EP0375887B1 - Méthode et dispositif pour le coupage et le nettoyage d'objets, ainsi que l'enlèvement de matériau par un mélange d'eau et de particules abrasives - Google Patents

Méthode et dispositif pour le coupage et le nettoyage d'objets, ainsi que l'enlèvement de matériau par un mélange d'eau et de particules abrasives Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0375887B1
EP0375887B1 EP89120368A EP89120368A EP0375887B1 EP 0375887 B1 EP0375887 B1 EP 0375887B1 EP 89120368 A EP89120368 A EP 89120368A EP 89120368 A EP89120368 A EP 89120368A EP 0375887 B1 EP0375887 B1 EP 0375887B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mixing chamber
abrasive
water jet
outlet
nozzle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89120368A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0375887A2 (fr
EP0375887A3 (fr
Inventor
Hannes Domann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
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GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH filed Critical GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
Publication of EP0375887A2 publication Critical patent/EP0375887A2/fr
Publication of EP0375887A3 publication Critical patent/EP0375887A3/fr
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
    • B24C1/04—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
    • B24C1/045—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass for cutting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00—Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • B24C5/02—Blast guns, e.g. for generating high velocity abrasive fluid jets for cutting materials
    • B24C5/04—Nozzles therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1 for cutting and cleaning objects, as well as for targeted material removal by means of a high-pressure water jet which traverses a mixing chamber from an inlet to an outlet and which an abrasive in the mixing chamber is introduced into the water jet is added, and a device according to the preamble of claim 5 for carrying out the method.
  • abrasive agent is added to a water jet crossing the mixing chamber, in such a way that the abrasive agent is placed under one acute angle relative to the water jet.
  • the mixing chamber diameter is smaller than the free jet length in the chamber.
  • the object is achieved according to the method according to the invention in that the abrasive in the mixing chamber is introduced substantially orthogonally to the water steel axis and is cut directly and specifically into the water jet passing through it, the abrasive also accumulating around the outlet to form an abrasive channel.
  • Another advantage of the method is the feasibility of small free jet lengths in the mixing chamber.
  • the resulting small jet divergences when the water-abrasive mixture enters the inlet opening of the abrasive nozzle result in less abrasion in an outlet nozzle and smaller power losses when the abrasive jet is focused in the outlet nozzle.
  • the fact that the abrasive is added to the mixing chamber in such a way that it also accumulates around the outlet to form an abrasive channel means that the formation of the abrasive channel in the mixture of the spray component which is deposited around the outlet immediately after start-up is advantageously achieved of the water jet and the supplied dry abrasive is carried out automatically within the first seconds.
  • the tapering of the abrasive agent channel around the water jet in the mixing chamber causes an increase in the air speed in this area and thus an additional acceleration of the hard material particles.
  • the mixing chamber wall is protected from erosion by the abrasive itself - which in the known device very quickly rendered it unusable.
  • the abrasive is introduced into the water jet essentially orthogonally to the water jet level, there is an optimal supply of the abrasive to the water jet, ie the shortest possible path from the mouth of the abrasive inlet to the water jet.
  • the abrasive can preferably also be added to the mixing chamber in such a way that it is deposited on all walls of the mixing chamber, so that they are reliably protected against erosion damage.
  • the abrasive can in principle be added to the mixing chamber if any suitable pressure is selected.
  • the abrasive is preferably added to the mixing chamber in a pressure range of 1 bar relative to the internal pressure. Abrasive pressures from 1 to 120 bar are possible.
  • the device for carrying out the method is characterized in that the axis of the abrasive inlet in the mixing chamber runs essentially orthogonally to the water jet axis and intersects it in the mixing chamber, the mixing chamber being designed with an essentially cylindrical cross section, the diameter of which is greater than the free path of the water jet through the mixing chamber.
  • the advantage of this arrangement lies essentially in the fact that the particles of the abrasive injected via the abrasive inlet are introduced into the water jet in the shortest possible way, so that, as desired according to the invention, an optimal feed geometry for the abrasive is achieved.
  • Mixing chambers of this type are relatively easy to manufacture and, due to their symmetrical structure, offer the same radial distance on all sides around the water jet axis, so that, when commissioned, moisturized abrasive can accumulate as intended around the outlet.
  • the mixing chamber can preferably be funnel-shaped or conical in cross-section around the outlet, so that a dead volume can form in particular if the outlet nozzle for the outlet of the water-abrasive mixture from the device at least partially protrudes into the mixing chamber. which is the starting point for the deposition of the moistened abrasive on the bottom of the mixing chamber.
