EP0386479A2 - Shock wave generator - Google Patents

Shock wave generator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0386479A2
EP0386479A2 EP90102352A EP90102352A EP0386479A2 EP 0386479 A2 EP0386479 A2 EP 0386479A2 EP 90102352 A EP90102352 A EP 90102352A EP 90102352 A EP90102352 A EP 90102352A EP 0386479 A2 EP0386479 A2 EP 0386479A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wave generator
source
reflector
shock wave
flat
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90102352A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0386479B1 (en
EP0386479A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Grünewald
Harald Dipl.-Phys. Eizenhöfer
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Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH
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Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K15/00—Acoustics not otherwise provided for
    • G10K15/04—Sound-producing devices
    • G10K15/043—Sound-producing devices producing shock waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
    • G10K11/26—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning
    • G10K11/28—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning using reflection, e.g. parabolic reflectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K9/00—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers
    • G10K9/12—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers electrically operated

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a shock wave source according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a punctiform shock wave source for lithotripters is known from DE-PS 23 51 247.
  • a flat shock wave source is known from DE-OS 31 19 295. It is made up of individual piezoceramic elements. This area source is either self-focusing as a spherical cap or it is provided with an imaging system such as reflectors or lenses for the necessary focusing. The formation of a shock front from a sound pressure pulse at the area source is given by nonlinear propagation with sufficient intensity.
  • a shock wave source for non-contact lithotripsy which has a flat wave generator (an electromagnetic shock wave tube) and a parabolic reflector. This focuses the flat shock wave on the concretion in the patient's body.
  • This shock wave source forms the preamble of claim 1.
  • the following essential technical requirements can be derived from a shock wave system: - high dynamic performance - Good focusing of the most unipolar pulses possible - little pressure and especially tension when entering the patient - Good and accurate location options using ultrasound and / or X-ray - compact construction - long life span.
  • the source is arranged in a ring in the plane of incidence of the paraboloid, so that a kind of "perforated cylinder" results because of the finite thickness.
  • the hole in the middle is necessary because the focus is on the source side.
  • the axial opening i.e. the ring-shaped design of the source, makes sense, since at a certain minimum aperture angle, the reflected sound is reflected from the upper paraboloid edge onto the source and would therefore be lost for focusing.
  • the reflected, spherically convergent wavefront is therefore focused on a high aperture with a free central area, which is then available, for example, for location systems.
  • the possibilities of the arrangement are very variable - so the effective depth of focus can be reduced if the ring of the source has such a large inner radius that it can be put around the patient. The focus is then between the source and the reflector.
  • the limiting factor for the inner radius here is not the shading of the source itself, but the space for the patient or the part of the patient to be treated in the space between the reflector and the source.
  • the focus is behind the Shock wave source.
  • the shock waves run through the hole in the middle towards this point.
  • Advantages of this source / reflector geometry can be mentioned: - High variability and flexibility regarding the size of the source, so that the flat surface source can be designed according to performance requirements and performance options. - The arrangement can be used equally for piezoelectric as well as for electromagnetic sound pulse generation. - The flat shape of the source simplifies high-performance design (insulation, contacting). - Good focusing due to high aperture and sound field freedom in the middle. - The central freedom from the sound field leaves enough space for positioning systems (ultrasound and / or X-ray). - Location and shock wave do not interfere. - Reduction of the axial pressure and, in particular, tensile components due to central freedom from sound fields.
  • a cylindrical source which emits with its outer surface onto the reflector surrounding it.
  • This reflector is generated by rotating a partial parabola around a line that is perpendicular to the focal point of the Parabola runs and at the same time represents the axis of symmetry of the cylindrical source.
  • a cylinder shaft is generated by the cylinder jacket which radiates sound radially outwards.
  • This arrangement can be realized, for example, by a compact tube made of piezoceramic, on the lateral surface of which the piezoceramic elements are arranged. This geometry allows a high variability in terms of focus length and aperture, similar to the design of the ellipsoid reflector for underwater spark discharge, especially if the source has a high power density.
  • an electromagnetic source in cylinder geometry i.e. a longitudinal coil with a conductive cylinder jacket as a radiating membrane.
  • the sound source then consists of a coil, insulation and a conductive outer cylinder which is deflected radially outward when the coil is subjected to current or pulses due to the repulsive force effect between the primary and secondary-induced current.
