EP0394119A1 - Stabilisierung-, Dämpfungs- und Rückstellvorrichtung für Schuhsohlen und damit ausgestattete Schuhe, insbesondere Sportschuhe - Google Patents

Stabilisierung-, Dämpfungs- und Rückstellvorrichtung für Schuhsohlen und damit ausgestattete Schuhe, insbesondere Sportschuhe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0394119A1
EP0394119A1 EP90401034A EP90401034A EP0394119A1 EP 0394119 A1 EP0394119 A1 EP 0394119A1 EP 90401034 A EP90401034 A EP 90401034A EP 90401034 A EP90401034 A EP 90401034A EP 0394119 A1 EP0394119 A1 EP 0394119A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
foot
shoe
heel
stabilization
stiffness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90401034A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gérard Taes
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0394119A1 publication Critical patent/EP0394119A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B21/00—Heels; Top-pieces or top-lifts
    • A43B21/24—Heels; Top-pieces or top-lifts characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B21/26—Resilient heels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/18—Resilient soles
    • A43B13/187—Resiliency achieved by the features of the material, e.g. foam, non liquid materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a shoe stabilization device capable of improving the damping and restoring capacity of the latter. It also relates to a shoe, in particular a sport shoe, equipped with such a device.
  • the present invention is concerned, as regards shoes intended for running, with the solution of the following general technical problems: - Increase in the intrinsic stability of the soles of the shoes, with as a consequence the reduction of the traumas due to the instability of the soles of the prior art; - increase in the cushioning capacity of the sole, and more particularly the heel, while minimizing the reduction in this capacity due to aging and prolonged use; - increase in the energy restoring capacity of the soles, and more particularly the heel of the latter, during each running step; - in general, increased shoe comfort.
  • the damping capacity of a sole or the heel of a shoe sole, in particular a sports sole can be defined as being the power of progressive absorption of vibrations or shock waves passing through the sole, and the body of the runner, during each impact on the ground of the foot during the race.
  • Figure 1 illustrates in particular schematically the distribution of pressures and supports on the sole of the shoe and on the plantar arches during each step during the race.
  • the outline silhouette of a left shoe is shown schematically.
  • 30 it is shown diagrammatically in fine broken lines the silhouette of the foot inside the shoe; in 31 that of the front of the heel of the foot; in 32 that of the plantar arch; in 15a - 15th that of the five metatarsals and in 33a - 33e that of the five phalanges.
  • runners In addition, two categories of runners must be distinguished: runners called “supinators” and those called “pronators”.
  • the pressure transfer zone is essentially located on the outer half of the foot, since during the unwinding phase the pressures generally move along a line 12 in the form of an arch oriented outwards and towards the front of the foot.
  • the unwinding line 12 which is shown in FIG. 1 represents the displacement of pressures for a supinator runner qualified here as "normal", that is to say a runner whose foot is neither excessively flat nor excessively hollow.
  • the line 12 moves towards the inside of the foot, while in the case of a relatively hollow foot, the line 12 moves towards the outside of the foot. It is observed that the line 12 develops overall from the baricenter 13 of the impact zone 11, follows an arch corresponding to the development of the foot and ends in 14 at the level of the first (15a) and second (15b) metatarsals.
  • the pressure displacement is generally done according to a line in double arch 161 and 162. Indeed, from the impact zone 11, and more precisely from the baricenter 13 of this impact zone, the pressures move first of all along a first arch 161 to end up in a zone 17 located on the rear internal of the foot. From the baricenter 18 of this zone, the pressure moves along an arch 162 which more or less tangentially joins the line 12 of displacement of the pressures of the supinator feet, substantially behind the fourth metatarsal 15d.
  • the relaxation phase of pronator runners is essentially the same as that of supinator runners.
  • a shoe is said to be stable since, while allowing the absorption of vibrations or shock waves during the impact on the ground on the zone 11 and the various supports ensue (as explained above), it does not allow not excessive deformation and / or crushing of the various impact or support zones which would cause a deformation of the structure and consequently a spillage of the foot towards the outside or inside.