  • the outlet nozzle will advantageously be arranged in the center of the cylindrical mixing chamber, but embodiments are also conceivable in which the outlet nozzle is not arranged centrally to the axis of the mixing chamber, for example in the presence of adjustable centering aids.
  • the outlet nozzle can advantageously be formed in several parts in addition to the one-piece design.
  • the outlet nozzle is advantageously made of hard metal such as tungsten carbide or the like.
  • the fact is taken into account that in the device according to the invention, only the outlet nozzle is subjected to a strong load by the water-abrasive mixture passing through it, but the preceding mixing chamber is not, since the dampening chamber around the outlet is intended for this purpose Abrasive mixture accumulates.
  • the mixing chamber according to the invention can be formed from materials which are inexpensive to provide in comparison to the hard metal outlet nozzle and which are simple and thus inexpensive to machine.
  • the inlet nozzle is funnel-shaped on its side facing the mixing chamber and enlarges towards the mixing chamber.
  • This configuration of the outlet nozzle is advantageous because the water jet crossing the mixing chamber widens between the inlet into the mixing chamber and the leaving of the mixing chamber via the outlet. Due to the funnel-shaped design of the outlet or the outlet nozzle, the water jet already containing the abrasive is brought together again.
  • the outlet nozzle can have an inlet bore enlarging the nozzle opening on its side facing the mixing chamber.
  • the opening of the outlet nozzle directed towards the mixing chamber is in any case absolutely neither in the form of a funnel nor in the form of the cylindrical bore.
  • the beam expansion is so small because of the short free jet length possible here that no additional expansion in the inlet area of the abrasive nozzle bore is required.
  • free jet length of the water jet within the mixing chamber In order to be able to optimize the overall effectiveness of the device for each predetermined application, it is advantageous to choose the free jet length of the water jet within the mixing chamber. It is advantageous to determine the distance (free path length) between the To design the inlet and the outlet of the water jet in the mixing chamber so as to be adjustable, the distance advantageously being achieved by displacement, for example, of the outlet nozzle in the jet axis direction. For example, free path lengths of the water jet within the mixing chamber can also be set between 2 and 80 mm.
  • the cross section of the abrasive agent inlet can also be made variable, this advantageously being done by inserting a bushing with a suitably selected through hole cross section into the abrasive agent inlet.
  • abrasive agent inlets can be formed in any suitable manner around the water jet axis in the mixing chamber and also at different heights between the inlet and outlet of the mixing chamber.
  • the device 10 consists essentially of a mixing chamber body 120 and a so-called connector 121, which is connected on its free side to a pressure line in a known manner.
  • the connecting piece 121 has a through hole which runs essentially centrally, through which the water 15 which is brought in via the pressure line (not shown) passes.
  • a nozzle insert 24 is provided which, for example, comprises the high-pressure water nozzle 140 made from a hard material such as sapphire or the like.
  • the nozzle insert 24 has a through hole which passes through it essentially centrally, the one end of the through hole which points towards the mixing chamber 12 forming an inlet 13 of the water or water jet 15 into the mixing chamber 12.
  • the nozzle insert 24 can be replaced very quickly in the event of wear, damage or an intentional change in the diameter of the water jet 15, since it is clamped in a centering cone between the connecting piece 121 and a receiving body 122 by means of a thread acting between the two parts.
  • the mixing chamber body 120 is essentially rotationally symmetrical, cf. 1 and 5 in particular.
  • the abrasive 160 which will be described in more detail below, is injected into the water jet 15 passing through the mixing chamber 12 from the inlet 13 to an outlet 14.
  • the mixing chamber 12 is tapered in a funnel shape at its end facing the outlet 14, with reference to the illustration in FIG. 1. However, it can also be planar as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the axis 18 of the water jet 15 is identical to the axis of the cylindrical mixing chamber 12.
  • an outlet nozzle 21 is arranged in the extension of the water jet axis 18 and is made of a hard material exists and has a central through hole for the passage of the water-abrasive mixture 11.
  • the outlet nozzle 21 can have an extension 26 which can come to rest on a corresponding extension or web in the mixing chamber body 120.
  • outlet nozzles 21 can be used, which correspond to the corresponding desired cutting or cleaning parameters desired use can be adapted.
  • the degree of protrusion of the outlet nozzle 21 into the mixing chamber 12 determines the free path or the distance 20 of the water jet 15 between the inlet 13 and the outlet 14, which in this embodiment is formed by the funnel-shaped nozzle opening 23.