  • the technical problems such as tightness and precise coupling between the coil, membrane and insulation, as well as the expansion in the circumferential direction with radial expansion (radiation) are manageable. In addition to the necessary total area, these determine the minimum radius.
  • a single-layer cylindrical coil (flat coil) is used, which can be wound from flat conductor tracks that are applied to an insulator carrier.
  • the cylindrical membrane can, for example, be composed of a copper layer and a stainless steel layer.
  • the copper layer ensures good electrical properties
  • the stainless steel jacket provides good mechanical strength.
  • cylindrical membrane from a plurality of metal layers which are separated from one another by insulating foils, as has already been proposed in German patent application P 37 43 822. This can reduce eddy current losses.
  • One possible implementation is e.g. in the use of e.g. 10 mm wide copper ribbon with a thickness of e.g. 0.2 mm, matched to the penetration depth of the field for a given pulse duration and the necessary mechanical stability of the cylinder jacket membrane.
  • the thickness of the insulation determines the high voltage strength.
  • An exemplary usable copper flat tape insulated with Kapton should be at least three times as wide as the copper track for the insulation strength of the coil in the longitudinal direction (winding direction).
  • the membrane can then be shrunk onto the coil without any gaps. This can e.g. by heating, sliding open and then cooling.
  • FIG. 1 shows a patient's body K and a shock wave source, consisting of the wave generator W and the reflector R.
  • the wave generator W is designed here as a cylinder, on the top surface D of which faces the reflector R, the radiating elements E (for example piezo elements or an electromagnetic coil) are arranged are.
  • the elements E radiate the waves to the left towards the reflector R, from where they are focused on the focal point F, which lies on the central axis A of the reflector.
  • the reflector R is filled with a liquid and sealed off from the body K with a membrane. Possible coupling pads are not shown here.
  • the wave normals of shock waves, which are generated by the elements E, run to the left onto the reflector, are reflected from there, and meet at the focal point F are drawn in.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment in which the shock wave source has a cylindrical wave generator W, in which the radiating elements E are applied to the outer surface M of the wave generator.
  • the elements E radiate radially outwards.
  • the shock waves are in turn focused by the reflector R on the focal point F, which lies on the one hand in the patient's body K and on the other hand on the axis of symmetry A of the shock wave source.
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a wave generator as can be used in the shock wave source of FIG. 2.
  • the wave generator W here consists of a ceramic or glass-like carrier T, around which a flat coil FS is wound.
  • This coil can be constructed from discrete copper wire, it can also be made by copper-coated Kapton, which is appropriately etched so that a single copper strip remains, which was then wound up.
  • This carrier T with flat coil FS is surrounded by a cylindrical membrane Z which surrounds the carrier T like a jacket M.
  • the cylinder diaphragm Z in this version consists of a copper layer Cu and a stainless steel layer Ed.
  • the insulation (not shown) between the tape reel FS and the copper membrane Z can consist of a separate layer of Kapton; it can be taken over by the copper-coated, etched-off Kapton foil itself with a suitable winding technique, as described with reference to FIG. 5.
  • the gap visible in the figure between the insulation of the coil FS and the membrane Z should be designed as narrow as possible, ideally zero.
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows a shock wave source with the radially radiating cylindrical wave generator W and the reflector R which surrounds it. Realizable size relationships of the components to one another and angles can be read from this figure.
  • Figure 4 shows a scale (1: 2) implementation. The data in detail: - Coil length: 13 cm - Coil diameter: 6 cm - Focus length: 15 cm - aperture 42.40 - Paraboloid diameter: 27.4 cm
  • the radiating surface corresponds to that of a flat one EMSE with a diameter of almost 18 cm.
  • the finite radius of the cylinder source results in a minimal aperture angle, which, however, does not come about due to shading of the source. Extending the cylinder allows the surface to be enlarged, with the parabolic diameter increasing to the same extent.
  • FIG. 5 shows schematically examples of two Kapton foils Ka, each carrying a strip of copper Cu.
  • the copper strip is applied in the middle on the left Kapton foil, on the right on the right.
  • the left Kapton layers then overlap over the previously wound copper layers Cu and serve as insulation there.
  • two insulation layers then overlap.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
  • Surface Acoustic Wave Elements And Circuit Networks Thereof (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
  • Waveguides (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)

Abstract

Shock wave generator, in particular for contact-free lithotripsy, with a plane-surface wave generator (W) which is cylindrical and a parabolic reflector (R) which focuses the waves on a focal point (F) in the longitudinal axis (A) of the wave generator (W). …<IMAGE>…

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Stosswellenquelle nach dem Ober­begriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a shock wave source according to the preamble of claim 1.

Aus der DE-PS 23 51 247 ist ein punktförmige Stosswellen­quelle für Lithotripter bekannt.A punctiform shock wave source for lithotripters is known from DE-PS 23 51 247.