  • FIG. 3 an unstable shoe of similar shape is illustrated.
  • the crash at the heel 20 is greater, which results in a deformation of the external buttress 21 of the shoe, thereby causing the foot to spill outwards, in the direction of the arrow A.
  • This phenomenon is identical when the shoe has instability on its internal side, in particular at the level of zone 17.
  • the restitution of the energy linked to the impact of the foot during each step of the race must generally, and preferably, take the form of an increase in speed. Unrolling of the foot during the unrolling phase between that of impact and that of propulsion. As a result of this increase in speed, there is an amplification of the trigger force at the metatarsal level which results in an increase in the speed of the runner, whether the latter is of the supinator or pronator type.
  • the increase in the speed of the unwinding phase is also reflected in a reduction in the support time on the internal rear. foot (zone 17). Therefore, there is a decrease in the period during which the zone 17 is stressed at each step and thus an increase in the longevity of the damping capacity of this zone.
  • the restitution of the energy linked to the impact therefore has, for the pronators, the double effect of reducing the traumas possibly linked to the support on the area 17 at the back of the foot and of decreasing the aging of the cushioning capacity of the sole at this level.
  • the inventor set out to develop a shoe and means intended to be integrated into this shoe allowing : - to increase its intrinsic stability; - to increase the depreciation capacity and in particular the longevity of this depreciation capacity; - and to increase its energy restitution capacities in the useful form described above.
  • NIKE NIKE
  • a shoe whose heel is made of polyurethane. Inside the heel is molded a hollow housing containing an "air cushion”.
  • the "air cushion” increases the cushioning capacity of the shoe, especially compared to shoes whose heel is simply made of polyurethanes or materials such as those known under the brand "E.V.A.”.
  • this device in no way confers on the shoe a quality of stability in the sense defined above.
  • the ability of the device to usefully restore the energy linked to the impact is tiny, not to say nonexistent.
  • This device gives the shoe a fairly good cushioning capacity and an energy restitution capacity superior to the air cushion model. However, the stability of such a shoe is low.
  • This shoe has good cushioning capacity. On the other hand, its qualities of stability and energy restitution are quite weak.
  • Document DE-U-87.13850 discloses a sports shoe or orthopedic correction shoe comprising a cushioning piece which can be adapted as a function of the desired orthopedic correction.
  • the present invention relates to a shoe having at least these three qualities, as well for runners of the supinator type as for runners of the pronator type.
  • a shoe according to one aspect of the invention is characterized in that its sole, perpendicular to the heel of the foot has a higher stiffness on the external side of the foot than on the internal side of the foot.
  • the shoe comprises, housed in the sole, at the base of the heel, an elastic stabilization element having a higher stiffness on the side external of the foot than on the internal side of the foot.
  • the stabilization element according to the invention is characterized in that it is elastic and that it is in the form of a cylindrical volume whose directing curve is such that the cross section of the 'element has, at the level of the element intended to be plumb with the internal side of the foot, a height greater than that of the section of the guide curve of the element, at the level of the latter intended to be at the plumb from the outside of the foot.
  • the guiding curve extends generally transversely to a longitudinal axis of the foot, while the generatrices extend parallel to this axis.
  • the shoe according to the invention has greater stability than that held in the prior art, in particular that the structure of which has been briefly mentioned above.
  • the higher stiffness on the external side of the stabilization device contributes to increasing, for the external side, its capacity for absorbing the shock linked to the impact.
  • the stabilizing element is elastic, a part of the energy linked to the impact is restored in a very short period of time, which means that, overall, compared with the shoes of the prior art not provided with such a stabilizing element, the damping capacity of the shoe is requested, at the time of each step, for a shorter period of time. This results not only in better cushioning of the impact, but also in a longer life of the cushioning capacities of the shoe. This also results in wear of the same damping qualities on the internal rear and on the external rear of the shoe, which is favorable in terms of stability since this prevents spillage of the structure of the shoe. on the outside as is currently the case in running shoes.
