EP0410569A1 - Infrarot-Gasbrenner - Google Patents

Infrarot-Gasbrenner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0410569A1
EP0410569A1 EP90306559A EP90306559A EP0410569A1 EP 0410569 A1 EP0410569 A1 EP 0410569A1 EP 90306559 A EP90306559 A EP 90306559A EP 90306559 A EP90306559 A EP 90306559A EP 0410569 A1 EP0410569 A1 EP 0410569A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
block
mixture
radiation
gas
multitude
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90306559A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Reinhold C. Roth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Devron Hercules Inc
Original Assignee
Devron Hercules Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CA000603136A external-priority patent/CA1336258C/en
Application filed by Devron Hercules Inc filed Critical Devron Hercules Inc
Publication of EP0410569A1 publication Critical patent/EP0410569A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/12—Radiant burners
    • F23D14/16—Radiant burners using permeable blocks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/12—Radiant burners
    • F23D14/14—Radiant burners using screens or perforated plates
    • F23D14/149—Radiant burners using screens or perforated plates with wires, threads or gauzes as radiation intensifying means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2203/00—Gaseous fuel burners
    • F23D2203/10—Flame diffusing means
    • F23D2203/106—Assemblies of different layers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to gas-fired infrared burners and in particular to how the gas is distributed to the combustion zone and allowed to burn so as to efficiently emit radiation energy.
  • the gas is distributed to the combustion zone through specially designed orifices or parts which are formed within a unitary block or plate of ceramic material.
  • this does single block/plate of material serves to transport and distribute the gas to the burning zone, but also that the top layer of that same material serves as the combustion zone, which on being heated to incandescence also serves to produce the infrared radiation or radiant heat flux.
  • the unitary material of prior art burner blocks serves at least four functions: namely transportation, distribution, combustion and radiation.
  • this special layer is not granular in nature, but is a network of connected open spaces which are separated by a wall/film-like structure of relatively large pore size and high apparent porosity. (Such a non-granular structure is preferably used in the other layers). Where possible, depending on the application, essentially all of the combustion will take place in this special reverberatory layer, so that the composite assembly will in such a case consist of only two layers/blocks, each having specifications within a specific range, i.e. thickness, pore size and apparent porosity and/or channel size.
  • the invention is directed towards a method for providing a burner assembly for gas-fired infrared burners, which comprises:
  • the invention is directed to an apparatus which provides a burner assembly for gas-fired infrared burners, which comprises:
  • the invention involves a method for producing infrared radiation, which comprises the steps of:
  • the invention involves a method for producing infrared radiation, which comprises the steps of:
  • the invention involves a method for producing infrared radiation, which comprises the steps of:
  • the above-mentioned first block of material which is also referred to hereafter as the "distribution block” should have low coefficients of both thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, as well as high temperature resistance.
  • Various ceramic materials can meet such needs, for example, bonded aluminum oxide fibers, lithium aluminum silicate, and materials sold under various trade names.
  • the above-­mentioned second block of material which is referred to hereafter as the “radiation block” should, in addition to having high temperature resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, have a high emissivity and/or the ability to receive a surface oxide deposit or coating which exhibits a high infrared emissivity in the wavelength region of 1.5 to 2.0 microns. Silicon carbide is one such material, and there are various metal oxides coatings, which will meet such needs.
  • the radiation block should have a high coefficient of thermal conductivity.
  • first and second blocks are “combined" to form a burner assembly, this may be accomplished in a number of ways, e.g. they may be laminated or held together by a chemical bonding/sealing means or held together mechanically.
  • the overall thickness of the assembly is typically less than 2.5 cm and the second block is thinner than the first block.
  • a surface screen may be used to increase the overall radiation of the assembly.
  • a high temperature metal screen is used which has a rela­tively high heat capacity and takes time to "cool down"; it also has a relatively low radiant surface area. It is therefore a further object of this invention to provide a reverberation/enhancement screen/layer of material, which will have a very low heat capacity and a high radiant surface area of high emissivity.
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for providing a reverberation layer for gasfired infrared burners, which comprises:
  • the above burner block may consist of separate layers of material having different properties as already described above.
