EP0389916B1 - Appareil de mesure des propriétés diélectriques des matériaux - Google Patents

Appareil de mesure des propriétés diélectriques des matériaux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0389916B1
EP0389916B1 EP90105172A EP90105172A EP0389916B1 EP 0389916 B1 EP0389916 B1 EP 0389916B1 EP 90105172 A EP90105172 A EP 90105172A EP 90105172 A EP90105172 A EP 90105172A EP 0389916 B1 EP0389916 B1 EP 0389916B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
measurement device
measurement
inductive coil
coil
resonant circuit
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP90105172A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0389916A1 (fr
Inventor
Erwin Halstrup
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/023—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance where the material is placed in the field of a coil
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/72—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating magnetic variables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
    • G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
    • G01R27/26—Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
    • G01R27/2617—Measuring dielectric properties, e.g. constants
    • G01R27/2635—Sample holders, electrodes or excitation arrangements, e.g. sensors or measuring cells
    • G01R27/267—Coils or antennae arrangements, e.g. coils surrounding the sample or transmitter/receiver antennae

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a measuring device for determining the dielectric properties of a test specimen made of substances in any physical state, for example of non-conductors, semiconductors, insulating materials, building materials, building materials, soil samples, bulk materials, solutions, solvents, gases, etc., with a coil that is part of a The resonant circuit is used to generate an alternating magnetic field in which the test object is immersed.
  • a capacitive measuring principle for moisture measurement is already known, the capacitive changes being recorded in a built-up alternating dielectric field. However, this only allows a small depth of penetration and thus a surface measurement.
  • the electrolytic conductivity is strongly involved in the measurement.
  • an inductive measuring method in which a coil generating an alternating magnetic field is located in the test specimen, For example, a liquid, or where the coil surrounds the test specimen.
  • a corresponding measuring device can be used in the laboratory in some cases, but it cannot be used for a large number of practical applications, for example moisture measurement in masonry, etc.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a measuring device of the type mentioned at the outset, which enables a substantially expanded area of application.
  • moisture measurements, concentration measurements, gas analyzes, etc. in particular, should be able to be carried out, with little or no adjustments being required on the test object itself.
  • the field coil have a magnetizable core and that the resonant circuit for measuring the dielectric constant of the test specimen has a large L / C ratio with a small resonant circuit capacitance of approximately 0.1 picofarads up to approximately 50 picofarads.
  • the dielectric constant of any non-conductors i.e. solid, liquid or gaseous substances
  • the sample to be measured is brought into the alternating magnetic field of the field coil through which alternating current flows and the load on the coil or the reaction that occurs on this coil by the Dielectric generated dielectric "eddy currents" is measured.
  • These dielectric eddy currents change, for example, the current consumption and / or the phase position of the alternating current flowing through the field coil. If the coil is connected to a resonant circuit with a capacitor, the change in the resonance frequency can be evaluated.
  • the "eddy currents" generated in the dielectric increase the capacitance of the resonant circuit.
  • the AC voltage required for the measurement is actively generated as the induction voltage of the magnetic field of the coil through which AC current flows.
  • the dielectric "eddy currents" arising in the dielectric can therefore be measured as a load on the coil proportional to the dielectric constant of the dielectric.
  • the inductive dielectric measurement provides a sufficiently large penetration depth so that correspondingly meaningful measurement results can be achieved.
  • the liquid content is measured directly via the dielectric constant. Due to the large L / C ratio with a small resonant circuit capacitance, the capacitive load has a particular effect due to the dielectric currents generated in the dielectric of the test object strong out.
  • the capacitance of the resonant circuit can possibly only consist of the intrinsic capacitance of the coil and the capacitance of the feed lines and the coupling elements.
  • the resonant circuit is connected to an oscillator via a weak coupling, the oscillator preferably being tunable to the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit.
  • the resonant circuit is damped very little due to the weak coupling.
  • a modified embodiment of the invention provides that the field coil and a parallel resonant circuit capacitor are part of a preferably frequency- and / or amplitude-variable oscillator and that a measuring device for measuring a change in capacitance and optionally another measuring device for measuring a Amplitude change are connected. This allows separate and / or simultaneous measurement of the dielectric constant and, on the other hand, measurement of the dielectric losses, for example due to the insulation resistance, ohmic or electronic conductivity and the like.
  • a further development of the invention provides that a preferably strip-shaped, in particular thin extension is provided on the test specimen, which is arranged in the alternating magnetic field.
  • the induced currents run in geometrically better defined paths. It is avoided that "wild eddy currents" with undefined geometry can form. This also avoids adaptation difficulties due to a relative high-resistance alternating magnetic field and, on the other hand, due to a test specimen of high mass with possibly high dielectric constant.