  • the outlet nozzle can also be designed in a divided manner. This has the advantage that the precision bore in the hard material nozzle can be manufactured more easily, especially with small diameters, because of the shorter construction of the nozzle parts. In addition, often only the lower nozzle half 211 needs to be replaced if this becomes necessary due to wear of the focusing bore.
  • the upper used nozzle part 210 often has a suitable inlet geometry than a new nozzle after operating times which are not too long while maintaining the jet parameters, since it has been ground in by the preceding abrasive jet exposure.
  • the axis 17 of the abrasive agent inlet 16 extends essentially orthogonally to the water jet axis 18, wherein bushings 25 of different diameters can optionally be inserted and fastened in the abrasive agent inlet 16. Different-sized inner diameters of the bushing 25 are selected to match the selected free path length (distance) 20 in order to adapt the effectiveness of the device 10 to the suitably chosen cleaning or cutting conditions.
  • the alignment of the abrasive nozzle bore 212 parallel and centrically to the water jet axis 18 is advantageously carried out by precise cylinder and / or cone fits 123, 124, 124, 126.
  • a precisely designed abrasive nozzle bore 212 a symmetrical jet exposure to the abrasive nozzle 21 is achieved, which results in low focusing losses and long life of the abrasive nozzle 21 leads.
  • the device 10 can be equipped with suitable adjustment options.
  • the centering of the high-pressure nozzle holder 122 by means of a cone, see FIGS. 5, 125, is advantageously used if the mixing chamber 12 is opened and closed frequently, e.g. for inspection purposes, it is desired that it reliably prevents possible seizure of the centering surfaces by penetrating urea particles.
  • cone centering 125 in connection with the soft material seal 127 additionally permits the subsequent alignment of the abrasive inlet 16 at any desired point on the circumference when the device 10 (cutting head.
  • Abrasive agent 160 is injected directly and specifically and essentially orthogonally to the water jet axis 18 through the abrasive agent inlet 16.
  • the abrasive 160 is injected into the mixing chamber, for example, by air at a pressure of 1 bar relative to the internal pressure of the mixing chamber 12. In special applications, for example in hyperbaric working chambers under water, the abrasive can also be added at higher pressures relative to the internal pressure of the mixing chamber 12.
  • the blasting, mixing chamber and abrasive addition parameters should be adjusted in this mode of operation.
  • the abrasive 160 which can consist, for example, of all common and naturally or synthetically obtained or produced materials such as quartz sand, garnet sand, copper slag, corundum, hard metal particles or other suitable solids, this collects around the outlet 14, which in the present case by the in the Exiting nozzle 21 is formed in the mixing chamber, accumulates and accumulates and forms, together with a portion of spray water naturally occurring in the mixing chamber 12, a humidified accumulated abrasive agent 161.
  • an abrasive agent channel 162 which forms in the accumulated abrasive agent 161 around the outlet 14 is formed and by the subsequent abrasive, which comes from the abrasive inlet 16, is directed into the water jet 15.
  • the walls of the mixing chamber 12 are protected from erosion by the abrasive 160 itself, so that less abrasion-resistant materials can be used to manufacture the mixing chamber 12, for example those which are easy to machine and which are also inexpensive to provide .
  • a suitable pre-acceleration of the abrasive agent 160 can take place due to the geometry of the abrasive agent channel 162 which forms independently as a function of the free path 20 of the water jet 15 and as a function of the pressure of the abrasive agent 160, i. H. the effectiveness of the energy transfer through the water jet 15 to the abrasive is optimized and adapted to the respectively desired conditions.
  • the air bubbles moving in the through bore of the outlet nozzle 21 toward the free nozzle opening are suitable for once again increasing the energy transfer to the abrasive 160.
  • the suitable dimensioning of the opening diameter of the abrasive inlet and also the supply line of the abrasive 160 to the device 10 itself must therefore also be taken into account in order to achieve an optimal amount of air.
  • mixing chambers 12 can be operated or manufactured with the following performance data: Pressure range of the water jet approx. 300 - 6,000 bar hydraulic power 0.5 - 50 kw Abrasive amount 0.1-10 kg / min Air volume 10 - 500 l / min.
  • the outlet nozzle 21 can have a passage opening diameter of 0.5 to 3 mm, the length of the outlet nozzle 21 being between 10 and 200 mm.