  • this fifth function of reverberation when provided in the form of a porous reticulated structure, may be combined with or bonded to the main burner assembly as a special layer of material to form an overall composite assembly of three layers of material.
  • the first layer would continue to perform the functions of transporting and distributing the gas mixture (and flame arresting), and the second layer would generate by combustion the primary infra-red radiation and finally the third layer would enhance this.
  • the preferred embodiment is to perform the functions of transporting and distributing the gas mixture (and flame arresting) in the first block of material and to perform the functions of combustion, radiation and reverberation/enhancement in the second block, in order to maximize the use of the three modes of heat transfer, conduction, convection and radiation, within the burning mixture in that one block, thereby maximizing the final mode, that of radiant energy from that second block.
  • reference numeral 2 illustrates a type of infrared burner unit in which the present invention, involving a composite burner plate/block assembly 3, may be used.
  • Burner block assembly 3 has a first block of material or distribution block 4, to transport and distribute a mixture of combustion gas and air to a second block of material or radiation block 5, which is different from the material in distribution block 4.
  • the block acts as a gross gas distributor to aid in spreading the gas flow evenly through the assemby.
  • Radiation block 5 will complete the transportation and distribution of the mixture and provide a combustion zone, wherein the gas can burn and heat the top surface of the second block of material 5 to incandescence (generally in the range of 1100 - 1400 o C) such that it will produce very efficient infrared radiation.
  • the mixture is initially ignited adjacent the upper surface of block 5, e.g. by a conventional piezoelectric igniter or pilot flame (not shown).
  • Means are provided to combine the first and second blocks of material, i.e. distribution block 4 and radiation block 5, to form the burner block assembly 3.
  • Such means to hold blocks 4 and 5 together may include chemical bonding, such as molecular bonding, sealing, gluing, etc. and/or mechanical bonding, such as molecular attraction, clamping, etc. Since chemical bonding will depend on the type of block material used, for purposes of illustration only, a more general type of mechanical bonding will be used, i.e. clip-like clamps 11.
  • Block assembly 3 forms a gas-air outlet surface or side of an enclosed plenum chamber 8.
  • the mixture of gas and air enters chamber 6 through tube 7 from a source 8.
  • source 8 preferably supplies pressurized gas and air sufficient to provide the required mass flow rate, in certain cases, a conventional venturi aspirator may be used.
  • the air and combustion gas mixture supplied from source 8 will support complete combustion without the need of any auxiliary air.
  • a special metal screen or mesh 9 is provided at a short distance from the top of radiation block 5. Screen 9 is heated to incandescence by the combustion of the gas-air mixture, thereby producing radiant heat in addition to that being produced by radiation block 5.
  • the inlet side to distribution block 4 is provided with a thin metal screen or membrane 10, containing a large number of small holes or orifices, the size of which is small enough to serve as a flame arrester during low gas-air flow rates.
  • a thin metal screen or membrane 10 containing a large number of small holes or orifices, the size of which is small enough to serve as a flame arrester during low gas-air flow rates.
  • the screens 9 and 10 may, if desired, be omitted.
  • each block assembly will depend on the use to which the assembly is put; consequently, details involving cross-sectional views only are shown. As mentioned above, the overall thickness of the assembly is generally not greater than 2.5 cm. and the radiation block is generally thinner than the distribution block.
  • reference numeral reference 13 indicates such a portion, consisting of a portion of a first block of material or distribution block 14, comprising a multitude of small first spaces (not shown) connected together, and a second block of material or radiation block 15, comprising a multitude a second small spaces connected together, which spaces are larger than those of the first spaces in distribution block 14.
  • the size of the first spaces are such that, on forcing a pressurized mixture of combustion gas and air through the small first spaces in the first or distribution block of material 14, the velocity of flow will be greater than the velocity of the flame propagation in the mixture.
  • the sizes of the second spaces in the second or radiation block of material 15 are such as to allow the mixture to expand and form a turbulent mixture and to ignite and burn, thereby heating the top surface of the radiation block 15 to a very high incandescence temperature and causing it to produce very efficient infrared radiation.
