EP0363274A1 - Verfahren zum Sterilisieren einer Folie aus Kunststoff oder Aluminium oder einer Mehrschichtfolie und Vorrichtung zur Ausübung des Verfahrens - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Sterilisieren einer Folie aus Kunststoff oder Aluminium oder einer Mehrschichtfolie und Vorrichtung zur Ausübung des Verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0363274A1
EP0363274A1 EP19890402729 EP89402729A EP0363274A1 EP 0363274 A1 EP0363274 A1 EP 0363274A1 EP 19890402729 EP19890402729 EP 19890402729 EP 89402729 A EP89402729 A EP 89402729A EP 0363274 A1 EP0363274 A1 EP 0363274A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
film
enclosure
spraying
nozzle
sterilizing agent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19890402729
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Dominique André Schwab
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
FORMSEAL
Original Assignee
FORMSEAL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by FORMSEAL filed Critical FORMSEAL
Publication of EP0363274A1 publication Critical patent/EP0363274A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B55/00—Preserving, protecting or purifying packages or package contents in association with packaging
    • B65B55/02—Sterilising, e.g. of complete packages
    • B65B55/04—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging
    • B65B55/08—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging by irradiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B55/00—Preserving, protecting or purifying packages or package contents in association with packaging
    • B65B55/02—Sterilising, e.g. of complete packages
    • B65B55/04—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging
    • B65B55/10—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging by liquids or gases
    • B65B55/103—Sterilising flat or tubular webs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the sterilization of films, plastics, aluminum, or multi-layers, used to make containers by thermoforming, and used to close these same containers.
  • the technique used so far has almost always been the same: the film is conveyed to pass into a soaking bath comprising a sterilizing agent, then passes at the exit of the bath between drying strips.
  • This technique is for example illustrated in French patent No. 2,219,878.
  • a bactericidal liquid such as hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide) or a polyalcohol
  • the film thus passes continuously into the bath, which is a hot bath at 80 ° C. or a cold bath with wetting agent, then through the narrow air gap (about 1 mm) separating the strips producing air blowing. hot on both sides of the film.
  • the peroxide bath or other equivalent agent
  • the passage through the peroxide bath is not sufficient to sterilize the film, the sterilization resulting in fact from the decomposition of the peroxide which must vaporize during the passage of the film between the drying bars.
  • the soaking carried out has in fact a not very homogeneous character, which has the consequence of leaving non-sterile parts remaining on the film after the passage of the latter between the drying strips. This in fact results from several factors that we cannot manage to control.
  • the soaking varies as a function of the wetting characteristics of the product: the wettability being variable, the distribution of the sterilizing agent on the film is variable, so that one can subsequently be in the presence of drops which remain on the film, which is incompatible with perfect quality of sterile packaging.
  • drying carried out by the strips blowing hot air is in fact relatively irregular due to its discontinuous nature: this has the consequence of inevitably leaving peroxide particles on the film, and causing a deterioration of the conditioned product.
  • thermoforming the containers we have also sought to overcome these difficulties by planning to store a certain amount of thermoplastic strip in a large sterilization enclosure during the immobilization necessary for thermoforming the containers. This involves providing a device specially designed for this purpose, for example a movable puppet system.
  • British Patent No. 1,166,010 which describes a system for sterilizing a plastic film with spraying by fixed booms on both sides of the film, then passing in front of lamps UV.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a sterilization process and an implementation device which do not have the aforementioned drawbacks, in particular with regard to the uniformity of the treatment of the film surface, and the regularity of the distribution of the sterilizing agent used.
  • the object of the invention is also to provide a process and an implementation device which is compatible with reasonable sizing machines, without this being to the detriment of the quality of the sterilization obtained (this quality must at least correspond bacteriologically to four decimal reductions).
  • the spraying is interrupted when the spraying means arrive at the end of their travel, and does not resume in the other direction for a new movement cycle until after the film has been moved on a step of advance.
  • the film after spraying, the film is subjected to the action of a flow of hot air coming from the second enclosure, while said film is still in the first enclosure.
  • the invention also relates to a device for implementing the aforementioned method, characterized in that it comprises: . a first enclosure in which the film passes; . spraying means arranged inside the first enclosure and serving to spray onto the film, when the latter is stopped, a sterilizing agent, said spraying means being movable transversely relative to the direction of travel of said film; . a second enclosure adjacent to the first enclosure, and disposed downstream thereof relative to the direction of advancement of the film; . drying means associated with the second enclosure and serving to subject the film to the combined action of hot sterile air and infrared radiation, so that said film comes out sterilized and dried from said second enclosure.