  • the stabilizing element is in the form of a cylindrical volume of a somewhat particular shape since the guiding curve which characterizes it and which, advantageously in a preferred embodiment is closed, has, in section, a height substantially weaker internal side than external side.
  • the cylindrical element is produced in this embodiment in epoxy resin-glass fiber fabrics, of substantially constant thickness, it follows that one easily obtains an element whose stiffness is greater on the outer side than on the side internal, with in particular the advantages set out above.
  • the stabilizing element thus designed has the additional advantage that it occupies, in the heel of the shoe, a volume substantially greater on the internal side than on the external side.
  • the thickness of material between the runner's heel and the stabilizing element being smaller on the internal side than the external side of the foot, this material settles more quickly and the heel, in its tilting, meets resistance;
  • this resistance increases as the deformation of the cylindrical element on its internal side increases.
  • the stabilizing element Once the stabilizing element is deformed on the internal side, it returns to its initial shape in a shorter period of time than in the shoes of the prior art where the heel is made only of polyurethane.
  • the part of the heel of the shoe directly above the internal rear part of the foot is stressed for a shorter period of time during each step, which increases the longevity of the ability to damping of this part of the shoe compared to that of the prior art, while avoiding sagging inward of the structure of the shoe, which is favorable in terms of its stability.
  • the stabilization element extends longitudinally overall under the whole of the heel.
  • the cylindrical element extends longitudinally overall under the entire heel of the runner.
  • the stabilizing element has a substantially uniform stiffness in the longitudinal direction.
  • the stabilization element deforms substantially more on the rear than on the front.
  • the rear part of the stabilization element restores a significantly greater energy than the front part of this element. It follows that the heel of the runner is significantly more stressed on his rear than on his front and therefore tends to "tip" forward. In practice, such energy restitution results in an accelerated unfolding of the unwinding phase, which is in accordance with the goal which the inventor had assigned himself.
  • a shoe according to the invention has a plan shape identical to that already described in Figure 1.
  • the elements described in support of Figure 1 (the arrangement of the main elements of the foot and the distribution of pressures) obviously remain valid with regard to the shoe according to the invention.
  • the position of a stabilization device that will now be described with reference to FIG. 5 is illustrated, with the reference 40.
  • the stabilizing element illustrated in FIG. 5 is in the form of a cylindrical volume whose directing curve bears the reference 41 in FIG. 5. It can be observed that this directing curve is such that its cross section (axis 42) in the vicinity from its right end, has a length substantially greater than its cross section in the vicinity of its left end in Figure 5 (axis 43). In the sense of the present invention, it will be said that the straight section 42 is higher than the straight section 43.
  • the directing curve 41 is in fact formed by two quasi-semicircles (44 on the left, 45 on the right), the ends of which are joined by two straight segments 46, 47 defining respectively upper and lower faces bearing the same references.
  • the straight sections 42, 43 correspond substantially (apart from drawing errors) to the diameter of the semicircles 44 and 45.
  • the generatrices are oriented perpendicular to the guide curve 41.
  • the axes 42, 43 are spaced 44 mm apart, the small semicircle 44 having a radius of 6 mm while the large semicircle 45 has a radius of 10 mm.
  • the cylinder 40 extends over a length of 40 mm.
  • Such a stabilization element has an overall stiffness of 1854 kg / mm, in a direction parallel to an axis 60 ( Figure 4).
  • the stiffness is distributed locally as follows:
  • the local stiffness at the level of the axis 60 in a direction parallel to this axis is equal to a factor of 100
  • the local stiffness at the level of the axis 43 of FIG. 5, in a direction parallel to this axis is equal to a factor of 200
  • that, at the level of axis 42 of FIG. 5, is equal to a factor of 150.
  • This distribution of stiffnesses is illustrated in FIG. 5 by the arrows 200, 100 and 150.
