EP0381550A1 - Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum schnellen Erkennen von Wasserzeichen mit elektromagnetischer Strahlung - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum schnellen Erkennen von Wasserzeichen mit elektromagnetischer Strahlung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0381550A1
EP0381550A1 EP90400166A EP90400166A EP0381550A1 EP 0381550 A1 EP0381550 A1 EP 0381550A1 EP 90400166 A EP90400166 A EP 90400166A EP 90400166 A EP90400166 A EP 90400166A EP 0381550 A1 EP0381550 A1 EP 0381550A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coupon
watermark
values
point
transmitted
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90400166A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0381550B1 (de
Inventor
Michel Camus
Pierre Marcel Gabriel Frixon
Michel Pesquier
Jean-Paul Menez
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ArjoWiggins SAS
Original Assignee
Arjomari Prioux SA
ArjoWiggins SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=9377961&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0381550(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Arjomari Prioux SA, ArjoWiggins SAS filed Critical Arjomari Prioux SA
Publication of EP0381550A1 publication Critical patent/EP0381550A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0381550B1 publication Critical patent/EP0381550B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/04—Testing magnetic properties of the materials thereof, e.g. by detection of magnetic imprint
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G07D7/2008—Testing patterns thereon using pre-processing, e.g. de-blurring, averaging, normalisation or rotation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for automatic recognition of watermarks by electromagnetic radiation and more particularly to a method for the recognition of watermarks by ultra-violet rays or X-rays.
  • the invention further relates to a device for implementing such a method.
  • fiduciary and security papers include watermarks which are obtained, during the manufacture of the sheet of paper, by round shapes comprising intaglio and / or relief imprints or by means of watermark rollers comprising drawings. recessed and / or raised associated with a flat table (Fourdrinier machine).
  • the light areas are due to the fact that the sheet thickness and the fiber density are lower than the sheet thickness and the fiber density in the areas where the watermark has not been imprinted .
  • the dark areas are due to the fact that the thickness of the sheet and the density of the fibers are greater.
  • Watermarks are an excellent means of recognizing authentic papers. Indeed, the watermark does not reproduce by printing or photocopying, however, the counterfeiters reproduce the prints carried on fiduciary papers, using white inks or opacifying or transparentizing materials.
  • An object of the invention is to provide an automatic method for recognizing watermarks.
  • Another object of the invention is therefore to provide a method of recognizing watermarks which is reliable and rapid.
  • An object of the invention is therefore to provide a rapid automatic process which makes it possible, when a sorting of used coupons is carried out on a machine, to simultaneously detect counterfeits by recognizing the watermark for banknote conveyor speeds included , for example between 10 and 60 tickets per second.
  • Another object of the invention is to recognize a watermark despite the aging due to soiling, creasing, stains, holes in the coupon due to its use.
  • an object of the invention is to provide a device for recognizing watermarks, having a sufficiently small size to be able to be adapted to a device for sorting new or used coupons.
  • Another object of the invention is to recognize counterfeiting.
  • Document FR-A-2 218 599 describes a device making it possible to recognize a graphic characteristic of the document to be checked by comparison with a reference standard.
  • the graphics consist for example of a series of printed lines.
  • the device comprises a read head constituted by a fiber optic reflection sensor and an electronic circuit which comprises a source of reference signals constituted by a read only memory.
  • Document EP-A-56116 describes a device comprising a probe which detects a property over the entire surface of a coupon, the resulting signal being subjected to integration over successive intervals, then transformed into digital form and then compared with different models saved.
  • Document EP-A-72237 describes an optical device for examining a sheet, more particularly a ticket.
  • This device comprises means for defining a path of movement of the sheet, means for moving the sheet along the path of movement, a photodetector which receives light from an illuminated strip of the sheet and analysis means for comparing the signal which leaves the photodetector with a recorded signal.
  • the illuminated strip is located in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of movement of the sheet and extends, in said perpendicular direction, beyond the side edges of the surface of the sheet as it moves along the path of movement.
  • the means for illuminating the strip consist of a light source and an arrangement of optical fibers in a fishtail.
  • the photodetector receives all the light coming from the illuminated strip and generates, at all times, a single intensity signal representing the total intensity of all the light coming from the strip.
  • the analysis means compare a wave representing the variation of the intensity for the sheet strip with a wave representing the intensity for a strip which is stored in a memory.
  • the device does not use a high resolution detector, because with such a detector which includes pixels having a small size, it is necessary to process a large amount of information.
  • the running speed of tickets is 20 to 40 tickets per second, and sometimes up to 60 tickets per second.
  • US Pat. No. 4,296,326 describes a method and a device for detecting the absence or presence of a watermark.
  • a first step we measure the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the paper. The leaves which are fluorescent to ultraviolet radiation are eliminated.
  • a second step we measure the transmission of visible light and we eliminates sheets with constant transmittance.