  • a measuring device 1 shown in principle in FIGS. 1 and 2 shows an inductance measuring device 2 which contains an oscillator which excites an external field coil 3.
  • This field coil 3 generates an alternating magnetic field 4 which flows through a test object 5.
  • the dielectric properties of the test specimen 5 cause a change in the magnetic alternating field 4 and the resulting reaction to this alternating field is measured by the measuring device 2.
  • the field coil 3 is arranged next to the test specimen 5.
  • the measuring device is also suitable for measurements on stationary test objects, for example for measuring moisture on walls.
  • FIG. 3 A preferred embodiment of the measuring device 1 is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the field coil 3 is part of a resonant circuit with a parallel to the field coil 3 switched capacitor 6.
  • This resonant circuit 7 is via a coupling capacitor 8, which has only a small capacitance of z.
  • B. has some picofarads, connected to a tunable oscillator 9. The resonant frequency of the resonant circuit can be excited.
  • the resonant circuit 7 is designed with high quality and with a large L / C ratio, the capacitor 6 having a very low capacitance and the field coil 3 having a large inductance.
  • the capacitive load has a particularly strong effect due to the dielectric currents generated in the test specimen, and accordingly there is a high level of measurement sensitivity.
  • the capacitive load leads to a detuning of the resonant circuit 7, the detuning being a measure of the dielectric current and thus a measure of the dielectric constant. If necessary, the intrinsic capacitance of the coil and the capacitance of the feed lines and the coupling elements are sufficient to form the resonant circuit capacitance.
  • the AC voltage at the resonant circuit 7 can be measured and observed with an HF voltmeter or an oscillograph 10. If you bring a test piece 5 into the alternating magnetic field of field coil 3, e.g. B. a dielectric, there is a change in the amplitude due to the detuning of the resonant circuit. This change can be empirically calibrated and e.g. B. can be used to determine or to display the dielectric constant of the test object. If the frequency is set to an edge of the resonance curve, a particularly good sensitivity is obtained. The width of the resonance curve and thus the measuring range and the sensitivity can be adjusted by damping the resonant circuit. If a frequency meter is used instead of the oscillograph 10 (FIG. 3), then before and after the introduction of a test specimen into the alternating magnetic field 4 the resonance frequency (amplitude maximum) can be read from the field coil 3 and evaluated accordingly.
  • a frequency meter is used instead of the oscillograph 10 (FIG. 3)
  • FIG. 4 shows a measuring device 1, in which the reaction of the dielectric currents on the one hand and the currents which cause the losses on the other hand can be detected or measured and evaluated separately.
  • the field coil 3 and the capacitor 6 connected in parallel are part of a frequency and amplitude variable oscillator 11.
  • a measuring device 12 for measuring a change in capacitance and a further measuring device 13 for measuring an change in amplitude.
  • the change in the amplitude is then a measure of the losses and the frequency change is a measure of the dielectric constant of the test specimen 5.
  • display devices in particular voltmeters 14, 15, are connected to the outputs of the measuring devices 12 and 13 for displaying the respective measured values.
  • the outputs of the measuring devices 12 and 13, which are preferably in the form of controllers, are also connected to the oscillator 11 and fed back to it, and the control voltages result in the oscillator being returned and regulated to fixed setpoints.
  • a calibration with samples with a known dielectric constant and also with known losses is carried out before a measurement. If a test specimen 5 with the same dimensions is subsequently introduced into the alternating magnetic field 4 in the same way, the dielectric constant and the losses can be measured and displayed.
  • an attitude z. B. can be done on the middle of a flank of the resonance curve, which enables easy detection of the direction of the control voltage.
  • a phase demodulation can also be provided with the same or a similar measuring arrangement, the phase change then corresponding to the measuring signal.
  • FIG. 10 and 11 still show measuring devices 1 which are realized by measuring bridges.
  • two resonant circuits 16, 17 are inserted into a bridge branch.
  • the resonant circuit 17 is used to form a reference variable, the components connected in parallel to this resonant circuit 17 - capacitor coil, resistor - being adjustable so that zero can be adjusted to bridge.
  • the other resonance circuit 16 includes the field coil 3 and the capacitor connected in parallel and indicated by dashed lines, which reproduces the measured variable.
  • a resistor is also connected to the field coil 3, indicated by dashed lines, which represents the conductivity of the measured dielectric or the loss resistance.
  • FIG. 11 shows a measuring bridge arrangement somewhat modified compared to FIG. 10, the resonance circuits 16 and 17 being each arranged in a bridge branch.