  • the material in each block may have a reticulated structure, involving a precise and uni­formly distributed cellular pore structure, which may be expressed in terms of porosity, radiation block 15 having a greater porosity than the distribution block 14.
  • the thermal conductivity and expansion of the distribution block 14 should be low, e.g. the thermal conductivity should be low enough so as to present a cool surface to the gas plenum, i.e. approx.
  • porous ceramic materials provide such properties. While the thermal expansion of radiation block 15 should also be low, its thermal conductivity, temperature resistance, and emissivity should be as high as possible, silicon carbide being one such material, or alternatively, it must be able to accept a surface coating of a high emissivity material, e.g. metal oxide coatings, such as those of cobalt, nickel, chromium, and thorium, as well as metal silicates and siliceous carbide. Some of these materials may also be impregnated into the top layer. Optional screens 9 and 10 mentioned in connection with Figure 1 may be provided here to advantage: this could extend the choice of porous materials.
  • the radiation block could be very much thinner than the distribution block, e.g. 2-6 mm compared to 10-20 mm for the distribution block, which should be thick enough to provide back pressure for the gas-air mixture to allow uniform combustion across a large number of burner surfaces connected to the same manifold.
  • the pore size of block 14 should also be small enough so as to prevent flashback.
  • reference numeral 23 indicates a portion of a cross-­sectional view of a block assembly, consisting of a first block of material or distribution block 24, comprising a multitude of small distinct channels 26, each channel being perpendicular to the radiation surface and consisting of a first section 27, and a second section 28, the first section having a cross-sectional area smaller than that of a second section 28, such that when a pressurized mixture of combustion gas and air is forced through section 27, the velocity of the mixture through the first section 27 is greater than the velocity of the flame propagation in the mixture.
  • the cross-sectional area of the second section 28 is a varying one commencing with that of the first section and then expanding in bowl-shaped fashion until section 28 makes contact with a second block of material or radiation block 25, consisting of a multitude of spaces connected together, into which the mixture is forced to flow.
  • the sizes of the spaces in the second or radiation block 25 are such as to allow the mixture to expand and form a turbulent mixture and to ignite and burn, thereby heating the top surface of the radiation block 25 to a very high incandescence temperature and causing it to produce very efficient infrared radiation.
  • the materials and design of the channels for distribution block 24 are well known in the prior art.
  • the thermal conductivity and expansion of distribution block 24 should be low, as provided by various ceramic materials, such as aluminum oxide fibers; lithium aluminum silicate; and those sold under various trade names, e.g. "Cordiorite” t m, "Mullite” t m, etc.
  • the design of the channels is disclosed in e.g. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,885,907 and 3,635,644.
  • Details for radiation block 25 are the same as those for radiation block 15 discussed in connection with Figure 2.
  • radiation block 25 can serve to retard "lift-off" of the flame and thereby allow for a wider range of gas-air flow rates/energy inputs. Whether or not combustion takes place in the expanded section of the distribution block 24 will depend on the flow rate, the thickness and porosity of radiation block 25, as well as the design of that particular section.
  • reference numeral 33 indicates a portion of a cross-sectional view of the block assembly, consisting a multitude of first small distinct channels 36 in the distribution block 34.
  • Each channel 36 is perpendicular to the radiation surface and has a cross-sectional area such that when a pressurized mixture of combustion gas and air is forced through distribution block 34, the velocity of the mixture through channels 36 is greater than the velocity of the flame propagation in the mixture, each channel 36 being extended until it meets with at least one second, small channel 37 in a second block of material or radiation block 35, containing a multitude of second channels 37, which are in direct alignment with the first small channels 36.
  • the cross-sectional area of second channels 37 is a varying one commencing with that of the first channels, and then expanding in bowl-shaped fashion until the second channel 37 makes contact with the top surface of the radiation block 36.
  • the size and shape of channels 37 in the radiation block 35 are such as to allow the mixture to expand and form a turbulent mixture and to ignite and burn, thereby heating the top surface of the radiation block 35 to a very high incandescence temperature, causing it to produce very efficient infrared radiation.
  • the materials and design of the channels for distribution block 34 would be the same as for the first meeting of the channels described in distribution block 24 in connection with Figure 3.