  • Document A-FR-2 363 100 describes a process for checking strips of paper provided with watermarks which reproduce periodically. However, this method does not make it possible to recognize a watermark produced in a unitary coupon, such as a banknote.
  • Document EP-A-101115 describes a ticket recognition device which detects printed designs, as well as dimensions, color and fluorescence with ultraviolet rays.
  • This device comprises a series of photo-diodes which receive the light emitted by a lamp 6. This light is visible and its part of ultraviolet radiation is deflected to test the fluorescence of the paper. We therefore do not use UV rays to recognize the watermark.
  • Document EP-A-078708 describes a device which is used to recognize the designs printed on the surface of banknotes. Such a device uses means for illuminating the design on the surface. These can be filtered light so that only UV rays pass through. A linear photodetector assembly collects the light. A digital analog converter transforms the signals emitted by these photodetectors and a correlator compares pixel by pixel the signals emitted with reference signals. Such a device has many drawbacks. Indeed, the light source does not work at an adequate wavelength to get rid of dirt. Indeed, above about 400 nanometers, dirt diffracts light and therefore disturbs the recognition of the watermark.
  • the light that is captured in such a device can be the light transmitted after passing through the watermark, or through the ink prints or through the tears. Consequently, this device will not be able to recognize as authentic a ticket that has been stained or torn.
  • the applicant has found that it is possible to recognize a watermark, carried by a coupon, by using a device comprising a high resolution detector, and by processing the data obtained at a speed compatible with the speed of movement of the coupons in conveyors placed in sorting machines usually used. You can also recognize the image regardless of the direction of travel of the ticket.
  • the method according to the invention is remarkable in that the energy transmitted It is captured, which is a function of the density of the coupon. We do not capture the energy transmitted through impressions, stains, holes. We therefore only capture the characteristics of the watermark and we completely ignore parasitic noise.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that the transmitted intensities are transferred in series. Such a transfer is much easier to carry out than a transfer as practiced in the prior art.
  • the detection resolution is greater than 100 points per line or pixels, preferably 128 pixels, more preferably each point having a size of 500 micrometers by 500 micrometers.
  • the method according to the invention is such that the electromagnetic wave is preferably ultraviolet radiation.
  • the electromagnetic wave is preferably ultraviolet radiation.
  • radiation of shorter wavelength for example X.
  • the method of the invention is such that the comparison of the digital reference values is carried out with the digital values to be compared for a period of time between approximately 5 and 30 milliseconds.
  • the method according to the invention is such that a subset of the recorded values is transferred and copied, these values corresponding to a preselected area, which is the area in which the watermark to be authenticated is found.
  • the invention further relates to a rapid and automatic device for recognizing the watermark of a unitary coupon, said watermark being formed by variations in density of the coupon in its thickness, comprising: means for illuminating at least one watermark by an electromagnetic wave, having a wavelength less than approximately 400 nanometers, means of point-by-point capture and detection of the intensities of energy transmitted I n t through the coupon according to analog values, each intensity I n t corresponding to a point n being transferred in series at the intensity I n + 1 t corresponding to point n + 1, - means for entering and transforming analog values into digital values, - means for recording digital values, - means for comparing numerical values.
  • the device according to the invention comprises means 1 for conveying the coupons 2.
  • An example of coupon 2 is shown in FIG. 4.
  • This coupon 2 is preferably made up of a sheet 3, for example of paper, provided with a zone 4 comprising a watermark 5.
  • FIG. 2a shows such a watermark in section (along the line AA in FIG. 4).
  • the conveying means 1 are more preferably a conveyor 2a provided with a drive roller 2b.
  • Watermark 5 is an authentic watermark, obtained during the manufacture of sheet 3.
  • the authentic watermark 5 is such that the density of the fibers constituting the paper varies. This variation in density is almost impossible to imitate by counterfeiters. It generates a differential transmission of the energy emitted by means of illumination of the image 5 by electromagnetic waves.
  • a source of rays at 13 which emits at a wavelength of less than about 400 nanometers and can for example be a source of X-rays, of ultra-violet rays.
  • a source of radiation is preferred, the transmission of which is insensitive to parasitic absorption due to dirt, to folds.
  • a source of ultraviolet rays is preferred.
  • the illumination of coupon 2 is made in a strip perpendicular to the longitudinal axis YY of coupon 2.
  • the device according to an embodiment of the invention can therefore comprise a source 13 of ultraviolet rays, for example a source emitting rays of wavelength, preferably between approximately 100 nanometers and approximately 400 nanometers. Zone 4 is illuminated using these UV rays, of energy intensity I e .
  • the intensity of the energy transmitted I1 t through the hollow 9, of fiber density lower than the fiber density of the sheet 3, is then greater than the intensity I t 2 transmitted through the sheet 3.
  • the intensity I t 3 transmitted through the bump 11 is on the other hand lower than the intensity I t 2.
  • the authentic watermark 5 can be characterized by the differences in intensities transmitted.
  • the illumination means according to the invention are such that the beam 14 of emitted rays reaches a separator 15, for example a dichroic mirror, making it possible to eliminate the radiations not included in the desired wavelength range, by example not between 100 and 400 nanometers.