  • the measuring devices 16 with measuring bridge arrangements shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 are particularly suitable for measurements of test specimens 5 with high conductivity.
  • Figures 5 to 8 show differently designed field coils 3.
  • the field coil 3 can be arranged next to the test object 5 (see FIGS. 6 and 8) or in the test object (FIG. 5).
  • the test specimen 5 is inserted into a slot of a ring coil. 5
  • the field coil 3 dips into a borehole 18 of a test specimen 5.
  • FIG. 6 shows a horseshoe-shaped field coil arrangement, in which a ferromagnetic core 19 is provided on its two legs with partial windings of the field coil 3.
  • 8 shows a field coil in which a pot-core half-shell 20 is provided as the ferromagnetic core.
  • the measuring arrangement according to FIG. 9 shows two field coils 3 facing each other, between which the test specimen 5 is arranged.
  • the two field coils can be connected in series and thus represent a common inductance.
  • This arrangement is particularly suitable for the measurement of plate-shaped test specimens 5.
  • a field coil 3 (z. B. right) z. 1 is connected to an inductance measuring device 2, while the coil on the other side of the test object 5 serves as a receiver coil 21, which is connected to a measuring receiver.
  • the received voltage measured in the receiver is more or less shielded by the device under test 5.
  • a change in the dielectric constant and / or the losses of the test object can thus also be measured or observed in the receiver.
  • the voltages of the receiver can be compensated with part of the voltage of the oscillator connected to the field coil 3 on the other side.
  • the sensitivity can be increased many times over. This arrangement is particularly suitable for test specimens with larger dimensions and / or with a large dielectric constant, e.g. B. for measuring moist earth, suitable.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 show a modified measuring arrangement for measuring test specimens 5 with a larger layer thickness or larger dimensions.
  • larger layer thicknesses or larger dimensions of the Test object 5 and also with a larger dielectric constant, such as this. B. is the case with moist earth, peat, sand, etc., must be taken into account when designing the measuring arrangement on the one hand, the adaptation of the alternating magnetic field and the internal resistance of the test specimen, which is formed by the dielectric constant and the losses.
  • the measurement can then be carried out on a strip-shaped extension 22 of the test object 5. In the magnetic alternating field that forms in the field coil 3, only part of the extension 22 is then left, so that the aforementioned problems with test objects of high layer thickness or.
  • an intermediate transfer part 23, as shown in FIG. 13, can also be provided.
  • This intermediate transfer part 23 can consist of a strip of paper, textile or foam.
  • a thin pressed or glued peat layer, which is applied to paper or textile or a similar surface, is also suitable for this.
  • the test specimen 5 shown in FIG. 13 is soil or peat located in a flower pot 24. With a lower moisture content of this test specimen, a field coil 3 of a measuring device according to the invention can be positioned directly on the outside of the flowerpot 24 for measuring the moisture.
  • the field coil By positioning the field coil outside and next to the flower pot 24, it is now possible to monitor even larger planting plants with a large number of flower pots arranged in rows, as is customary in garden centers, for the moisture content of the soil therein.
  • the measuring device with the field coil 3 can be moved past the flower pots and then, according to the measured moisture content, watering water in a certain one Amount to be supplied. This non-contact measurement means that even large systems can be supplied with water in precisely metered amounts in a comparatively short time.
  • an intermediate transfer part 23 designed as a film strip 25 is arranged in areas lying on the inside of the flower pot 24 and in some areas projecting into the earth (test specimen 5).
  • the film strip 25 consists of a material which can easily absorb moisture and also release it again.
  • a shield 26 made of magnetically and electrically insulating material is provided opposite the outer field coil 3. This has the effect that, within the alternating magnetic field 4, essentially only that part of the film strip located there is effective for the measurement.
  • the shield 26 preferably consists of a styrofoam plate.
  • the intermediate transfer part 23 formed by a film strip 25 can consist of a strip of paper, textile, foam or the like, or optionally of a thin pressed or glued or peat layer applied to paper or textile.
  • the field coil 3 can be designed with or without a ferromagnetic core.
  • 14 and 15 show a field coil 3, which is designed here as a flat coil.
  • the coil wire 27 is inserted into parallel grooves 28 of a plate 29 made of ferromagnetic material. 14 shows that the coil wire is inserted into the grooves 28 in a meandering shape.
  • the plate 29 forms the coil core here.
  • the side of the plate 29 provided with the grooves 28 is covered by a film 30.
  • Such a field coil design results in a large number of long poles, by means of which the effects of the effects of the dielectric are significantly increased.