  • the spraying means essentially consist of a nozzle and a nozzle support, said support passing through the first enclosure by an associated slot, so as to be able to be driven by associated mechanical means arranged outside. of said first enclosure; in particular, the mechanical means essentially consist of a linear cylinder without rod, the outlet member of which is secured to the nozzle support.
  • the nozzle support is secured, at its end located outside the first enclosure, to an endless belt disposed opposite the associated slot, said endless belt preserving the tightness of said first enclosure by to a strand passing through two lateral slides adjacent to said slot.
  • the position of the nozzle relative to the associated nozzle support is adjustable, in order to choose the optimal distance between said nozzle and the film, and the nozzle is a flat jet nozzle, the opening angle of which is adjustable. in a manner known per se.
  • the first enclosure receives deflection rollers, a roller of which is disposed downstream of the spraying zone, so that the film continues its path in the first and second enclosures in an essentially horizontal plane.
  • the first enclosure advantageously receives other additional equipment, according to at least one of the following characteristics: -
  • the first enclosure has a blowing compartment in the vicinity of the downstream roller, making it possible to subject the film to the action of a flow of hot air coming from the second enclosure;
  • the first enclosure is provided with an upper inspection hatch allowing access to the downstream roller and allowing possible manual recovery of part of the film;
  • the first enclosure is provided with a door with watertight closure, in particular allowing access to the spray nozzle and to the associated nozzle support.
  • the drying means comprise a heating assembly under which the film passes, said assembly being essentially constituted by a glazing surmounted by a frame of infrared elements; in particular, the glazing is surmounted by a peripheral protective screen, protecting the fixing contour of said glazing against the action of the infrared elements, said screen preferably being provided with cooling pipes.
  • the glazing of the heating assembly is at least partially produced in the form of a removable drawer, and advantageously comprises a grip handle, and a locking member for fixing it on the second enclosure.
  • the second enclosure comprises a plurality of support guides on which the film passes, said guides being arranged longitudinally in the direction of travel of said film; in particular, the support guides have a tubular structure, and can be cooled by means of associated internal pipes.
  • the second enclosure it is also advantageous for the second enclosure to have cooling means in the vicinity of the edges of the film, said means being organized longitudinally in the direction of travel of said film: more specifically, the second enclosure comprises upper and lower lateral flanges between which the edges of the film, the cooling means then essentially consisting of flat tubes provided behind said flanges to form cooling pipes; in this case, the upper and lower flanges define a longitudinal slot at each edge of the film, said slots communicating directly with a lower compartment of the second enclosure with which there is associated recovery tubing.
  • the second enclosure has a drying compartment through which the film passes, said compartment being delimited above by the glazing of the heating assembly, below by a bottom from which project the support guides, and laterally by the flanges upper and lower.
  • the device further comprises means for controlling the consumption of sterilizing agent, said means being engaged periodically and automatically.
  • control means essentially consist of a level detector with electrodes associated with a reservoir of sterilizing agent, and a solenoid valve whose opening is controlled by the detector when the level in said detector is insufficient, in order to bring back this level in a predetermined range, so that said solenoid valve in the closed position defines a closed volume of sterilizing liquid.
  • FIG. 1 makes it possible to distinguish a sterilization device 1 in accordance with the invention, and making it possible to implement the method of the invention set out above, and to which it will be returned after description of the structural elements of said sterilization device.
  • the sterilization device 1 comprises a first enclosure 2 more particularly concerned with the spraying of a sterilizing agent, and a second enclosure 3, adjacent to the first enclosure 2, and more particularly concerned with drying and sterilization proper.
  • a film 4 penetrates through a slot 5 in the first enclosure 2, the direction of advancement of said film being identified by the arrow 6.
  • This film or strip, plastic, aluminum, or multi-layer, is used to make containers by thermoforming, and serves to close these same containers; in the following description, this element will only be designated by the term "film”, which must be understood in a broad acceptance, in particular with regard to its constituent material (s).
  • the film 4 thus passes around a first deflection roller 7, then around a second deflection roller 8 provided downstream of the first, said film being affected by a spraying of sterilizing agent on a portion located between said rollers.
  • spraying means 9 arranged inside the first enclosure 2 are provided for spraying onto the film 4, when the latter is stopped, a sterilizing agent. , said spraying means being movable transversely relative to the running direction of said film.
  • the spraying means 9, here essentially constituted by a nozzle 10 and an associated nozzle support 11, are movable perpendicular to the plane of this figure.