Eine flächige Stosswellenquelle ist aus der DE-OS 31 19 295 bekannt. Sie ist aus einzelnen Piezokeramikelementen aufge­baut. Diese flächige Quelle ist entweder selbstfokussierend als Kugelkalotte ausgebildet worden oder sie ist mit einem Abbildungssystem wie Reflektoren oder Linsen zur notwendigen Fokussierung versehen. Die Ausbildung einer Stoßfront aus einem Schalldruckpuls bei der flächenhaften Quelle ist durch nichtlineare Ausbreitung bei hinreichender Intensität ge­geben.A flat shock wave source is known from DE-OS 31 19 295. It is made up of individual piezoceramic elements. This area source is either self-focusing as a spherical cap or it is provided with an imaging system such as reflectors or lenses for the necessary focusing. The formation of a shock front from a sound pressure pulse at the area source is given by nonlinear propagation with sufficient intensity.

Aus der DE-OS 34 47 440 ist eine Stosswellenquelle für die berührungsfreie Lithotripsie bekannt, die einen flächigen Wellenerzeuger (ein elektromagnetisches Stoßwellenrohr) und einen parabelförmigen Reflektor aufweist. Dieser fokussiert die ebene Stosswelle auf das Konkrement im Körper des Patienten. Diese Stosswellenquelle bildet den Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.From DE-OS 34 47 440 a shock wave source for non-contact lithotripsy is known, which has a flat wave generator (an electromagnetic shock wave tube) and a parabolic reflector. This focuses the flat shock wave on the concretion in the patient's body. This shock wave source forms the preamble of claim 1.

Um eine gute Zerkleinerungseffizienz im vivo bei geringen Neben- und Nachwirkungen der Behandlung zu erreichen, lassen sich folgende wesentliche technische Anforderungen an ein Stosswellensystem ableiten:
- hohe Dynamik in der Leistung
- gute Fokussierung möglichst unipolarer Pulse
- wenig Druck und vor allem Zug beim Eintritt in den Patienten
- gute und genaue Ortungsmöglichkeiten mittels Ultraschall und/oder Röntgen
- kompakter Aufbau
- hohe Lebensdauer.In order to achieve good shredding efficiency in vivo with few side effects and after-effects of the treatment, the following essential technical requirements can be derived from a shock wave system:
- high dynamic performance
- Good focusing of the most unipolar pulses possible
- little pressure and especially tension when entering the patient
- Good and accurate location options using ultrasound and / or X-ray
- compact construction
- long life span.

Diese Anforderungen werden von den derzeit klinisch ein­gesetzten Systemen nicht vollständig bzw. nicht simultan erfüllt. So besitzen gegenwärtig eingesetzte punktförmige Quellen wohl eine hohe Leistung, aber nur einen begrenzten Dynamikbereich zu niedrigen Leistungen hin. Außerdem können sich die Stosswelle und zentrale (axiale) Ultraschall-­Ortungsvorrichtungen stören. Selbstfokussierende Piezo­systeme sind wegen der geringen Intensität an der Quelle relativ groß und haben daher nur wenig Platz für externe Röntgenortung. Ebene elektromagnetische Spulensysteme be­sitzen ausreichende Leistungsdichten an der Quelle, lassen sich aber nur eingeschränkt hochaperturig bei Linsenfokus­sierung auslegen. Selbstfokussierende elektromagnetische Kalottensysteme haben oft nicht die erwünschten Standzeiten.The systems currently used clinically do not meet these requirements fully or simultaneously. So point sources currently used probably have a high power, but only a limited dynamic range towards low powers. In addition, the shock wave and central (axial) ultrasonic location devices can interfere. Self-focusing piezo systems are relatively large due to the low intensity at the source and therefore have little space for external X-ray location. Level electromagnetic coil systems have sufficient power densities at the source, but can only be designed to a limited extent with high aperture when focusing lenses. Self-focusing electromagnetic calotte systems often do not have the desired service life.

Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Stosswellenquelle für die Lithotripsie vorzuschlagen, die möglichst viele der oben genannten Anforderungen gleichzeitig erfüllt.It is therefore an object of the invention to propose a shock wave source for lithotripsy that fulfills as many of the above requirements as possible.

Erfindungsgemäß wird eine Stosswellenquelle mit den Merk­malen des Anspruchs 1 vorgeschlagen.According to the invention, a shock wave source with the features of claim 1 is proposed.

Sie erfüllt die Anforderungen nach ausreichender Leistung, ausreichender Leistungsdynamik, Hochaperturigkeit und Inte­gration der Ortungssysteme gleichzeitig.
Benutzt wird die Eigenschaft einer Parabel bzw. eines Para­boloids, eine ebene Wellenfront auf einen Brennpunkt abzu­bilden.It fulfills the requirements for sufficient performance, sufficient performance dynamics, high aperture and integration of the location systems at the same time.
The property of a parabola or a paraboloid is used to map a flat wavefront to a focal point.