  • the free path length (distance) 20 can be between 2 and 80 mm.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Procédé pour le découpage et le nettoyage d'objets ainsi que pour l'enlèvement ciblé de matière à l'aide d'un jet d'eau à haute pression, qui traverse une chambre de mélange d'une entrée jusqu'à une sortie et auquel un agent abrasif est mélangé dans la chambre de mélange, par introduction dans le jet d'eau, caractérisé en ce que dans la chambre de mélange, l'agent abrasif est introduit directement et de façon ciblée dans le jet d'eau traversant la chambre, sensiblement perpendiculairement à l'axe du jet d'eau et de manière à recouper ce dernier, l'agent abrasif s'accumulant également autour de la sortie en formant un canal pour l'agent abrasif.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'agent abrasif est introduit dans la chambre de mélange de telle sorte qu'il se dépose sur toutes les parois de cette chambre.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2 ou selon ces deux revendications, caractérisé en ce que l'agent abrasif est introduit dans la chambre de mélange avec une pression située au niveau de la pression atmosphérique.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2 ou selon ces deux revendications, caractérisé en ce que l'agent abrasif est introduit dans la chambre de mélange dans une gamme de pressions comprise entre 1 et 120 bars.
  5. Dispositif (10) pour le découpage et le nettoyage d'objets au moyen d'un jet d'eau à haute pression (151), qui contient un agent abrasif (160), comprenant une chambre de mélange, qui est traversée transversalement par le jet d'eau (15) depuis une entrée (13) en direction d'une sortie (14), ainsi qu'une entrée dans la chambre de mélange (12) pour l'introduction de l'agent abrasif (160), pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que l'axe (17) de l'entrée (16) pour l'agent abrasif dans la chambre de mélange (12) s'étend sensiblement perpendiculairement à l'axe (18) du jet d'eau et recoupe ce dernier dans la chambre de mélange (12), la chambre de mélange (12) possédant une section transversale essentiellement cylindrique, dont le diamètre est supérieur à la longueur de trajet libre (20) du jet d'eau dans la chambre de mélange.
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la chambre de mélange (12) est réalisée avec une forme d'entonnoir autour de la sortie (14).
  7. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 5 ou 6 ou selon ces deux revendications, caractérisé en ce qu'une buse (21) pour la sortie du mélange (11) formé par l'eau et l'agent abrasif à partir du dispositif (10) pénètre au moins en partie dans la chambre de mélange (12).
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la buse de sortie (21) est formée au centre de la chambre de mélange (12) réalisée avec une forme cylindrique.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 7 ou 8 ou selon ces deux revendications, caractérisé en ce que la buse de sortie (21) est réalisée en un matériau dur.
  10. Dispositif selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 7 à 9, caractérisé en ce que la buse de sortie (21) est formée de plusieurs éléments (210, 211).
  11. Dispositif selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 7 à 10, caractérisé par le fait que la buse de sortie (21) est réalisée avec une forme d'entonnoir sur son côté tourné vers la chambre de mélange (12), et avec une taille qui augmente en direction de la chambre de mélange (10).
  12. Dispositif selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 7 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la buse de sortie (21) possède, sur son côté tourné vers la chambre de mélange (12), un perçage d'entrée qui augmente la taille de l'ouverture (23) de la buse.
  13. Dispositif selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 7 à 12, caractérisé en ce que la distance (20) (longueur de trajet libre) entre l'entrée (13) et la sortie (14) du jet d'eau (15) dans la chambre (12) est réglable.
  14. Dispositif selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que la distance (20) est réglable au moyen du déplacement de la buse de sortie (21) et/ou d'un porte-buse (122).
  15. Dispositif selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 5 à 14, caractérisé en ce que la section transversale de l'entrée (16) pour l'agent abrasif est modifiable.
  16. Dispositif selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce qu'une douille (25), qui possède un trou de passage dont la section transversale est choisie de façon appropriée, peut être insérée dans l'entrée (16) pour l'agent abrasif, pour modifier la section transversale.
  17. Dispositif selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 5 à 16, caractérisé en ce qu'il est prévu une multiplicité d'entrées (16) pour l'agent abrasif, qui débouchent dans la chambre de mélange (12).
  18. Dispositif selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 5 à 17, caractérisé en ce qu'un centrage du perçage (212) de la buse pour l'agent abrasif par rapport à l'axe (15) du jet d'eau est obtenu au moyen d'ajustements cylindriques et/ou coniques de précision.