  • a separator 15 for example a dichroic mirror
  • visible and infrared radiation can be eliminated by heat dissipation by means of a radiator 16 placed behind the mirror 15.
  • a set of lenses 17, 18 makes it possible to adjust the zone 4 of illumination of the coupon 2
  • the intensity I t transmitted can converge at the point of convergence 19 on a so-called "DTC" ramp (charge transfer device). It is preferably a high definition silicon ramp capturing the intensity I t transmitted after passing through the defined zone 4.
  • the ramp comprises 128 pixels of 500 micrometers x 500 micrometers.
  • This high definition ramp is one of the essential means of the invention. Indeed, it makes it possible to transfer each signal S t corresponding to each intensity transmitted I t , this transfer taking place in series, that is to say that each signal S t is transmitted before the signal corresponding to the next point (or next pixel ) S t + 1 . This transfer by offset is much easier to implement than a transfer carried out by a photodetector coupled with a multiplexer which performs sequential scanning.
  • the conveying means 1 make it possible to scroll the coupons 2 at a speed of several tens of coupons per second, preferably between 10 and 60 coupons per second, more preferably 40 coupons per second.
  • the coupons 2 having paraded and having been illuminated can be recovered in a tank 21 when the device according to the invention has detected that the coupons were authentic and can be eliminated when the device has detected that the coupons are counterfeits.
  • the displacement D of the coupons 2 is preferably done along the axes YY, but can also be done along the transverse axis ZZ of the coupon, while the illumination is done perpendicular to the plane of the coupon 2, in direction X (figure 1).
  • the invention is remarkable in that the illuminated area is linear, but corresponds to the entire plane P of coupon 2, in that the coupon 2 moves.
  • the device according to the invention comprises means for inputting (in the form of signals) the analog values of the intensities I T 1, I T 2, I T 3, ... I T N transmitted and means for transforming these analog values in numerical values.
  • these means of inputting and transforming values are constituted by an acquisition and digitization module 22, preferably a module called "MAXSCAN” and sold by the American company DATACUBE Incorporated Inc . Then the digital values are transferred into a memory 23.
  • the memory 23 is a memory sold under the name "ROI-STORE” by the company DATACUBE.
  • the values thus obtained can be transferred to a display screen which makes it possible to view the image of the coupon 2 in its entirety.
  • a display screen is preferably used for purposes of experimentation or demonstration.
  • the memory 23 can record the digital values of the intensities transmitted by the coupon 2 as a whole.
  • the invention is remarkable in that, thanks to a characteristic of the memory 23 (Region of Interest Store), a subset of these values is transferred and copied into a working memory 24 constituted by a vector processor sold under the designation "EUCLID" by the company DATACUBE. This processor is used to process the correlation algorithms.
  • the values which are copied are, according to a characteristic of the invention, the values which correspond to the watermark 5 to be authenticated.
  • a useful area 25 is therefore defined. This useful area 25 is therefore for example, if one refers to FIG. 2A, that which is along the longitudinal YY axis or the transverse ZZ axis of the coupon 2, lying between the point 26 and the opposite point 27, from which there is a difference in thickness and density of the fibers in the sheet 3 of paper.
  • the useful area 25 treated is therefore the area illuminated according to the diameter D. The same is true for all the diameters located in the plane P of the coupon 2. Also, with reference to FIG.
  • the useful area 25 is an ellipse , of diameter D along the longitudinal axis YY but, has a diameter D ′ between the points 28, 29 located on the transverse axis ZZ, of the coupon 2 passing through the center 0 of the watermark.
  • a new recording of a coupon 7 is carried out which can, for example, be non authentic.
  • the digital values of the energy intensities transferred by a useful area are recorded, as above, and they are compared in the working memory 24 with the reference values.
  • the result is transmitted to a processing card 30.
  • This card is a central processing unit CPU (or Central Processing Unit) which comprises a microprocessor.
  • CPU Central Processing Unit
  • the comparison is carried out by successive shifts of the image to be compared in order to reveal a maximum of correlation.
  • the tolerances may for example be plus or minus 4 mm relative to the edges of the coupon 2.
  • the general structure of the authentication algorithm can for example be as follows: - we wait for the signal of the presence of a watermark at the output of the MA module (MAXCAN), - some values stored in 23 are transferred to the EUCLID 24 memory.
  • the transmitted values correspond to a useful area which can be adjusted.
  • this useful area can be a square of 64 x 64 pixels, and therefore correspond to a part of the image. This area can also be oval and encompass the entire image, - the average value of the current image is measured (mean courtyard) (FIG. 5), - a likelihood test is performed on the value "average cour", - a deworming step is carried out around "mean courtyard".
  • the invention makes it possible to recognize watermarks on coupons of: - paper with authentic watermark - aged paper with authentic watermark - paper without watermark - aged paper without watermark - paper with different watermark - aged paper with different watermark - paper with adhesive tape on watermark.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
EP90400166A 1989-01-23 1990-01-22 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum schnellen Erkennen von Wasserzeichen mit elektromagnetischer Strahlung Revoked EP0381550B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8900739 1989-01-23
FR8900739A FR2642199B1 (fr) 1989-01-23 1989-01-23 Procede de reconnaissance d'images par rayonnements electromagnetiques et dispositifs pour la mise en oeuvre d'un tel procede