In einer Ausführung wird die Quelle ringförmig in der Ein­fallsebene des Paraboloids angeordnet, so daß sich wegen der endlichen Dicke eine Art "Lochzylinder" ergibt. Das Loch in der Mitte ist notwendig, da der Fokus quellenseitig liegt. Außerdem ist die axiale Öffnung, das heißt die ringförmige Auslegung der Quelle sinnvoll, da bei einem bestimmten mini­malen Aperturwinkel der reflektierte Schall vom oberen Paraboloidrand auf die Quelle reflektiert wird und damit für die Fokussierung verloren ginge.
Die reflektierte, sphärisch konvergente Wellenfront ist also hochaperturig fokussiert mit freiem Zentralbereich, der dann z.B. für Ortungssysteme zur Verfügung steht. Die Möglichkeiten der Anordnung sind sehr variabel - so kann die effektive Fokustiefe reduziert werden, wenn der Ring der Quelle einen so grossen Innenradius hat, daß er quasi um den Patienten gelegt werden kann. Der Fokus liegt dann zwischen der Quelle und dem Reflektor. Hier ist der limi­tierende Faktor für den Innenradius nicht die Selbstab­schattung der Quelle, sondern der Platz für den Patienten oder das zu behandelnde Körperteil des Patienten im Raum zwischen Reflektor und Quelle.In one embodiment, the source is arranged in a ring in the plane of incidence of the paraboloid, so that a kind of "perforated cylinder" results because of the finite thickness. The hole in the middle is necessary because the focus is on the source side. In addition, the axial opening, i.e. the ring-shaped design of the source, makes sense, since at a certain minimum aperture angle, the reflected sound is reflected from the upper paraboloid edge onto the source and would therefore be lost for focusing.
The reflected, spherically convergent wavefront is therefore focused on a high aperture with a free central area, which is then available, for example, for location systems. The possibilities of the arrangement are very variable - so the effective depth of focus can be reduced if the ring of the source has such a large inner radius that it can be put around the patient. The focus is then between the source and the reflector. The limiting factor for the inner radius here is not the shading of the source itself, but the space for the patient or the part of the patient to be treated in the space between the reflector and the source.

In einer anderen Ausführung liegt der Fokus hinter der Stosswellenquelle. Die Stosswellen laufen durch das Loch in der Mitte auf diesen Punkt zu.
Als Vorteile dieser Quellen/Reflektorgeometrie lassen sich nennen:
- Hohe Variabilität und Flexibilität bezüglich Größe der Quelle, so daß die ebenen Flächenquelle nach Leistungsanforderungen und Leistungsmöglichkeiten ausgelegt werden kann.
- Die Anordnung ist gleichermaßen für piezoelektrische als auch für elektromagnetische Schallpulserzeugung einsetzbar.
- Die ebene Form der Quelle vereinfacht eine Hoch­leistungsauslegung (Isolierung, Kontaktierung).
- Gute Fokussierung durch hohe Apertur und Schallfeld­freiheit in der Mitte.
- Die zentrale Schallfeldfreiheit lässt genügend Platz für Ortungssysteme (Ultraschall und/oder Röntgen).
- Ortung und Stosswelle stören sich nicht.
- Reduktion der axialen Druck- und insbesondere Zuganteile durch zentrale Schallfeldfreiheit.In another version, the focus is behind the Shock wave source. The shock waves run through the hole in the middle towards this point.
Advantages of this source / reflector geometry can be mentioned:
- High variability and flexibility regarding the size of the source, so that the flat surface source can be designed according to performance requirements and performance options.
- The arrangement can be used equally for piezoelectric as well as for electromagnetic sound pulse generation.
- The flat shape of the source simplifies high-performance design (insulation, contacting).
- Good focusing due to high aperture and sound field freedom in the middle.
- The central freedom from the sound field leaves enough space for positioning systems (ultrasound and / or X-ray).
- Location and shock wave do not interfere.
- Reduction of the axial pressure and, in particular, tensile components due to central freedom from sound fields.