  • FIGs 1 and 4 there is illustrated the position of the stabilizing element 40 in the heel 20 of the shoe illustrated. It is observed that the stabilization element is arranged so that these generatrices are parallel to the longitudinal axis 50 of the foot ( Figure 1). The directing curve is therefore transverse to this axis. The generatrices from the large semicircle 44 are arranged substantially parallel to the right inner edge of the shoe while those from the small diameter semicircle 45 are arranged substantially parallel to the left outer edge of the shoe generally in line with the heel of the runner.
  • the upper face 46 of the stabilizing element 40 is arranged so that it is horizontal a few millimeters below the heel of the runner.
  • a buttress of the shoe is of conventional structure and need not be described in detail here.
  • the heel 20 apart from a hollow housing of complementary shape to the stabilizing element 40, is for the rest of conventional structure. Here it is made from a molded polyurethane block.
  • FIG. 7a the deformation of the heel of the shoe and in particular of the stabilizing element during the impact phase is illustrated.
  • the deformation of the stabilizing element 40 is illustrated in solid lines while in thin mixed lines we have illustrated the original shape of the stabilizing element. It is observed that the stabilization element is slightly deformed on the left (external side of the foot) while the internal side deformation of the foot (large diameter 42) is almost zero.
  • the heel 20 is generally less deformed in a shoe fitted with a stabilization device according to the invention (FIG. 7a) than in a shoe not comprising such a device (FIG. 3).
  • This characteristic is favorable in terms of stability because in fact the structure 21 of the shoe buttress takes a slight angle on the left much less than that which it would take if the deformation was similar to that of the heel illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the stabilization device is not visibly deformed; in reality the stabilization device is slightly deformed identically at each of the axes 42, 43. On the other hand the central part of the stabilization device is very deformed.
  • FIG. 7d shows the heel of the shoe and the stabilizing element at the end of the unwinding phase, at the beginning of the relaxation phase for a pronator runner. It can be seen that the stabilizing element has returned to its initial shape and has thus restored a certain energy.
  • FIG 6 there is illustrated a longitudinal section of the stabilizing element 40, along the line VI-VI of Figure 1, during the impact phase (the line VI-VI of section is also illustrated in Figure 7a).
  • the element 40 Concomitantly with the end of the impact phase, the element 40 tends to return to the rest position illustrated at 46 ′ in FIG. 6. Returning to this rest position the element 40 therefore exerts an exerted force in fact according to an arc of a circle (arrow F).
  • the force F has the effect of accelerating the unwinding phase of the foot explained above.
  • the stabilizing element 40 described with the support of the figures is in fact a particular case of an elastic stabilizing element having a substantially higher stiffness on its side intended to be plumb. of the external part of the foot only on its side intended to be plumb with the internal part of the foot.
  • the impact causes the stabilizing element to deform more on its rear than on its front so that the force exerted by the rear of the latter is higher than the force exerted by the parts of the stabilizing element disposed on the front. This generally results in a push forward accelerating the unwinding phase of the foot.
  • the stabilizing element 9 is illustrated after intensive use (running for about a thousand kilometers). It is observed that the material constituting the heel 20 disposed between the upper face 46 of the stabilization element and the buttress of the shoe has substantially compacted but that overall the heel 20 has, in cross section, a geometry similar to that illustrated. in figure 4.
  • FIG. 9 by way of comparison, the geometry taken by the heel 20 of a sports shoe which is not equipped with such a stabilizing element and used for approximately a thousand kilometers of running by a runner of type is illustrated. pronator. There is a clear sagging towards the inside of the foot (to the right in the figure) and a deformation of the right buttress 21d of the structure.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates, in cross section, an alternative embodiment of the stabilization device which has just been described.
  • the stabilization device comprises two parts, the first of which is constituted by a hollow cylindrical element similar to that described in support of FIG. 5 and bears, in FIG. 10, the reference 40a.
  • the dimensional characteristics of element 40a are the same as those of element 40. It is also made of glass fibers.
