EP0346858B1 - Blow molded one-piece bottle and method for making same - Google Patents

Blow molded one-piece bottle and method for making same Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0346858B1
EP0346858B1 EP89110760A EP89110760A EP0346858B1 EP 0346858 B1 EP0346858 B1 EP 0346858B1 EP 89110760 A EP89110760 A EP 89110760A EP 89110760 A EP89110760 A EP 89110760A EP 0346858 B1 EP0346858 B1 EP 0346858B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
feet
base structure
container
base
wall portions
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89110760A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0346858A3 (en
EP0346858A2 (en
Inventor
Dale Herbert Behm
George Allen Plummer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hoover Universal Inc
Original Assignee
Hoover Universal Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=22777256&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0346858(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Hoover Universal Inc filed Critical Hoover Universal Inc
Priority to AT89110760T priority Critical patent/ATE91262T1/de
Publication of EP0346858A2 publication Critical patent/EP0346858A2/en
Publication of EP0346858A3 publication Critical patent/EP0346858A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0346858B1 publication Critical patent/EP0346858B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D25/00—Details of other kinds or types of rigid or semi-rigid containers
    • B65D25/20—External fittings
    • B65D25/24—External fittings for spacing bases of containers from supporting surfaces, e.g. legs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D1/00—Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
    • B65D1/02—Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents
    • B65D1/0223—Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents characterised by shape
    • B65D1/0261—Bottom construction
    • B65D1/0284—Bottom construction having a discontinuous contact surface, e.g. discrete feet