  • the arrangement according to FIGS. 14 and 15 is suitable for measuring forces, moisture and also for gas analysis, these variables acting on the film 30 and changing its dielectric constant in the process. In the case of a force measurement, the forces can be introduced both transversely to the film plane and in the film longitudinal plane.
  • FIG. 16 A practical application of the arrangement shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is shown in FIG. 16.
  • the field coil is covered by a fabric layer 31 on which a film 32 is located.
  • This film 32 forms a side boundary of a pressure chamber 33, which is otherwise delimited by a pressure bell 34.
  • the pressure supplied via a connection 35 can be measured by changing the dielectric constant of the fabric 31.
  • a film can also be provided there.
  • a metal membrane can also be arranged, through which a magnetic field bundling with compression of the magnetic field takes place in the film or layer facing the coil.
  • the measuring device 1 according to the invention can be used not only for the direct display of the dielectric constant but also indirectly for other physical quantities.
  • the measuring device 1 according to the invention has a high sensitivity and is therefore also suitable for measuring the moisture of the thinnest layer thicknesses such as. B. of paper, textiles, plastic films or a gel.
  • the measuring device is also suitable for measuring the humidity of air or gases and for measuring pressures and forces.
  • the measuring device can also be arranged well for continuous measurements, ie, for example with flowing gases or liquids or with moving belts or with flowing or running bulk goods.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Dispositif de mesure pour la détermination des caractéristiques diélectriques d'un échantillon en matériaux se trouvant dans un état agrégatif quelconque, par exemple des non-conducteurs, semi-conducteurs, matériaux isolants, matières de construction, matériaux de construction, échantillons de sol, produits en vrac, solutions, solvants, gaz, etc. au moyen d'une bobine faisant partie d'un circuit résonant pour la création d'un champ magnétique alternatif dans lequel est plongé l'échantillon, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) présente un noyau magnétisable et que le circuit résonant (7) présente un rapport L/C important avec une faible capacité de résonance d'environ 0,1 picofarad à environ 50 picofarads.
  2. Dispositif de mesure selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le circuit résonant (7) est raccordé à un oscillateur (9) par un faible couplage et que l'oscillateur est de préférence ajustable à la fréquence de résonance du circuit résonant.
  3. Dispositif de mesure selon les revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que, en plus de la bobine inductrice (3) prévue pour la création du champ magnétique, une bobine (21) est reliée à un récepteur alternatif, de sorte que le champ de mesure pour l'échantillon (5) se situe entre ces deux bobines (3, 21).
  4. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'un voltmètre HF et/ou un oscilloscope (10) est prévu comme appareil de mesure pour la mesure de la rétroaction générée par l'échantillon sur le champ alternatif.
  5. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) et un condensateur de résonance (6), branché en parallèle, font partie d'un oscillateur variable en fréquence et/ou en amplitude et qu'un dispositif de mesure (12) détectant la variation de la capacité ainsi que, le cas échéant, un autre dispositif de mesure (13) détectant la variation de l'amplitude sont raccordés au circuit résonant (7).
  6. Dispositif de mesure selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce qu'un régulateur d'ajustage de la fréquence ainsi que, le cas échéant, un régulateur d'ajustage de l'amplitude de l'oscillateur sont prévus sur le circuit résonant de l'oscillateur et que des appareils de mesure (14, 15) sont raccordés aux sorties du régulateur pour la mesure des tensions de régulation.
  7. Dispositif de mesure, notamment selon le terme générique de la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) fait partie d'un circuit en pont de mesure.
  8. Dispositif pour l'examen d'échantillons de grande épaisseur et/ou ayant une constante diélectrique élevée, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'il est prévu de placer un prolongement, de préférence sous forme de bande particulièrement mince (22) pouvant être reliée à l'échantillon (5), dans le champ magnétique alternatif (4).
  9. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que la mesure d'humidité s'effectue au moyen d'une pièce de transfert intermédiaire (23) prévue près du champ magnétique alternatif (4).
  10. Dispositif de mesure d'humidité du terreau contenu dans un pot de fleurs ou dans un récipient similaire, en particulier selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'une pièce intermédiaire de transfert (bande) (23) est disposée le long de la paroi intérieure du pot de fleurs et qu'elle touche partiellement l'échantillon, que la bobine inductrice (3) est disposée à l'extérieur du pot dans la zone de cette bande et que la partie intérieure de la bande comporte de préférence un écran en matériau isolant électrique et magnétique, dans la zone du champ alternatif (4).