  • the design of the channels for the radiation block 35 is the same as that of those shown in Figure 3.
  • the design of the channels for the radiation block 35 is the same as for the second section of the channels in the distribution block 24 and described in connection with Figure 3, i.e. as disclosed in the aforesaid United States patents.
  • the materials for radiation block 35 should be carefully chosen, and as mentioned above, in addition to having high temperature resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, they should have a high emissivity and/or the ability to receive a surface oxide deposit or coating which exhibits a high infrared emissivity in the wavelength region of 1.5 to 2.0 microns, e.g. silicon carbide or various metal oxides coatings, as mentioned above in connection with Figure 2.
  • the radiation block should have a high coefficient of thermal conductivity.
  • the thicknesses of the distribution and radiation blocks will depend on the type of material and prior art design for the channels that might be selected.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show a gradual expansion of the sections or channels, i.e. sections 28 in Figure 3 and channel 37 in Figure 4, the expansion could also be fairly abrupt at first so as to form a bowl with nearly perpendicular sides, rather than a gradual cone-shaped bowl.
  • the use of the above optional screen should be given consideration, as it will increase the radiation efficiency of the overall assembly. This arises from the following: while the total emissivity is a function of the temperature and radiating surface area, the radiation surface will reach a point of diminishing returns with higher energy inputs; however, a proper screen mounted above the radiating surface will increase the radiation output, because the screen captures the flue gases and converts this exhaust energy to radiant energy, and also by trapping this cushion of gases, it provides an extension of the effective radiant surface by reverberation, and the same time prevents ambient air from reaching the emitting surface.
  • a screen may be made from a high temperature metal or from a reticulated open ceramic structure, as already mentioned above.
  • the three critical parameters for an infrared emitter are: surface area, temperature and emissivity.
  • the emissivity varies with temperature and the nature of the material, so by choosing a material which inherently already has a high emissivity, the fact that it has a recticular/porous structure will further increase its emissivity.
  • Various materials are disclosed above, with porous silicon carbide being an excellent example.
  • the radiant flux/energy will increase in proportion to the total surface area of the radiating body which is seen by the absorbing body.
  • the surfaces of the porous body 15 in Figure 2, body 25 in Figure 3, and body 45 in Figure 6 are each substantially greater than that of the upper surface 35 in Figure 4 (surface 35 being a typical surface for a conventional emitter).
  • surface 35 being a typical surface for a conventional emitter.
  • temperature can be the most important as the radiant output varies as the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the emitter.
  • the output levels off because of the nature of the surface and the method of producing the temperature. This is illustrated in Figure 6, where
  • the emitter of curve (b) has more surface area and a higher emissivity, its radiant output at temperature TO will be greater than that of the conventional emitters of curve (a) at the same temperature TO.
  • the curve does not level off as quickly, but continues to rise, making possible a further increase in the output by an increase in temperature of the emitter (through higher gas flows).
  • This invention therefore, allows one to take advantage of the benefits of the higher temperatures.
  • its emissivity is in the range of 0.6-0.95.
  • This assembly consists of a first block of material or distribution block 44, comprising a multitude of small first spaces (not shown) connected together, a second block of material or radiation block 45, comprising a multitude of second small spaces connected together, which spaces are larger than those of the first spaces in the distribution block 44, and a third block/layer or reverberation block 46, comprising a multitude of third small spaces connected together, which spaces are still larger than those of the second block. Details of the first and second blocks are given in reference to that illustrated in Figure 2 above.
  • the first or distribution block may have a porosity in the range of 60-85 ppi and be made from LAS (lithium alumina silicate) or "petalite"
  • the second or primary radiation (combustion) block may have a porosity in the range of 25-50 ppi and be made from LAS or silicon carbide (coated or impregnated with a higher emissivity material)
  • the third or reverberation (enhancement) layer may have a porosity in the range of 5-10 ppi and be made from silicon carbide. Thickness of the layers will depend on various factors, but typical ranges are: first block, 10-20mm; second block 2-­6mm; and third block 2-6mm.