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a base structure according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a base structure of this general type for containers or bottles for carbonated beverage is known from GB-A-2 098 167 aiming at an improved design of a free standing base for an oriented pressurized plastic container. This is achieved according to the cited document by means of a bottle having an elliptical bottom to shorten the length of the bottom on the one hand and by incorporating a small outwardly concave region at the center of the bottom on the other hand.
  • this known design uses a relatively large portion of the elliptical bottom and reduces the area of the transition region joining the main elliptical portion and the legs, so as to obtain a free standing base with minimum portion of the outwardly concaved structure and to avoid a deformation of the bottom structure in response to an internal pressure.
  • this invention relates generally to one piece plastic beverage bottles and more particularly to an improved bottle of this type which has flat horizontal surfaces of increased area that firmly support the bottle in an upright position when filled.
  • a major difficulty with the use of plastic bottles for carbonated beverages is the strength of the bottle base. Due to internal carbonation pressures which can exceed 51.7 N/cm2 (75 psi), plastic bottles have a tendency to bulge outward at the base, resulting in what is referred to as a "rocker” which will rock back and forth when standing on a flat surface or possibly tip over. In addition, as the base bulges outward, the volume of the bottle increases, thereby lowering the fill line such that consumers may believe the bottle was not properly filled or sealed.
  • One solution to the problem of bulging is to provide a bottle having a hemispherical base portion and attach thereto a base cup having a flat lower surface for supporting the bottle in an upright position.
  • This type of bottle is commonly referred to as a composite bottle.
  • Composite bottles are widely used for carbonated beverage bottles of sixteen ounces or more.
  • Increasing material cost for base cups has, however, encouraged the development of one piece bottles having a self-supporting base which is reinforced to prevent bulging due to carbonation pressures.
  • a bottle must be stable when empty as well as full.
  • An empty bottle must be stable enough to stand upright on bottle filling machinery. If bottles fall over while being conveyed, the efficiency of the filling operation will be adversely affected.
  • the diameter of the bottle engaging area which contacts a supporting horizontal surface must be maximized.
  • the area of the base that is in surface-to-surface contact with the supporting surface should be maximized.
  • Another evaluation factor is the strength of the base in resisting bursting upon impact when the bottle is filled. Stress cracking in the base will reduce the strength, resulting in a base which bursts easily. The amount of stress cracking is related to the base geometry. Relatively large radius curves in the base will reduce the stress cracking compared to a base with small radius curves.
  • the present invention provides a base structure for a carbonated beverage container with a tubular side wall.
  • the base structure includes a bottom wall extending downwardly and inwardly from the lower end of the tubular side wall.
  • a plurality of legs extend downwardly from the bottom wall and terminate in planar feet having radially inner and outer edges. The outer edges of the feet form a non-continuous support surface engaging area having a diameter only slightly less than the diameter of the tubular side wall.
  • the feet are inclined radially inwardly and upwardly so that when the container is filled with a carbonated liquid, the pressure within the container forces the feet to rotate generally about their outer edges to substantially horizontal positions. In the horizontal positions, the feet provide large surface-to-surface contact areas with the horizontal surface on which the container is supported.
  • the diameter of the support surface engaging areas of the container is not reduced as it is in many prior art containers when the containers are filled. Rather, when the container is filled, the outer edges of the feet remain in contact with the horizontal surface, providing support surface engaging areas having a diameter equal to that of an empty container.
  • the wall portions which extend downwardly from the base bottom wall taper slightly inwardly from the container tubular side wall. This taper is necessary to enable manufacture of the container. By minimizing this taper as much as possible, the radial distance from the container axis to the outer edges of the feet is maximized resulting in a relatively large diameter for the support surface engaging areas. This improves the stability of the container.
  • a base with a larger diameter at its lower end enables the planar surface area of the feet to be increased over that shown in the prior art.
  • the radius of curves within the base can be increased to reduce stress cracking in the base.
  • Base 102 of Figure 1 has a plurality of horizontal feet 104.
  • the outer edges of the feet 104, indicated at 105, define the outer edges of the container support surface engaging areas having a diameter D.
  • a center portion 106 closes the base between the inner edges 107 of the feet 104.
  • the center portion 106 projects inwardly into the container forming a wall with a concave outer surface.
  • the pressure in the container forces the base to deflect downward such that the center portion 106 moves to the position shown in phantom line at 108. This in turn causes a rotation of the feet 104 generally about their outer edges 105 into the phantom line position at 110. In this position, the container is now supported on support surface engaging areas having a diameter d corresponding to the inner edge of the feet 110.
  • the diameter d is significantly smaller that the diameter D, thus the stability of the container has been reduced upon filling of the container.
  • a base from another prior art container is shown in Figure 2.
  • the base 112 has horizontal feet 114 and ribs 116 extending from the inner edges 118 of feet 114 transversely to the opposite side wall of the bottle and joining the side wall at 120.
  • the support surface engaging areas of the base 112 have a diameter extending to the outer edges 122 of the feet 114 when the container is empty.
  • the pressure in the container deflects the base 112 downward such that the previously straight ribs 116 are now bowed downward as shown by phantom line 124.
  • the diameter of the support surface engaging areas of the base now extends only to the inner edges 128 of the feet 126 in the deflected position, thus reducing the stability of the filled container from that of the empty container.
  • the plastic container of this invention includes a base in which, when the container is filled, the diameter of the support surface engaging areas is not reduced.
  • a plastic beverage container, indicated generally at 130, having a base structure of this invention is shown in Figure 3.
  • the container is blow molded from a biaxially oriented saturated polyester, preferably polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and includes an integral tapered top portion 132 which includes a flange 134 and threaded neck 136. Extending downward from the tapered top portion 132 is a hollow body having a tubular side wall 138.
  • the side wall 138 is generally cylindrical having an upright longitudinal axis 139 through the center thereof.
  • a base 140 extends downwardly from the lower end of the side wall 138 and closes the bottom of the container 130.
  • the base 140 has a downwardly extending bottom wall 142, best viewed in cross section in Figure 5.