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0381550A1 true EP0381550A1 (de) 1990-08-08
EP0381550B1 EP0381550B1 (de) 1995-04-26

Family

ID=9377961

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90400166A Revoked EP0381550B1 (de) 1989-01-23 1990-01-22 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum schnellen Erkennen von Wasserzeichen mit elektromagnetischer Strahlung

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0381550B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69018845T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2642199B1 (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0485694A2 (de) * 1990-11-13 1992-05-20 Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield Hochgeschwindigkeitssystem zur Echtheitsprüfung von Dokumenten
WO1996018978A1 (en) * 1994-12-14 1996-06-20 The Secretary Of State For Defence Method of authenticating watermarked paper
GB2309781A (en) * 1994-12-14 1997-08-06 Secr Defence Method of authenticating watermarked paper
WO1998003945A1 (en) * 1996-07-19 1998-01-29 Mars, Incorporated Security coupon for electronic lock on vending machine
ES2145711A1 (es) * 1998-07-09 2000-07-01 Nacional Moneda Timbre Procedimiento y dispositivo para la deteccion y descodificacion optico-electronica de marcas de agua de codigo de barras.
EP0891608B1 (de) * 1996-02-05 2003-11-12 Mars Incorporated Prüfung von sicherheitsdokumenten
WO2008149051A1 (en) 2007-06-06 2008-12-11 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus for analysing a security document
WO2008149052A1 (en) * 2007-06-06 2008-12-11 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus and method for analysing a security document
US8464875B2 (en) 2007-06-06 2013-06-18 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus for analysing a security document