Eine andere Ausführung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß eine zylinderförmige Quelle verwendet wird, die mit ihrer Mantelfläche auf den sie umgebenden Reflektor abstrahlt. Dieser Reflektor wird durch Rotation einer Teilparabel um eine Linie erzeugt, die senkrecht durch den Fokuspunkt der Parabel verläuft und gleichzeitig die Symmetrieachse der zylinderförmigen Quelle darstellt. Dabei wird eine Zylin­derwelle durch den radial nach außen Schall abstrahlenden Zylindermantel erzeugt. Diese Anordnung kann z.B. durch ein kompaktes Rohr aus Piezokeramik realisiert werden, auf dessen Mantelfläche die Piezokeramikelemente angeordnet sind. Diese Geometrie erlaubt hinsichtlich Fokuslänge und Apertur eine hohe Variabilität, ähnlich der Auslegung des Ellipsoid-Reflektors bei der Unterwasserfunkenentladung, insbesondere wenn die Quelle eine hohe Leistungsdichte be­sitzt.Another embodiment of the invention is that a cylindrical source is used which emits with its outer surface onto the reflector surrounding it. This reflector is generated by rotating a partial parabola around a line that is perpendicular to the focal point of the Parabola runs and at the same time represents the axis of symmetry of the cylindrical source. A cylinder shaft is generated by the cylinder jacket which radiates sound radially outwards. This arrangement can be realized, for example, by a compact tube made of piezoceramic, on the lateral surface of which the piezoceramic elements are arranged. This geometry allows a high variability in terms of focus length and aperture, similar to the design of the ellipsoid reflector for underwater spark discharge, especially if the source has a high power density.

Möglich ist auch - für höhe Leistungen bei kompaktem Auf­bau - eine elektromagnetische Quelle in Zylindergeometrie, das heißt eine Längsspule mit leitfähigem Zylindermantel als abstrahlender Membran. Die Schallquelle besteht dann aus Spule, Isolierung und einem leitfähigen Außenzylinder, der bei Beaufschlagung der Spule mit Strom oder Pulsen durch die abstossende Kraftwirkung zwischen primärem und sekundärseitig induziertem Strom radial nach außen ausge­lenkt wird. Die technischen Probleme wie Enge und genaue Kopplung zwischen Spule, Membran und Isolierung, sowie die Ausdehnung in umlaufender Richtung bei radialer Ausdehnung (Abstrahlung) sind beherrschbar. Diese bestimmen neben der notwendigen Gesamtfläche den minimalen Radius.It is also possible - for high performance with a compact design - an electromagnetic source in cylinder geometry, i.e. a longitudinal coil with a conductive cylinder jacket as a radiating membrane. The sound source then consists of a coil, insulation and a conductive outer cylinder which is deflected radially outward when the coil is subjected to current or pulses due to the repulsive force effect between the primary and secondary-induced current. The technical problems such as tightness and precise coupling between the coil, membrane and insulation, as well as the expansion in the circumferential direction with radial expansion (radiation) are manageable. In addition to the necessary total area, these determine the minimum radius.

In einer Ausführungsform wird eine einlagige Zylinderspule (Flachspule) verwendet, die aus flachen Leiterbahnen ge­wickelt sein kann, die auf einen Isolatorträger aufgebracht sind. Die zylindrische Membran kann z.B. aus einer Kupfer­schicht und einer Edelstahlschicht zusammengesetzt sein. Die Kupferschicht sorgt für gute elektrische Eigenschaften, der Edelstahlmantel für gute mechanische Festigkeit.In one embodiment, a single-layer cylindrical coil (flat coil) is used, which can be wound from flat conductor tracks that are applied to an insulator carrier. The cylindrical membrane can, for example, be composed of a copper layer and a stainless steel layer. The copper layer ensures good electrical properties, the stainless steel jacket provides good mechanical strength.

Letztere ist aber nicht zwingend notwendig.However, the latter is not absolutely necessary.

Es ist ebenso möglich, die zylindrische Membran aus mehreren Metallschichten aufzubauen, die durch Isolationsfolien von­einander getrennt sind, so wie es in der deutschen Patent­anmeldung P 37 43 822 bereits vorgeschlagen wurde. Dadurch können Wirbelstromverluste verringert werden.It is also possible to construct the cylindrical membrane from a plurality of metal layers which are separated from one another by insulating foils, as has already been proposed in German patent application P 37 43 822. This can reduce eddy current losses.

Eine mögliche Realisierung besteht z.B. in der Verwendung von z.B. 10 mm breiten Kupfer-Flachband mit einer Dicke von z.B. 0,2 mm, abgestimmt auf die Eindringtiefe des Feldes bei gegebener Pulsdauer sowie durch die notwendige mechanische Stabilität der Zylindermantelmembran. Die Dicke der Isolie­rung bestimmt dabei die Hochspannungsfestigkeit.One possible implementation is e.g. in the use of e.g. 10 mm wide copper ribbon with a thickness of e.g. 0.2 mm, matched to the penetration depth of the field for a given pulse duration and the necessary mechanical stability of the cylinder jacket membrane. The thickness of the insulation determines the high voltage strength.

Ein beispielhaft verwendbares mit Kapton isoliertes Kupfer-­Flachband sollte dabei zur Isolierfestigkeit der Spule in Längsrichtung (Wickelrichtung) mindestens dreimal so breit sein, wie die Kupferbahn. Die Membran kann dann spaltfrei auf die Spule aufgeschrumpft werden. Dies kann z.B. durch Erhitzen, Aufschieben und anschliessendes Auskühlen er­folgen.An exemplary usable copper flat tape insulated with Kapton should be at least three times as wide as the copper track for the insulation strength of the coil in the longitudinal direction (winding direction). The membrane can then be shrunk onto the coil without any gaps. This can e.g. by heating, sliding open and then cooling.