  • Bottom wall 142 is curved radially inwardly from the lower end of the tubular side wall 138. As shown in Figure 5, the bottom wall 142 is of a constant radius curve having a radius greater than the radius of the tubular side wall 138.
  • a relatively small radius fillet section 144 is used to merge the upper end of the bottom wall 142 to the lower end of the side wall 138.
  • the bottom wall 142 terminates at the lower end in a center section 146 that is substantially centrally of the base 140 and intersects the axis 139.
  • the center section is generally horizontal at the center of said base although it may be slightly concave or convex.
  • the bottom wall is interrupted by a plurality of downwardly projecting wall portions defining hollow legs radially spaced from the center section 146 and extending below the bottom wall 142.
  • These wall portions include leg side wall portions 148 and leg outer wall portions 150 as illustrated in Figure 3.
  • Leg outer wall portions 150 form radially outer surfaces of the hollow legs. As shown, in Figures 3 and 5, the leg outer wall portions 150 are of a constant radius curve curving radially inwardly in a downward direction.
  • Leg side wall portions 148 extend downwardly from the bottom wall and radially inwardly from the leg outer wall portions. The legs terminate in feet 152.
  • Figure 5A is an enlarged view of the foot portion of Figure 10.
  • Each foot 152 is planar and generally trapezoidal in shape ( Figure 4) having an outer edge 154 which is generally parallel with inner edge 156.
  • the side edges 155 of feet 152 taper toward one another, radially inwardly.
  • the bottom wall circumferentially between the hollow legs forms inverted V-shaped ribs to separate the hollow legs.
  • Each foot 152 defines a planar surface which is inclined radially inwardly and upwardly such that the outer edge 154 of each foot is lower than the inner edge 156 of each foot.
  • the outer edges 154 of the feet are adjacent the lower edges of the outer leg wall portions 150 and are merged thereto by a relatively small radius fillet section 158.
  • the outer edges 154 of the feet 152 form support surface engaging areas for the container 130 having a diameter only slightly less than the diameter of the side wall 138.
  • the angle 157 which the feet 152 are inclined from the horizontal support surface 163 depends upon the size of the container and the material wall thickness of the base. These two factors will determine the amount of deflection of the base caused by internal pressure. It has been found that an angle of approximately 9° is sufficient for most two liter and sixteen ounce containers.
  • the surface area contact of the feet 162 with the surface 163 reduces wobbling of the container.
  • An upright container, when bumped, will tend to wobble back and forth if it is not bumped hard enough to tip over. This wobble will eventually dampen out and the container will come to rest.
  • the dampening of wobble is greater than when the bottle is empty and supported along the outer edges 154 of inclined feet 152.
  • the container 10 includes an integral tapered top portion 13 having a flange 12 and a threaded neck 18.
  • the container 10 also has a hollow tubular side wall 14 and an integral base 16.
  • the base 16 as shown in Figure 10, includes a bottom wall extending downwardly from the side wall 14 having an upper portion 20 and a lower portion 30 which is arcuate radially inwardly in a downward direction.
  • the bottom wall terminates in a center section 28 substantially centrally of the base 16.
  • the bottom wall is interrupted by a plurality of downwardly projecting wall portions defining hollow legs 26 extending below the bottom wall. These wall portions include leg side wall portions 32 and leg outer wall portions 33. Leg outer wall portions 33 form radially outer surfaces of the hollow legs 26. As shown in Figure 10, leg outer wall portions 33 uniformly taper radially inwardly in a downward direction. The legs terminate in planar feet 25 ( Figure 10) which merge with the center section 28. Feet 25 are inclined radially inwardly and upwardly as shown in the broken lines indicating the position of the feet when the container is empty. The solid lines, showing the feet at 27, illustrate the position of the feet when the container is filled with a carbonated beverage. When the container is filled, the feet 25 rotate generally about their outer edges 24 to the position shown at 27 in which the feet are in surface-to-surface contact with a horizontal surface 29.
  • the feet spaced radially outwardly as much as possible enables the feet to have relatively large planar surfaces to form support surface engaging areas.
  • the leg outer wall portions taper or curve inwardly in a downward direction to facilitate removal of the container from a mold. This taper or curve is minimized as much as possible so that the diameter of the non-continuous support surface engaging area, formed by the outer edges of the feet, is only slightly less than the diameter of the tubular side wall of the container.
  • this spacing allows the radii of the curved portions in the base to be relatively large when compared with many prior art containers, thus reducing or eliminating the possibilities for stress cracking in the base. It has been found for both two liter and sixteen ounce containers that five feet is optimal to provide larger feet and larger radii curved portions in the base.
  • the containers 10 and 130 are blow molded from an injection molded plastic preform in a conventional manner.
  • the preform is heated to the temperature at which it can be blow molded and then placed into a mold cavity having an interior surface of the desired configuration of the container.
  • Pressurized air is introduced into the preform to expand the preform outwardly into contact with the mold cavity interior surface.
  • the air within the cavity is exhausted through vent openings in the lower end of the mold cavity to enable the plastic to be completely blown into the feet portions of the mold cavity base portion.
  • vent openings are in the form of narrow slots in the mold cavity which forms small but noticeable lines in the bottle surface indicated by lines 172 in Figure 4, lines 34 in Figure 9 and lines 36 in Figures 6 and 7.
  • the hollow legs are formed by blowing the plastic material of the bottom wall downward from the bottom wall.
  • the legs terminate in substantially flat support surface engaging areas which are ballooned out of the bottom wall.
  • the inclined engaging areas rotate by internal pressure in the container to form coplanar areas for engagement with a horizontal surface for supporting the container thereon.
  • the invention provides a one piece blow molded plastic container which has a self supporting base.
  • the base has a bottom wall extending from the lower end of the side wall of the container.
  • a plurality of legs extend downward from the bottom wall forming hollow legs with planar feet that are inclined upwardly and inwardly from the outer edges of the legs.
  • the internal pressure in the container forces the bottom of the base downward, rotating the feet into a horizontal position defining co-planar support surface engaging areas for supporting the container. This deflection does not result in a decrease in the diameter of the container support surface engaging areas, thereby not decreasing the stability of the container when filled.
  • the container base is formed with relatively large radius curved portions to reduce the amount of stress cracking in the base, thereby increasing the strength of the base and reducing the possibility of bursting.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
EP89110760A 1988-06-17 1989-06-14 Blow molded one-piece bottle and method for making same Expired - Lifetime EP0346858B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89110760T ATE91262T1 (de) 1988-06-17 1989-06-14 Geblasene, einstueckige flasche und verfahren zur herstellung derselben.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US20908488A 1988-06-17 1988-06-17
US209084 1988-06-17