  • the support element 70 made here of polycarbonate has an external shape complementary to the internal shape of the stabilization element 40a. It has an interior recess 71 which, in this embodiment, extends over the entire length of the support element 70 and occupies most of the internal volume thereof.
  • This recess is here symmetrical with respect to a horizontal longitudinal plane of symmetry 76. It is arranged to leave, along the lateral longitudinal edges of the support element 70 two bending zones 72, 73. Stop surfaces 74, 74 ′ Are arranged opposite one another on either side of the plane of symmetry 76 and associated with the bending zone 72. Abutment surfaces 75, 75 ′ are also arranged on either side of the plane 76 and associated with the bending zone 73.
  • Figure 11 which corresponds to Figure 7a, shows the deformation of the stabilization device constituted by the elements 40a and 70 during the impact phase.
  • the deformation is not here sufficient to allow the abutment surfaces 74, 74 ′ or 75, 75 ′ to come into contact.
  • the abovementioned abutment surfaces come into contact with each other and as a result of an even more violent impact , the material constituting the support element 70 can be caused to compress. In this hypothesis, the stiffness is even more increased.
  • the support element may consist of a block of material which is not hollowed out.
  • a material such as polycarbonate
  • the stiffness of the assembly could be either constant, or increased regularly (and not abruptly as in the case of the variant of FIGS. 10 and 11, as soon as the abutment surfaces come into contact with one another).
  • a stabilization element such as the element 40 can be produced in a single non-hollowed block.
  • the stabilizing element 40 could be replaced by any element having a distribution of stiffness similar to that described in the present application.
  • the elastic stabilization element with a large energy restitution capacity like that according to the present invention can advantageously be used in shoes intended for sports such as volleyball or basketball. Indeed, in certain circumstances, the restitution of energy is linked to an impact on the heel, can be useful to increase the performance of the basketball or volleyball player during vertical jumps.
  • the invention is particularly advantageous.
  • tennis is a sport in which the player has to run and in this respect, a shoe according to the invention, in particular when it includes the stabilizing element described above, has the advantages associated therewith.
  • the player is often required to make lateral movements, his feet can be subjected to significant movements of supination. Therefore, it is desirable that greater supinator stabilization be imparted to tennis shoes.
  • the present invention makes it possible to achieve this by giving the shoe considerable rigidity at the level of the external rear part of its heel.
  • a stabilizing element such as element 40, whether or not supplemented by a holding element such as element 70
  • the following indications may be useful. Greater rigidity of the assembly will be obtained by giving the shoe a lower sole height than that of running shoes. The height of the element stabilization at the axis 42 will be significantly reduced compared to a stabilization element for running shoes, while the height at the axis 43 will be retained. This will result in greater rigidity of the assembly, in particular on the external side of the shoe than in the case of FIGS. 7a-7d. Since, in addition, there are fewer pronation movements during movement, the relative reduction in the height of the stabilization element at the level of the major axis 42 will not too significantly reduce the advantages of the present invention for tennis players. having a tendency to pronation.
  • the present invention can also advantageously be applied to walking shoes. Indeed, if in such shoes the phenomena described in support of Figure 1 are not as marked, they do not exist any less and the traumastisms which are linked to it, if they do not appear after a time comparable to what has been observed for runners, does not appear less after several years. It is therefore particularly advantageous to provide simple walking or city shoes with stabilization devices in accordance with the present invention.
  • the present invention makes it possible to impart to trecking or golf shoes, as well as to city shoes, considerable stability and a particularly high damping characteristic.