  • the base material may be silicon carbide (SiC) and/or silicon nitride (Si3N4), which may be coated with a very thin layer of silicon carbide/silicon nitride, which makes the structure very strong and shock resistant.
  • SiC silicon carbide
  • Si3N4 silicon nitride
  • the base material may be diluted with lower conductivity material such as ⁇ AS.
  • the transportation and distribution of the gas mixture takes place in layer 14, whose pore size, expressed as pores per inch (ppi) and apparent porosity (ratio of the volume of open pore space to the bulk/overall volume of the material), is such that the velocity of the gas flow in this layer is above the velocity of flame propagation and little if any combustion takes place in that layer, the pore size and apparent porosity of the second layer 15, being such that most of the combustion takes place in this layer in order to make maximum use of the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation) during the combustion process, to thereby concentrate, reverberate and enhance the energy level and maximize the gas temperature and its rapid development and hereby attain a very high level of final radiation.
  • the pore size and apparent porosity in layer 15 must not be too great such that the structure would collapse under the higher temperatures that are generated by this new type of layer. Preferred ranges for these layers are as follows:
  • the preferred materials for all embodiments are silicon carbide/silicon nitride, very thinly coated by the same material(s), as they are very resistant to temperature and corrosion, have a high emissivity (greater than .9) and a high thermal conductivity (both for use during the combustion) and the pores appear to offer a special resistance to gas flow so that larger pores and/or thinner layers can be used.
  • One such burner assembly embodying the present invention has the following features: two porous cellular layers bonded together and made from SiC coated with SiC (emissivity about .95), both layers having about the same apparent density in the range of 80-85%, the main layer pore size being about 65 ppi and was approx. 5/8 inch thick; and the thin other layer having a pore size of about 10ppi and being approx. 1/8 inch thick (approx. 1.2 pores).
  • a similar thin outer layer may also be applied to assembly 23 of Figure 3 where it is represented as layer 25, However, the dimensions of section 28 are then such that a minimum of combustion takes place in that section.
  • the highly porous materials can also have a very low heat conductivity, so by choosing such a material for the distribution block, all surfaces, other than those involved in combustion and reverberation, remain relatively cool to the touch, compared to prior art assembly surfaces, which are so hot that they can ignite flammable material.
  • the high shock resistance of the preferred materials i.e. SiC/Si3N4 thinly coated with the same material, also offer advantages in those applications where cold water may be accidentally splashed on these burner assemblies.
  • Prior art ceramics made from weaker materials would be hazardous in such cases.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
EP90306559A 1989-06-16 1990-06-15 Infrarot-Gasbrenner Withdrawn EP0410569A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA000603136A CA1336258C (en) 1988-06-17 1989-06-16 Gas distributing and infrared radiating block assembly
CA603136 1989-06-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0410569A1 true EP0410569A1 (de) 1991-01-30

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EP90306559A Withdrawn EP0410569A1 (de) 1989-06-16 1990-06-15 Infrarot-Gasbrenner

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995000803A1 (en) * 1993-06-21 1995-01-05 United Technologies Corporation Heating unit with a high emissivity, porous ceramic flame holder
WO1995003511A1 (de) * 1993-07-22 1995-02-02 Gossler Feuerfest- Und Isoliertechnik Gmbh Keramisches verbrennungsträgerelement für flächenbrenner und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