Die Erfindung wird anhand von fünf Figuren näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail with reference to five figures.

Es zeigen:

  • Figuren 1 und 2 zwei erfindungsgemäße Ausführungen von Stosswellenquellen,
  • Figur 3 eine Ausführung eines Wellenerzeugers, wie er in der Stosswellenquelle der Figur 2 einsetz­bar ist,
  • Figur 4 eine Stosswellenquelle mit grösserer Öffnung,
  • Figur 5 zwei Folien, aus denen je eine Spule wickelbar ist.
Show it:
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show two versions of shock wave sources according to the invention,
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a wave generator as can be used in the shock wave source of FIG. 2,
  • FIG. 4 shows a shock wave source with a larger opening,
  • Figure 5 two films, each of which a coil can be wound is.

Figur 1 zeigt einen Patientenkörper K und eine Stosswellen­quelle, bestehend aus dem Wellenerzeuger W und dem Reflek­tor R. Der Wellenerzeuger W ist hier als Zylinder ausge­bildet, auf dessen dem Reflektor R zugewandten Deckfläche D die abstrahlenden Elemente E (z.B. Piezoelemente oder eine elektromagnetische Spule) angeordnet sind. Die Elemente E strahlen die Wellen nach links zum Reflektor R hin ab, von wo sie auf den Brennpunkt F, der auf der Mittelachse A des Reflektors liegt, fokussiert werden. Der Reflektor R ist mit einer Flüssigkeit gefüllt und mit einer Membran gegen­über dem Körper K abgeschlossen. Eventuelle Ankoppelkissen sind hier nicht gezeigt. Eingezeichnet sind die Wellen­normalen von Stosswellen, die von den Elementen E erzeugt werden, nach links auf den Reflektor laufen, von dort reflektiert werden, und sich im Brennpunkt F treffen.FIG. 1 shows a patient's body K and a shock wave source, consisting of the wave generator W and the reflector R. The wave generator W is designed here as a cylinder, on the top surface D of which faces the reflector R, the radiating elements E (for example piezo elements or an electromagnetic coil) are arranged are. The elements E radiate the waves to the left towards the reflector R, from where they are focused on the focal point F, which lies on the central axis A of the reflector. The reflector R is filled with a liquid and sealed off from the body K with a membrane. Possible coupling pads are not shown here. The wave normals of shock waves, which are generated by the elements E, run to the left onto the reflector, are reflected from there, and meet at the focal point F are drawn in.

Figur 2 zeigt eine andere Ausführung, bei der die Stoss­wellenquelle einen zylinderförmigen Wellenerzeuger W auf­weist, bei dem die abstrahlenden Elemente E auf der Mantel­fläche M des Wellenerzeugers aufgebracht sind. Die Elemente E strahlen radial nach außen ab. Die Stosswellen werden vom Reflektor R wiederum auf den Brennpunkt F fokussiert, der zum einen im Körper K des Patienten liegt und zum anderen auf der Symmetrieachse A der Stosswellenquelle.FIG. 2 shows another embodiment in which the shock wave source has a cylindrical wave generator W, in which the radiating elements E are applied to the outer surface M of the wave generator. The elements E radiate radially outwards. The shock waves are in turn focused by the reflector R on the focal point F, which lies on the one hand in the patient's body K and on the other hand on the axis of symmetry A of the shock wave source.

Nicht gezeigt sind hier die Füllung der Stosswellenquelle mit schalleitendem Medium und eventuelle Ankopplungen über Kissen oder ähnliches.The filling of the shock wave source with sound-conducting medium and possible connections via pillows or the like are not shown here.

Figur 3 zeigt eine Ausführung eines Wellenerzeugers, wie er bei der Stosswellenquelle der Figur 2 einsetzbar ist.FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a wave generator as can be used in the shock wave source of FIG. 2.

Der Wellenerzeuger W besteht hier aus einem keramischen oder glasartigen Träger T, um den eine Flachspule FS ge­wickelt ist. Diese Spule kann aus diskretem Kupferdraht aufgebaut sein, sie kann auch durch kupferbeschichtetes Kapton, das entsprechend geätzt ist, so daß ein einziger Kupferstreifen übrigbleibt, der anschließend aufgewickelt wurde, hergestellt sein. Dieser Träger T mit Flachspule FS wird umgeben von einer zylindrischen Membran Z, die den Träger T wie ein Mantel M umgibt. Die Zylindermembran Z besteht in dieser Ausführung aus einer Kupferschicht Cu und einer Edelstahlschicht Ed.The wave generator W here consists of a ceramic or glass-like carrier T, around which a flat coil FS is wound. This coil can be constructed from discrete copper wire, it can also be made by copper-coated Kapton, which is appropriately etched so that a single copper strip remains, which was then wound up. This carrier T with flat coil FS is surrounded by a cylindrical membrane Z which surrounds the carrier T like a jacket M. The cylinder diaphragm Z in this version consists of a copper layer Cu and a stainless steel layer Ed.