  • a stabilizing element such as the element 40
  • the height of the major axis 42 will be retained, while the height of the minor axis 43 will be substantially increased.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
EP90401034A 1989-04-19 1990-04-17 Stabilisierung-, Dämpfungs- und Rückstellvorrichtung für Schuhsohlen und damit ausgestattete Schuhe, insbesondere Sportschuhe Withdrawn EP0394119A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8905233A FR2646062B1 (fr) 1989-04-19 1989-04-19 Dispositif de stabilisation, d'amortissement et de restitution d'energie pour chaussures, notamment de sport et chaussures equipees d'un tel dispositif
FR8905233 1989-04-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0394119A1 true EP0394119A1 (de) 1990-10-24

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EP90401034A Withdrawn EP0394119A1 (de) 1989-04-19 1990-04-17 Stabilisierung-, Dämpfungs- und Rückstellvorrichtung für Schuhsohlen und damit ausgestattete Schuhe, insbesondere Sportschuhe

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EP (1) EP0394119A1 (de)
JP (1) JPH03272701A (de)
CA (1) CA2014773A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2646062B1 (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4339107A1 (de) * 1993-11-16 1995-05-18 Engros Schuhhaus Ag Schuhsohle
WO1998023178A1 (en) * 1996-11-27 1998-06-04 Fila Sport S.P.A. A footwear having a deformable insole suitable for adapting itself to the wearer's foot-sole shape
US5778560A (en) * 1995-11-15 1998-07-14 Diadora S.P.A. Stablizing support, particularly for controlling pronation in sports shoes
US6948262B2 (en) 2001-04-03 2005-09-27 Kerrigan D Casey Cantilevered shoe construction
US7418790B2 (en) 2001-04-03 2008-09-02 Kerrigan D Casey Cantilevered shoe construction

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2130045B1 (es) * 1996-06-17 1999-12-01 E R D I N S L Ab Nuevo soporte del talon aplicable en calzado deportivo.

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1390372A (fr) * 1964-01-15 1965-02-26 Wood Milne S A Semelle pour chaussure de ski
US3470879A (en) * 1966-01-07 1969-10-07 Meiller Research Inc Orthopedic shoe construction
FR2221906A5 (de) * 1973-03-12 1974-10-11 Glancy John
WO1987007481A1 (en) * 1986-06-04 1987-12-17 Comfort Products, Inc. Multi-density shoe sole
DE8808608U1 (de) * 1988-07-05 1988-12-15 Busch, Waldemar, 7100 Heilbronn, De
DE8713580U1 (de) * 1987-10-09 1989-02-02 Puma Ag Rudolf Dassler Sport, 8522 Herzogenaurach, De

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1390372A (fr) * 1964-01-15 1965-02-26 Wood Milne S A Semelle pour chaussure de ski
US3470879A (en) * 1966-01-07 1969-10-07 Meiller Research Inc Orthopedic shoe construction
FR2221906A5 (de) * 1973-03-12 1974-10-11 Glancy John
WO1987007481A1 (en) * 1986-06-04 1987-12-17 Comfort Products, Inc. Multi-density shoe sole
DE8713580U1 (de) * 1987-10-09 1989-02-02 Puma Ag Rudolf Dassler Sport, 8522 Herzogenaurach, De
DE8808608U1 (de) * 1988-07-05 1988-12-15 Busch, Waldemar, 7100 Heilbronn, De

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4339107A1 (de) * 1993-11-16 1995-05-18 Engros Schuhhaus Ag Schuhsohle
WO1995013720A1 (de) * 1993-11-16 1995-05-26 Engros-Schuhhaus Ag Schuhsohle
US5778560A (en) * 1995-11-15 1998-07-14 Diadora S.P.A. Stablizing support, particularly for controlling pronation in sports shoes
WO1998023178A1 (en) * 1996-11-27 1998-06-04 Fila Sport S.P.A. A footwear having a deformable insole suitable for adapting itself to the wearer's foot-sole shape
US6948262B2 (en) 2001-04-03 2005-09-27 Kerrigan D Casey Cantilevered shoe construction
US7418790B2 (en) 2001-04-03 2008-09-02 Kerrigan D Casey Cantilevered shoe construction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2646062B1 (fr) 1992-02-14
FR2646062A1 (fr) 1990-10-26
JPH03272701A (ja) 1991-12-04
CA2014773A1 (fr) 1990-10-19

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