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0346858A2 EP0346858A2 (en) 1989-12-20
EP0346858A3 EP0346858A3 (en) 1990-05-16
EP0346858B1 true EP0346858B1 (en) 1993-07-07

Family

ID=22777256

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89110760A Expired - Lifetime EP0346858B1 (en) 1988-06-17 1989-06-14 Blow molded one-piece bottle and method for making same

Country Status (30)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0346858B1 (sh)
JP (2) JPH0257545A (sh)
KR (1) KR910000483A (sh)
CN (1) CN1019179B (sh)
AR (1) AR246720A1 (sh)
AT (1) ATE91262T1 (sh)
AU (1) AU607110B2 (sh)
BR (1) BR8903093A (sh)
CA (1) CA1330959C (sh)
CS (1) CS276423B6 (sh)
DD (1) DD283977A5 (sh)
DE (1) DE68907447T2 (sh)
DK (1) DK298789A (sh)
ES (1) ES2041896T3 (sh)
FI (1) FI892965A (sh)
HU (1) HU204011B (sh)
ID (1) ID992B (sh)
IE (1) IE62278B1 (sh)
IL (1) IL90509A0 (sh)
IN (1) IN171066B (sh)
JO (1) JO1582B1 (sh)
MA (1) MA21577A1 (sh)
MX (1) MX172186B (sh)
NO (1) NO892524L (sh)
NZ (1) NZ229582A (sh)
PL (1) PL162818B1 (sh)
PT (2) PT90862A (sh)
RU (1) RU1813058C (sh)
YU (1) YU47714B (sh)
ZA (1) ZA893987B (sh)