Die nicht eingezeichnete Isolierung zwischen Bandspule FS und Kupfermembran Z kann aus einer separaten Schicht Kapton bestehen; sie kann bei geeigneter Wickeltechnik der kupfer­beschichteten abgeätzten Kaptonfolie von dieser selbst über­nommen werden, wie anhand von Figur 5 geschildert. Der in der Figur sichtbare Spalt zwischen der Isolierung der Spule FS und der Membran Z ist möglichst eng auszulegen, ideal gleich null.The insulation (not shown) between the tape reel FS and the copper membrane Z can consist of a separate layer of Kapton; it can be taken over by the copper-coated, etched-off Kapton foil itself with a suitable winding technique, as described with reference to FIG. 5. The gap visible in the figure between the insulation of the coil FS and the membrane Z should be designed as narrow as possible, ideally zero.

Figur 4 zeigt schematisch eine Stosswellenquelle mit dem radial abstrahlenden zylindrischen Wellenerzeuger W und dem Reflektor R, der ihn umgibt. Aus dieser Figur können realisierbare Größenverhältnisse der Bauteile zueinander und Winkel abgelesen werden. Figur 4 zeigt eine maßstabs­getreue (1:2) Realisierung. Die Daten im einzelnen:
- Länge Spule: 13 cm
- Durchmesser Spule: 6 cm
- Fokuslänge: 15 cm
- Apertur 42.4⁰
- Durchmesser Paraboloid: 27.4 cm
Die abstrahlende Fläche entspricht dabei der einer ebenen EMSE mit fast 18 cm Durchmesser. Durch den endlichen Radius der Zylinderquelle ergibt sich ein minimaler Aperturwinkel, der allerdings nicht durch Abschattung der Quelle zu Stande kommt. Verlängerung des Zylinders ermöglicht eine Vergrös­serung der Fläche, wobei sich der Parabeldurchmesser im selben Maße vergrössert. Ortung ist unter Umständen durch die zentrale Öffnung der Quelle möglich. Die radial abge­strahlten Wellen werden vom paraboidförmigen Reflektor R auf den Brennpunkt F auf der Spulenachse A gelenkt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Öffnungswinkel φ und Abstand:Linien­quelle - Fokus h lautet hier:
h = p·cos φ / (1+sin φ )
wobei p der Parabelparameter ist (y²=2px). Der Fokus liegt bei x=p/2. Äquivalent dazu ist
tan φ = (p/h-h/p)/2FIG. 4 schematically shows a shock wave source with the radially radiating cylindrical wave generator W and the reflector R which surrounds it. Realizable size relationships of the components to one another and angles can be read from this figure. Figure 4 shows a scale (1: 2) implementation. The data in detail:
- Coil length: 13 cm
- Coil diameter: 6 cm
- Focus length: 15 cm
- aperture 42.4⁰
- Paraboloid diameter: 27.4 cm
The radiating surface corresponds to that of a flat one EMSE with a diameter of almost 18 cm. The finite radius of the cylinder source results in a minimal aperture angle, which, however, does not come about due to shading of the source. Extending the cylinder allows the surface to be enlarged, with the parabolic diameter increasing to the same extent. Localization may be possible through the central opening of the source. The radially emitted waves are directed by the paraboid reflector R to the focal point F on the coil axis A. The relationship between aperture angle φ and distance: line source - focus h is here:
h = pcos φ / (1 + sin φ)
where p is the parabola parameter (y² = 2px). The focus is on x = p / 2. Is equivalent to this
tan φ = (p / hh / p) / 2

Ein Vorteil dieser Geometrie besteht darin, aus einer kleinen, kompakten Flächenquelle eine hohe Apertur und damit gute Fokussierung zu erzielen.
Die Druckamplitude f( φ ) in der Apertur folgt dem Gesetz für eine Zylinderwelle und ist im Zentralbereich überhöht:
f(φ ) ∼ (sin φ (1+sin φ ))-1/2 One advantage of this geometry is that you can achieve a high aperture and therefore good focusing from a small, compact surface source.
The pressure amplitude f (φ) in the aperture follows the law for a cylinder shaft and is excessive in the central area:
f (φ) ∼ (sin φ (1 + sin φ)) -1/2