  11. Dispositif de mesure selon la revendication 9 ou 10, caractérisé en ce que la pièce de transfert intermédiaire (23) est composée d'une bande de faible épaisseur en papier, textile, mousse ou matériau similaire ou, le cas échéant, d'une couche de tourbe pressée ou encollée ou fixée sur un support papier ou textile.
  12. Dispositif de mesure selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) en forme cylindrique peut être également réalisée avec un noyau ferromagnétique.
  13. Dispositif de mesure selon une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) présente un noyau en forme de fer à cheval dont les branches comportent deux enroulements partiels.
  14. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) présente un noyau en pot semi-coque (20).
  15. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'un tissu (31) soumis à une force, avec film (30) ou un produit similaire est placé à l'intérieur du champ alternatif (4) pour mesurer la variation de la constante diélectrique en fonction de la force appliquée.
  16. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications 1 à 15, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice (3) est de forme plate avec un enroulement de préférence en forme de méandres, placé de préférence dans des rainures (28) d'un corps plat (29) en matériau ferromagnétique.
  17. Dispositif de mesure selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice plate (3) est recouverte sur sa majeure partie et directement d'un film absorbant l'humidité et/ou soumis à l'action d'une force, en papier, en textile, en mousse ou en un matériau similaire.
  18. Dispositif de mesure selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la bobine inductrice plate (3) est recouverte d'une toile sur laquelle est placé un film étanche, composant la limite latérale d'une chambre de pression (33).
EP90105172A 1989-03-25 1990-03-20 Appareil de mesure des propriétés diélectriques des matériaux Expired - Lifetime EP0389916B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3909851 1989-03-25
DE3909851A DE3909851A1 (de) 1989-03-25 1989-03-25 Messvorrichtung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0389916A1 EP0389916A1 (fr) 1990-10-03
EP0389916B1 true EP0389916B1 (fr) 1994-09-07

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AT (1) ATE111220T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3909851A1 (fr)

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DE19710591A1 (de) * 1997-03-14 1998-09-17 Engler Winfried Dipl Ing Fh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur berührungslosen Messung der Materialfeuchte im Hochfeuchtebereich
EP1046908B1 (fr) * 1999-04-22 2010-05-26 ebro Electronic GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif de mesure de la condition d'huiles et de graisses
CZ2014742A3 (cs) * 2014-11-03 2016-04-20 Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Způsob pro vyhodnocení rozložení, hustoty a orientace feromagnetických elektricky vodivých vláken v kompozitním materiálu a detekční zařízení k jeho provádění
DE102017204304B4 (de) * 2017-03-15 2021-10-21 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Vorrichtung zur Messung der Menge von metallischen Teilchen in einer Flüssigkeit
DE102018106723A1 (de) * 2018-03-21 2019-09-26 Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG Messgerät
DE102020100861A1 (de) * 2020-01-15 2021-07-15 Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG Messgerät zur Bestimmung eines Dielektrizitätswertes
CN112730538A (zh) * 2020-12-22 2021-04-30 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司呼伦贝尔供电公司 一种温湿度可调的绝缘油介电特性测试装置及方法
SK500622021A3 (sk) * 2021-11-30 2023-06-14 Technická Univerzita V Košiciach Zariadenie na meranie magneto-dielektrických vlastností tenkých dielektrických vrstiev a systém obsahujúci toto zariadenie

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CH419670A (de) * 1965-01-22 1966-08-31 Lonza Werke Elektro Chemische Verfahren zur Untersuschung nichtmagnetischer Stoffe
DE1798362A1 (de) * 1968-09-30 1972-01-20 K P Mundinger Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Messung des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes von koernigen oder rieselfaehigen Schuettguetern
FR2533705A1 (fr) * 1982-09-28 1984-03-30 Pharmuka Lab Detecteur de concentration ionique dans un liquide
DE3306462A1 (de) * 1983-02-24 1984-08-30 Gann Meß- u. Regeltechnik GmbH, 7000 Stuttgart Elektrisches feuchtemessgeraet
DE3306460A1 (de) * 1983-02-24 1984-08-30 Gann Meß- u. Regeltechnik GmbH, 7000 Stuttgart Elektrisches feuchtemessgeraet
FR2560385B1 (fr) * 1984-02-23 1986-07-11 Claeys Luck Methode et appareil de mesure de l'humidite des semences en haute frequence avec corrections multiples
US4820990A (en) * 1987-10-09 1989-04-11 Zeta Management Ltd. Electrode-less detector

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ATE111220T1 (de) 1994-09-15
DE3909851A1 (de) 1990-09-27
DE3909851C2 (fr) 1991-12-19
EP0389916A1 (fr) 1990-10-03
DE59007017D1 (de) 1994-10-13

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