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2196494A1 (de) * 1972-07-28 1974-03-15 Titn
FR2428287A1 (fr) * 1978-06-06 1980-01-04 Bianchi Enrico Machine pour le controle automatique de la qualite des billets de banque et des papiers valeur fraichement imprimes
FR2443107A1 (fr) * 1978-12-01 1980-06-27 Radioelectrique Comp Ind Procede de controle de l'etat physique d'un document imprime et installation pour la mise en oeuvre du procede
EP0078708A2 (de) * 1981-11-03 1983-05-11 De La Rue Systems Limited Einrichtung zur Sortierung von Blättern entsprechend ihren Mustern
EP0101115A1 (de) * 1982-07-20 1984-02-22 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO Gerät zur Erkennung und Prüfung von Banknoten oder dergleichen
US4435834A (en) * 1978-06-06 1984-03-06 Gao Gesellschaft Fur Automation And Organisation Mbh Method and means for determining the state and/or genuineness of flat articles
GB2199173A (en) * 1986-11-11 1988-06-29 Laurel Bank Machine Co Bill discriminating device

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2196494A1 (de) * 1972-07-28 1974-03-15 Titn
FR2428287A1 (fr) * 1978-06-06 1980-01-04 Bianchi Enrico Machine pour le controle automatique de la qualite des billets de banque et des papiers valeur fraichement imprimes
US4435834A (en) * 1978-06-06 1984-03-06 Gao Gesellschaft Fur Automation And Organisation Mbh Method and means for determining the state and/or genuineness of flat articles
FR2443107A1 (fr) * 1978-12-01 1980-06-27 Radioelectrique Comp Ind Procede de controle de l'etat physique d'un document imprime et installation pour la mise en oeuvre du procede
EP0078708A2 (de) * 1981-11-03 1983-05-11 De La Rue Systems Limited Einrichtung zur Sortierung von Blättern entsprechend ihren Mustern
EP0101115A1 (de) * 1982-07-20 1984-02-22 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO Gerät zur Erkennung und Prüfung von Banknoten oder dergleichen
GB2199173A (en) * 1986-11-11 1988-06-29 Laurel Bank Machine Co Bill discriminating device

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0485694A2 (de) * 1990-11-13 1992-05-20 Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield Hochgeschwindigkeitssystem zur Echtheitsprüfung von Dokumenten
EP0485694A3 (de) * 1990-11-13 1995-06-07 Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield
US5854673A (en) * 1994-12-14 1998-12-29 Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain & Northern Ireland Of Defence Method of authenticating watermarked paper
GB2309781A (en) * 1994-12-14 1997-08-06 Secr Defence Method of authenticating watermarked paper
GB2309781B (en) * 1994-12-14 1998-11-11 Secr Defence Method of authenticating watermarked paper
WO1996018978A1 (en) * 1994-12-14 1996-06-20 The Secretary Of State For Defence Method of authenticating watermarked paper
EP0891608B1 (de) * 1996-02-05 2003-11-12 Mars Incorporated Prüfung von sicherheitsdokumenten
WO1998003945A1 (en) * 1996-07-19 1998-01-29 Mars, Incorporated Security coupon for electronic lock on vending machine
US5907141A (en) * 1996-07-19 1999-05-25 Mars Incorporated Use of security coupons in connection with locking mechanisms for vending and gaming machines
ES2145711A1 (es) * 1998-07-09 2000-07-01 Nacional Moneda Timbre Procedimiento y dispositivo para la deteccion y descodificacion optico-electronica de marcas de agua de codigo de barras.
WO2008149051A1 (en) 2007-06-06 2008-12-11 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus for analysing a security document
WO2008149052A1 (en) * 2007-06-06 2008-12-11 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus and method for analysing a security document
US8464875B2 (en) 2007-06-06 2013-06-18 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus for analysing a security document
US8472676B2 (en) 2007-06-06 2013-06-25 De La Rue International Limited Apparatus and method for analysing a security document

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69018845T2 (de) 1995-09-28
FR2642199B1 (fr) 1992-04-10
EP0381550B1 (de) 1995-04-26
FR2642199A1 (fr) 1990-07-27
DE69018845D1 (de) 1995-06-01

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