Figur 5 zeigt schematisch Beispiele für zwei Kaptonfolien Ka, die jeweils einen Streifen Kupfer Cu tragen. Auf der linken Kaptonfolie ist der Kupferstreifen in der Mitte auf­gebracht, bei der Rechten rechts. Durch schraubenförmiges Aufwickeln jeder der Folien auf einen zylindrischen Träger, so daß eine Kupferschicht neben der anderen liegt, lässt sich je eine Flachspule herstellen. Dabei überlappen dann die linken Kaptonschichten über die vorher gewickelten Kupferschichten Cu und dienen dort als Isolierung. Beim Aufwickeln der rechts gezeigten Folie überlappen dann zwei Isolationsschichten.Figure 5 shows schematically examples of two Kapton foils Ka, each carrying a strip of copper Cu. The copper strip is applied in the middle on the left Kapton foil, on the right on the right. By helically winding each of the foils onto a cylindrical support so that one copper layer lies next to the other produce a flat coil each. The left Kapton layers then overlap over the previously wound copper layers Cu and serve as insulation there. When the film shown on the right is wound up, two insulation layers then overlap.

Claims (9)

1. Stosswellenquelle, insbesondere für die berührungsfreie Lithotripsie, mit einem flächigen Wellenerzeuger (W) und einem parabelförmigen Reflektor (R), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wellenerzeuger (W) Zylindergeometrie oder Ringgeometrie hat und daß die Wellen durch eine einzige Reflexion vom Reflektor (R) auf einen Brennpunkt (F) in der Längsachse (A) des Wellenerzeugers (W) fokussiert werden.1. shock wave source, in particular for non-contact lithotripsy, with a flat wave generator (W) and a parabolic reflector (R), characterized in that the wave generator (W) has cylinder geometry or ring geometry and that the waves by a single reflection from the reflector (R ) are focused on a focal point (F) in the longitudinal axis (A) of the wave generator (W). 2. Stosswellenquelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich­net, daß die abstrahlenden Elemente (E) eben sind und auf der dem Reflektor (R) zugewandten Deckfläche (D) des Wellenerzeugers (u) angeordnet sind.2. Shock wave source according to claim 1, characterized in that the radiating elements (E) are flat and on the reflector (R) facing the top surface (D) of the wave generator (u) are arranged. 3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wellenerzeuger (W) als Hohlzylinder ausgebildet ist und daß der Brennpunkt (F) auf der dem Reflektor (R) abgewandten Seite des Wellenerzeugers (W) liegt.3. Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the wave generator (W) is designed as a hollow cylinder and that the focal point (F) is on the side of the wave generator (W) facing away from the reflector (R). 4. Stosswellenquelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich­net, daß die abstrahlenden Elemente (E) auf der Mantel­fläche (M) des Wellenerzeugers (W) angeordnet sind.4. Shock wave source according to claim 1, characterized in that the radiating elements (E) on the outer surface (M) of the wave generator (W) are arranged. 5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als abstrahlende Elemente (E) Piezoelemente oder elektromagnetische Spulensysteme verwendet sind.5. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that piezo elements or electromagnetic coil systems are used as radiating elements (E). 6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4 oder Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als abstrahlende Elemente (E) eine Zylinderspule mit zylindrisch sie umgebender Membran (Z) verwendet ist.6. Apparatus according to claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that a solenoid with a cylindrical surrounding membrane (Z) is used as the radiating elements (E). 7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zylinderspule einlagig aus flachen Leiterbahnen gewickelt ist.7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the solenoid is wound in one layer from flat conductor tracks. 8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zylindrische Membran (Z) eine Kupferschicht (Cu) und eine Edelstahlschicht (Ed) oder mehrere durch Isolationsschichten getrennte Metallschichten enthält.8. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the cylindrical membrane (Z) contains a copper layer (Cu) and a stainless steel layer (Ed) or more metal layers separated by insulation layers. 9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Membran thermisch aufgeschrumpft ist und da­durch eng anliegt.9. The device according to claim 8, characterized in that the membrane is shrunk thermally and thereby fits tightly.
EP90102352A 1989-03-09 1990-02-07 Shock wave generator Expired - Lifetime EP0386479B1 (en)

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DE3907605 1989-03-09
DE3907605A DE3907605C2 (en) 1989-03-09 1989-03-09 Shock wave source

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JPH0832265B2 (en) 1996-03-29
DE3907605C2 (en) 1996-04-04
DE3907605A1 (en) 1990-09-13
EP0386479B1 (en) 1996-10-23
EP0386479A3 (en) 1991-05-29
ES2096564T3 (en) 1997-03-16
US5174280A (en) 1992-12-29
JPH02274242A (en) 1990-11-08

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