau de celles-ci, et également de la réflexion au niveau de la paroi longitudinale 15, le son résiduel traversant cette dernière est d'un niveau phonique peu élevé inférieur au niveau admissible pour de tels boîtiers de ventilation.Thanks to the arrangement according to the invention of the layers of absorbent material 13 'and 14', taking into account the damping and absorption of sound at the level thereof, and also the reflection at the level of the wall longitudinal 15, the residual sound passing through the latter is of a low sound level lower than the admissible level for such ventilation boxes.

Le mode de réalisation décrit ci-dessus peut être modifié sans sortir du cadre de l'invention.The embodiment described above can be modified without departing from the scope of the invention.

En particulier, l'ajutage peut dévier le flux d'air rentrant de façon différente et en conséquence, l'agencement des parois revêtues et de la paroi non revêtue être modifié.In particular, the nozzle can divert the reentry air flow differently and as a result, the arrangement of the coated walls and the uncoated wall can be modified.

Claims (3)

Boîtier d'entrée d'air isophonique constitué d'une coquille de section en forme de U comportant un revêtement absorbant d'isolation acoustique intérieur et sur au moins une de ses parois longitudinales au moins un trou de sortie de flux d'air, boîtier caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une des parois intérieures longitudinales du boîtier est dépourvue de matière absorbante acoustique, la matière absorbante étant une mousse à cellules fermées en surface.Isophonic air inlet housing consisting of a U-shaped section shell comprising an absorbent coating of interior sound insulation and on at least one of its longitudinal walls at least one air flow outlet hole, housing characterized in that at least one of the longitudinal interior walls of the housing is devoid of acoustic absorbent material, the absorbent material being a foam with closed cells on the surface. Boîtier selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que : - le boîtier (10) est équipé d'un ajutage (12) dirigeant l'air rentrant vers une (13) des parois longitudinales intérieures du boîtier ; - cette paroi longitudinale intérieure (13) est recouverte d'une couche de matériau absorbant (13') ; - le fond du boîtier (14) est également revêtu d'une couche de matériau absorbant (14') ; - l'autre paroi longitudinale intérieure (15) est quant à elle dépourvue de matière absorbante. Housing according to claim 1, characterized in that: - The housing (10) is equipped with a nozzle (12) directing the incoming air towards one (13) of the interior longitudinal walls of the housing; - This inner longitudinal wall (13) is covered with a layer of absorbent material (13 '); - The bottom of the housing (14) is also coated with a layer of absorbent material (14 '); - The other inner longitudinal wall (15) is itself devoid of absorbent material. Boîtier selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le boîtier est réalisé en matière plastique, de préférence en PVC ou ABS.Housing according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing is made of plastic, preferably PVC or ABS.
EP90403554A 1990-02-23 1990-12-12 Sound insulated air intake housing Withdrawn EP0443279A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9002288 1990-02-23
FR9002288A FR2658846B1 (en) 1990-02-23 1990-02-23 ISOPHONIC AIR INLET BOX.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0443279A1 true EP0443279A1 (en) 1991-08-28

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90403554A Withdrawn EP0443279A1 (en) 1990-02-23 1990-12-12 Sound insulated air intake housing

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EP (1) EP0443279A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2032569A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2658846B1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2728600A1 (en) * 1994-12-21 1996-06-28 Alcan France Isolation and sound deadening device for door and window frames
EP1751361A1 (en) * 2004-05-07 2007-02-14 Christopher James Matthews A ventilation device and frame system

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2685052B1 (en) * 1991-12-13 1994-04-08 Onet Sa DEVICE OF SILENCER VALVES AND REGULATORS.

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2817915A1 (en) * 1978-04-24 1979-10-25 Fsl Fenster System Lueftung Ventilated window air duct and sill - has centre partition with slit flaps opened under air pressure to vent to atmosphere
FR2558516A1 (en) * 1984-01-19 1985-07-26 Saint Gobain Vitrage Sound insulation for window air vents
EP0277064A1 (en) * 1987-01-19 1988-08-03 FERCO INTERNATIONAL Usine de Ferrures de BÀ¢timent Société à responsabilité limitée Ventilating device with sound insulation

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2817915A1 (en) * 1978-04-24 1979-10-25 Fsl Fenster System Lueftung Ventilated window air duct and sill - has centre partition with slit flaps opened under air pressure to vent to atmosphere
FR2558516A1 (en) * 1984-01-19 1985-07-26 Saint Gobain Vitrage Sound insulation for window air vents
EP0277064A1 (en) * 1987-01-19 1988-08-03 FERCO INTERNATIONAL Usine de Ferrures de BÀ¢timent Société à responsabilité limitée Ventilating device with sound insulation

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2728600A1 (en) * 1994-12-21 1996-06-28 Alcan France Isolation and sound deadening device for door and window frames
EP1751361A1 (en) * 2004-05-07 2007-02-14 Christopher James Matthews A ventilation device and frame system
EP1751361A4 (en) * 2004-05-07 2009-12-02 Silenceair Internat Pty Ltd A ventilation device and frame system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2032569A1 (en) 1991-08-24
FR2658846B1 (en) 1992-05-15
FR2658846A1 (en) 1991-08-30

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