  • the film 4 can be advanced step by step in the first enclosure 2, and a sterilizing agent can be sprayed onto said film, and this only when the latter is stopped, the spraying concerning a length of film at least equal to the pitch d advancement of it.
  • the spraying is thus carried out according to a sweep, by displacement of the spraying means 9 in a direction essentially transverse with respect to the direction of travel of the film 4. It is therefore essential to observe that the spraying is carried out on a part of the film 4 when the latter is stopped, the movement of advancement of said film only intervenes after the spraying has stopped.
  • a spraying carried out along a return path of the spraying means 9 but in practice it will be planned to interrupt the spraying when the spraying means 9 reach the end of the stroke, not resuming in the other direction for a new movement cycle only after the film has been moved on a step forward.
  • the position of the nozzle 10 relative to the associated nozzle support 11 to be adjustable, in particular in order to choose the optimal distance between said nozzle and the film 4.
  • a nozzle 10 with a flat jet the opening angle of which is adjustable in a manner known per se (such nozzles, comprising two coaxial elements and a cap, the nozzle of which makes it possible to obtain a flat jet, are well known to spray specialists).
  • the proper setting of these two parameters thus makes it possible to precisely adjust the dimensioning of the area of sprayed film, so that it is preferably as close as possible to the machine advance pitch (for example about 200 mm).
  • the inlet pipes 12 and 13 associated with the spray nozzle 10.
  • the pipe 12 is used to supply the nozzle 10 with sterilizing agent, for example hydrogen peroxide, while the pipe 13 is used to supply said nozzle with air.
  • the pipes 12 and 13 are produced according to a flexible tube, the length of which can be made minimal if it is further provided that said pipes penetrate inside the enclosure 2 into a central position (considering a transverse direction).
  • a linear cylinder without rod 16 is used, the outlet member 17 of which is secured to the nozzle support 11 in the upper part thereof. It is indeed preferable to choose a linear cylinder without rod rather than a traditional pneumatic cylinder, because of the regularity of the force obtained.
  • the advantage of the external arrangement of the drive means must not, however, alter the sterile nature of the enclosure 2, so that means should be provided to preserve the tightness of said enclosure.
  • the endless belt 18 is a driven member, driven by the rodless cylinder via the nozzle support 11.
  • the endless belt 18 makes it possible to preserve the tightness of the first enclosure 2 thanks to the fact that its lower strand passes through two adjacent lateral slides 20 at the slot 14. It will naturally be necessary to take account of the particular atmosphere prevailing inside the first enclosure 2 by choosing suitable materials for making the endless belt 18 and the slides 20: one could for example choose to make the endless belt in a plastic material such as that sold under the name TRANSILON, the slides being made of polyethylene or polytetraflu orethylene.
  • the assembly will preferably be protected by a cover 21 fixed to the enclosure 2.
  • the first enclosure 2 receives return rollers 7, 8, the downstream roller (here the roller 8) is arranged so that the film 4 continues its path towards the exit of the first enclosure 2 in an essentially horizontal plane. It goes without saying, however, that one could use a different number of deflection rollers, and / or choose a different orientation for the film 4. It is also advantageous to provide that the first enclosure 2 comprises a blowing compartment 22 at neighborhood of the downstream roller 8, making it possible to subject the film 4 to the action of a flow of hot air coming from the second enclosure 3 while said film is still in the first enclosure 2.
  • This compartment 22 is defined by a flange interior 23 and an outlet flange 24 over which the film 4 passes; openings 25 are formed between the two enclosures 2, 3 to allow the passage of a flow of hot air in the compartment 22, this hot air escaping through an upper outlet pipe 26.
  • a nozzle 27 serving for the evacuation of the peroxide which did not remain on the film during the spraying, and which slid along the inclined walls of the first enclosure 2. It should however be noted that '' this is just a drain tip, not a socket peroxide supply as would be the case if it was desired to pass the film into a bath, while in this case the first contact between the film and the sterilizing agent takes place at the time of spraying.
  • the first enclosure 2 will preferably be provided with a certain number of equipment facilitating access to the interior thereof, and the control of the proper functioning of the assembly.
  • the first enclosure 2 is thus firstly provided with a door 29 with a sealed closure, in particular allowing access to the spray nozzle 10 and to the associated nozzle support 11.
  • This door 29 is better visible in FIG. 3, where one distinguishes its observation glazing 30 (preferably consisting of a plurality of glazing separated from each other by peripheral silicone seals), its hinges 31 and its handle 32. It is naturally advisable to use materials adapted to the atmosphere prevailing in the first enclosure 2, so as not to affect the sterile nature of this enclosure.