EP0681143A2 (de) * 1994-05-03 1995-11-08 Quantum Group Inc. Strahlungsbrenner mit niedrigem NOx-Ausstoss und hoher Intensität
WO1998050733A1 (de) * 1997-05-03 1998-11-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Gasbrenner
EP0883989A1 (de) * 1997-06-10 1998-12-16 Rudolf Messerli Vorrichtung zum Vernichten von Unkraut, Wildwuchs, Ungeziefer und Bakterienstämmen
US5932293A (en) * 1996-03-29 1999-08-03 Metalspray U.S.A., Inc. Thermal spray systems
US6213757B1 (en) 1995-06-07 2001-04-10 Quantum Group Inc. Advanced emissive matrix combustion
JP2014500474A (ja) * 2010-12-20 2014-01-09 ソラロニクス・ソシエテ・アノニム エンボス加工されたスクリーンを有するガス燃焼式放射器

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1830826A (en) * 1925-08-17 1931-11-10 Cox Frederick John Refractory diaphragm for use in surface-combustion apparatus
AT242062B (de) * 1964-04-20 1965-08-25 Steyr Daimler Puch Ag Ladegerät, insbesondere für Front- oder Hecklader
US3472601A (en) * 1967-12-12 1969-10-14 Sango Toki Radiant gas burner element
US3635644A (en) * 1970-01-19 1972-01-18 Columbia Gas Syst Infrared burner and method of increasing the heat flux radiated therefrom
DE1303596B (de) * 1966-05-09 1972-05-25 Electro Refractories & Abrasives Corp., Buffalo, N.Y. (V.StA.) Mehrschichtiger brennerblock fuer strahlungsbrenner
US3738793A (en) * 1969-10-20 1973-06-12 Inst Gas Technology Illumination burner
US3885907A (en) * 1970-10-06 1975-05-27 Columbia Gas Syst Infrared burner and apparatus for producing same
US4643667A (en) * 1985-11-21 1987-02-17 Institute Of Gas Technology Non-catalytic porous-phase combustor

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1830826A (en) * 1925-08-17 1931-11-10 Cox Frederick John Refractory diaphragm for use in surface-combustion apparatus
AT242062B (de) * 1964-04-20 1965-08-25 Steyr Daimler Puch Ag Ladegerät, insbesondere für Front- oder Hecklader
DE1303596B (de) * 1966-05-09 1972-05-25 Electro Refractories & Abrasives Corp., Buffalo, N.Y. (V.StA.) Mehrschichtiger brennerblock fuer strahlungsbrenner
US3472601A (en) * 1967-12-12 1969-10-14 Sango Toki Radiant gas burner element
US3738793A (en) * 1969-10-20 1973-06-12 Inst Gas Technology Illumination burner
US3635644A (en) * 1970-01-19 1972-01-18 Columbia Gas Syst Infrared burner and method of increasing the heat flux radiated therefrom
US3885907A (en) * 1970-10-06 1975-05-27 Columbia Gas Syst Infrared burner and apparatus for producing same
US4643667A (en) * 1985-11-21 1987-02-17 Institute Of Gas Technology Non-catalytic porous-phase combustor

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995000803A1 (en) * 1993-06-21 1995-01-05 United Technologies Corporation Heating unit with a high emissivity, porous ceramic flame holder
US5470222A (en) * 1993-06-21 1995-11-28 United Technologies Corporation Heating unit with a high emissivity, porous ceramic flame holder
WO1995003511A1 (de) * 1993-07-22 1995-02-02 Gossler Feuerfest- Und Isoliertechnik Gmbh Keramisches verbrennungsträgerelement für flächenbrenner und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US5749721A (en) * 1993-07-22 1998-05-12 Gossler Thermal Ceramics Gmbh Ceramic combustion support element for surface burners and process for producing the same
EP0681143A2 (de) * 1994-05-03 1995-11-08 Quantum Group Inc. Strahlungsbrenner mit niedrigem NOx-Ausstoss und hoher Intensität
EP0681143A3 (de) * 1994-05-03 1996-06-12 Quantum Group Inc Strahlungsbrenner mit niedrigem NOx-Ausstoss und hoher Intensität.
US5711661A (en) * 1994-05-03 1998-01-27 Quantum Group, Inc. High intensity, low NOx matrix burner
US6213757B1 (en) 1995-06-07 2001-04-10 Quantum Group Inc. Advanced emissive matrix combustion
US5932293A (en) * 1996-03-29 1999-08-03 Metalspray U.S.A., Inc. Thermal spray systems
WO1998050733A1 (de) * 1997-05-03 1998-11-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Gasbrenner
EP0883989A1 (de) * 1997-06-10 1998-12-16 Rudolf Messerli Vorrichtung zum Vernichten von Unkraut, Wildwuchs, Ungeziefer und Bakterienstämmen
JP2014500474A (ja) * 2010-12-20 2014-01-09 ソラロニクス・ソシエテ・アノニム エンボス加工されたスクリーンを有するガス燃焼式放射器

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