EP89120368A 1988-12-30 1989-11-03 Méthode et dispositif pour le coupage et le nettoyage d'objets, ainsi que l'enlèvement de matériau par un mélange d'eau et de particules abrasives Expired - Lifetime EP0375887B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3844344A DE3844344A1 (de) 1988-12-30 1988-12-30 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum schneiden und reinigen von gegenstaenden, sowie zum gezielten materialabtrag mittels eines wasser-abrasivmittel-gemisches
DE3844344 1988-12-30

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0375887A2 EP0375887A2 (fr) 1990-07-04
EP0375887A3 EP0375887A3 (fr) 1991-04-03
EP0375887B1 true EP0375887B1 (fr) 1994-05-18

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EP89120368A Expired - Lifetime EP0375887B1 (fr) 1988-12-30 1989-11-03 Méthode et dispositif pour le coupage et le nettoyage d'objets, ainsi que l'enlèvement de matériau par un mélange d'eau et de particules abrasives

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0375887B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02212099A (fr)
AT (1) ATE105758T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3844344A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

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US7464630B2 (en) 2001-08-27 2008-12-16 Flow International Corporation Apparatus for generating and manipulating a high-pressure fluid jet
US7934977B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2011-05-03 Flow International Corporation Fluid system and method for thin kerf cutting and in-situ recycling
US8210908B2 (en) 2008-06-23 2012-07-03 Flow International Corporation Vented cutting head body for abrasive jet system

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US5018670A (en) * 1990-01-10 1991-05-28 Possis Corporation Cutting head for water jet cutting machine
DE4112914C2 (de) * 1991-04-19 1995-06-22 Edwards Kniese & Co Hochvakuum Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Regenerieren schadstoffbelasteter Teile
JP2594091Y2 (ja) * 1991-08-30 1999-04-19 川崎重工業株式会社 アブレイシブウォータージェットノズル構造
JPH06509520A (ja) * 1992-06-01 1994-10-27 シューマッヒャー，チャールズ・エルネスト 水噴射式切断機用の切削ヘッドと、このヘッドを装着するための照準装置
DE4431085C1 (de) * 1994-09-01 1996-04-04 Uhde Gmbh Verfahren und Schneidkopf zum Abrasiv-Wasserstrahlschneiden
US5643058A (en) * 1995-08-11 1997-07-01 Flow International Corporation Abrasive fluid jet system
DE19640920C1 (de) * 1996-10-04 1998-01-22 Saechsische Werkzeug Und Sonde Fokussierdüse für das Abrasivwasserstrahlschneiden
DE19640921C1 (de) * 1996-10-04 1997-11-27 Saechsische Werkzeug Und Sonde Modularer Abrasivmittelwasserstrahl-Schneidkopf
EP1423235B1 (fr) 2001-08-27 2008-01-16 Flow International Corporation Dispositif pour produire un jet de fluide haute pression
DE10255502B3 (de) * 2002-11-27 2004-04-29 Frank Dipl.-Ing. Pude Verfahren zur Herstellung eines für eine Vorrichtung zum Strahlschneiden bestimmten Fokussierrohres, sowie Fokussierrohr
DE10259360A1 (de) * 2002-12-18 2004-07-08 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Wechselwirkung zwischen einer Flüssigkeit und einem Bauteil
DE102007027944B4 (de) 2007-06-18 2016-02-04 Werner Meissner Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Reinigen von Gegenständen in einer Behandlungskammer
JP5877432B2 (ja) * 2012-02-29 2016-03-08 株式会社スギノマシン レーザー加工装置

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Cited By (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7464630B2 (en) 2001-08-27 2008-12-16 Flow International Corporation Apparatus for generating and manipulating a high-pressure fluid jet
US7703363B2 (en) 2001-08-27 2010-04-27 Flow International Corporation Apparatus for generating and manipulating a high-pressure fluid jet
US7934977B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2011-05-03 Flow International Corporation Fluid system and method for thin kerf cutting and in-situ recycling
US8147293B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2012-04-03 Flow International Corporation Fluid system and method for thin kerf cutting and in-situ recycling
US8210908B2 (en) 2008-06-23 2012-07-03 Flow International Corporation Vented cutting head body for abrasive jet system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE105758T1 (de) 1994-06-15
EP0375887A2 (fr) 1990-07-04
DE3844344A1 (de) 1990-07-12
DE3844344C2 (fr) 1991-06-06
JPH02212099A (ja) 1990-08-23
DE58907691D1 (de) 1994-06-23
EP0375887A3 (fr) 1991-04-03

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