  • the inspection hatch 34 will be provided with an opening direction according to the arrow 35 indicated in FIG. 1, taking into account the proximity of the heating elements associated with the second drying enclosure 3.
  • the device of the invention will moreover advantageously be equipped with control members making it possible to ensure that the spraying runs smoothly.
  • control members such as limit stops for the transverse movement of the nozzle and its support, and a pressure switch controlling the air pressure
  • Figure 4 gives an illustration of such control means associated with the spraying means.
  • control means 36 here essentially consist of an electrode level detector 37 associated with a constant level reservoir of sterilizing agent 38, and a solenoid valve 39, the opening of which is controlled by the detector when the level in said detector is insufficient, in order to bring this level within a predetermined range, so that said solenoid valve defines in closed position a closed volume of sterilizing liquid.
  • the reservoir 38 includes an overflow pipe 40 ensuring the constant level of sterilizing agent, a supply pipe 41, and an upper vent 42.
  • An outlet pipe 43 leads to the solenoid valve 39, and to the detector 37 thus disposed at the other end of a U-shaped tube.
  • the detector 37 comprises a small tube 44 inside which are disposed a level probe 45 and a ground probe 46 constituting the electrodes for detecting the level 47 of sterilizing agent in said tube, and therefore in the reservoir 38.
  • This makes it possible to periodically control the consumption of sterilizing agent, for example every three or four movement cycles, this control being carried out when the spraying is stopped.
  • the solenoid valve 39 is closed, which corresponds to a correct level of the sterilizing agent, such as for example peroxide
  • the liquid passes through a filter 48, then exits through a line 49 connected to the above-mentioned line 12; in this position, there is thus a closed volume of sterilizing agent, which allows the system to be well controlled.
  • the spray nozzle thus consumes the sterilizing agent located in the detector 37; when the level of sterilizing agent leaves the probe 45, the solenoid valve 39 opens automatically, and the level in the detector 37 then rebalances with the constant level of the reservoir 38.
  • the machine's automaton will be used to automatically carry out these various checks, which makes it possible to follow the correct progress of the spraying, and also to indirectly control the correct operation of the nozzle in the event of detection of a abnormal consumption of sterilizing agent.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 on which there is, on an enlarged scale, the second enclosure 3 adjacent to the first enclosure 2 which has just been described in detail.
  • drying means 50 serving to subject the film 4 to the combined action of hot sterile air and infrared radiation, so that said film comes out sterilized and dried from said second enclosure.
  • drying means 50 the essential element of which is constituted by a heating assembly under which the film 4 passes.
  • the heating assembly is here essentially constituted by glazing 51, and a frame of infrared elements 52 (symbolized by dashed lines in Figures 1, 5, 6), said frame surmounting said glazing so as to heat it, as symbolized in Figures 5 and 6 by arrows 53.
  • the glazing 51 is chosen so that it remains transparent with short infrared, while resisting temperatures of the order of 600 ° C: for example, choose VITROCERAM glazing.
  • the two faces of the glazing unit 51 are in contact with air, therefore in particular the upper face of said glazing unit is distant from the infrared elements 52 by a sufficient distance to maintain a correct action of said infrared elements , and the underside of said glazing is at a distance from the film 4, which allows the passage of an air flow over said film. It is however important to protect the frame 55 used for positioning the glazing 51, against the action of infrared. To this end, provision may be made, as illustrated in FIGS.
  • this peripheral protective screen 54 protecting the fixing contour of the glazing 51;
  • this peripheral protective screen 54 is preferably made of aluminum, and provided internally with cooling pipes. This provides good protection, including in areas that can be contacted manually if the assembly is opened or dismantled. It is more advantageous to produce the glazing in the form of a removable drawer, by providing for this purpose a grip handle 56 and a locking member 57 for its attachment to the second enclosure 3, as illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • the aforementioned arrangement avoids the creation of any temperature gradient in the glazed wall 51, and makes it possible to achieve both effective and homogeneous heating of the interior compartment of the enclosure 3 disposed under said glazing.
  • the second enclosure 3 comprises a plurality of support guides 58 over which the film 4 passes, said guides being arranged longitudinally, that is to say in the direction of travel of said film.
  • the support guides 58 here three in number, preferably have a tubular structure, and can be cooled by means of associated internal pipes. It thus succeeds in minimizing as best as possible the contact of the film with fixed parts, the temperature of which is furthermore kept at an acceptable threshold by virtue of the circulation of a cooling fluid.
  • the second enclosure 3 comprises cooling means in the vicinity of the edges of the film 4, said means being organized longitudinally in the direction of travel of said film. This is indeed important in order to avoid any overheating of these edge regions of the film.
  • FIG. 6 there is a drying compartment 60 through which the film 4 passes, this compartment being delimited above by the glazing 51 of the heating assembly, below by a bottom 59 from which project the support guides 58, and laterally by flanges upper 61 and lower 62.
  • the flanges 61 and 62 define a longitudinal slot 67 at each edge of the film 4, said slots communicating directly with a lower compartment 68 of the second enclosure 3 with which a common recovery tube 69 is associated.
  • longitudinal slots 67 in fact allow an escape of air and peroxide beyond each edge of the film 4, this flow being recovered by the tube 69, by means of suction members associated with the pulser towards a catalyst not shown here .
  • the above-mentioned cooling means then consist of pipes 63 and 64 leading to associated flat tubes 65 and 66 respectively.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 diagrammatically shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 are the conventional mechanical means associated with drawing the film 4, that is to say drawing clips 70, and a bar 71 provided on each side of the film and on which are mounted the relevant draw clips 70.
  • the means which have just been described make it possible to carry out an extremely regular drying, which guarantees an excellent homogeneity of the treatment of the surface of the film.
  • the device of the invention allows easy implementation of the sterilization process in its essential stages: - step-by-step advancement of the film 4 in the first enclosure 2; spraying the film 4 with a sterilizing agent, only when the said film is stopped, the spraying concerning a length of film at least equal to the step of advancement thereof; advancement of the film in the second enclosure 3 in which said film is sterilized and dried by the action of hot sterile air and infrared radiation.
  • the sterilizing agent is deposited uniformly on the surface of the film, because the device uses only one spray orifice which moves at constant speed transversely with respect to the film, and this movement is positively controlled; - the sterilizing agent is surely deposited because the supply and consumption of sterilizing agent of the spray orifice are positively controlled by the device attached to the level probe; - the sterilizing action of the sterilizing agent is ensured by a significant energy supply due to the combination of infrared radiation and hot sterile air; - the traces of sterilizing agents on the sterile film are eliminated by the duration of this energy supply; - infrared radiation also provides direct elimination of mold (without the presence of the sterilizing agent); - The second face of the film is not in contact with the sterilizing agent, and therefore does not require drying; an ink marking on this face is therefore possible without being damaged by sterilization of the film.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
EP19890402729 1988-10-03 1989-10-03 Verfahren zum Sterilisieren einer Folie aus Kunststoff oder Aluminium oder einer Mehrschichtfolie und Vorrichtung zur Ausübung des Verfahrens Withdrawn EP0363274A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8812893 1988-10-03
FR8812893A FR2637186B1 (fr) 1988-10-03 1988-10-03 Procede de sterilisation d'un film plastique, aluminium, ou multicouches, et dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procede

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EP0363274A1 true EP0363274A1 (de) 1990-04-11

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EP19890402729 Withdrawn EP0363274A1 (de) 1988-10-03 1989-10-03 Verfahren zum Sterilisieren einer Folie aus Kunststoff oder Aluminium oder einer Mehrschichtfolie und Vorrichtung zur Ausübung des Verfahrens

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EP (1) EP0363274A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2637186B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1059235A1 (de) * 1999-06-10 2000-12-13 Hassia Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur thermischen Vorbehandlung thermoplastischen Packstoffbahnmaterials

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1093659A (en) * 1964-04-03 1967-12-06 Frank Goldsmith Web sterilisation method and apparatus
GB1166010A (en) * 1967-07-07 1969-10-01 Seres Soc D Etudes Et De Reali Improvements in or relating to Devices for Cleaning Films of Plastic Material Entering a Sterile Enclosure
FR2537461A2 (fr) * 1980-07-17 1984-06-15 Dassault Avions Machine pour metalliser au moins partiellement une face d'un materiau en bande souple

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1093659A (en) * 1964-04-03 1967-12-06 Frank Goldsmith Web sterilisation method and apparatus
GB1166010A (en) * 1967-07-07 1969-10-01 Seres Soc D Etudes Et De Reali Improvements in or relating to Devices for Cleaning Films of Plastic Material Entering a Sterile Enclosure
FR2537461A2 (fr) * 1980-07-17 1984-06-15 Dassault Avions Machine pour metalliser au moins partiellement une face d'un materiau en bande souple

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1059235A1 (de) * 1999-06-10 2000-12-13 Hassia Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur thermischen Vorbehandlung thermoplastischen Packstoffbahnmaterials

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Publication number Publication date
FR2637186A1 (fr) 1990-04-06
FR2637186B1 (fr) 1993-07-09

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