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US5038947A (en) * 1989-08-24 1991-08-13 Plasticon Patents, S.A. Self-stabilizing base for pressurized bottle
JPH0444943A (ja) * 1990-06-04 1992-02-14 Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd 耐ストレスクラッキング性と耐ロッキング性とを有する耐圧プラスチックボトル
JPH06501225A (ja) * 1990-07-09 1994-02-10 ジェイ　ガズデン　ピーティーワイ　リミテッド 改良型容器
US5024340A (en) * 1990-07-23 1991-06-18 Sewell Plastics, Inc. Wide stance footed bottle
US5287978A (en) * 1990-11-15 1994-02-22 Plastipak Packaging, Inc. Plastic blow molded freestanding container
US5064080A (en) * 1990-11-15 1991-11-12 Plastipak Packaging, Inc. Plastic blow molded freestanding container
US5133468A (en) * 1991-06-14 1992-07-28 Constar Plastics Inc. Footed hot-fill container
JP2704184B2 (ja) * 1991-09-24 1998-01-26 東洋製罐 株式会社 二軸延伸成形した耐圧性自立容器
JP2663370B2 (ja) * 1991-11-14 1997-10-15 東洋製罐 株式会社 二軸延伸成形した耐圧性自立容器
US5427258A (en) * 1992-04-09 1995-06-27 Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. Freestanding container with improved combination of properties
JPH0648433A (ja) * 1992-07-20 1994-02-22 Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd 自立型中空容器
US5529196A (en) * 1994-09-09 1996-06-25 Hoover Universal, Inc. Carbonated beverage container with footed base structure
KR20010111839A (ko) * 2000-06-13 2001-12-20 이영재 탄산 내압용기
FR2897292B1 (fr) * 2006-02-16 2010-06-04 Sidel Participations Fond de moule pour moule de fabrication de recipients thermoplastiques, et dispositif de moulage equipe d'au moins un moule equipe d'un tel fond
WO2007140855A1 (de) * 2006-06-09 2007-12-13 Merck Patent Gmbh Chemikalienflasche für druckaufbauende füllgüter
JP4826379B2 (ja) * 2006-07-31 2011-11-30 東洋製罐株式会社 合成樹脂製容器
MY156895A (en) * 2009-07-13 2016-04-15 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd Plastic bottle
JP5424100B2 (ja) * 2009-07-13 2014-02-26 大日本印刷株式会社 耐圧用ボトル
JP5370835B2 (ja) * 2009-07-13 2013-12-18 大日本印刷株式会社 耐圧用ボトル
JP5428604B2 (ja) * 2009-07-13 2014-02-26 大日本印刷株式会社 プラスチックボトル
MY170973A (en) * 2012-02-28 2019-09-23 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd Plastic bottle
DE102013109716A1 (de) * 2013-09-05 2015-03-05 Krones Ag Blasform, Blasformmaschine und Verfahren zur Umformung von Kunststoffvorformlingen zu Kunststoffbehältnissen mit Luftabführung
DE102013226906A1 (de) * 2013-12-20 2015-07-09 P & L Gmbh & Co. Kg Mehrteilige Blasform für die Herstellung von geblasenen, aus Kunststoff bestehenden Werkstücken, sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
JP7101545B2 (ja) * 2018-06-22 2022-07-15 サントリーホールディングス株式会社 プラスチックボトル、および、それを用いた炭酸飲料製品

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GB1508574A (en) * 1974-06-29 1978-04-26 Plastona Waddington Ltd John Containers thermo-formed in plastics material
GB2044211B (en) * 1979-01-10 1983-05-11 Yoshino Kogyosho Co Ltd Thin-walled synthetic resin bottle
US4249667A (en) * 1979-10-25 1981-02-10 The Continental Group, Inc. Plastic container with a generally hemispherical bottom wall having hollow legs projecting therefrom
GB2098167A (en) * 1981-05-08 1982-11-17 Owens Illinois Inc Free-standing plastics containers
JPS57194939A (en) * 1981-05-20 1982-11-30 Owens Illinois Inc Self-erecting type plastic bottle
JPS6160432A (ja) * 1984-08-15 1986-03-28 株式会社吉野工業所 合成樹脂製壜体とこの壜体の位置合わせ方法
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL90509A0 (en) 1990-01-18
IN171066B (sh) 1992-07-11
DE68907447T2 (de) 1994-02-17
ID992B (id) 1996-10-08
JPH0257545A (ja) 1990-02-27
DE68907447D1 (de) 1993-08-12
HU204011B (en) 1991-11-28
DK298789D0 (da) 1989-06-16
PL162818B1 (pl) 1994-01-31
NO892524D0 (no) 1989-06-16
MA21577A1 (fr) 1989-12-31
DK298789A (da) 1989-12-18
DD283977A5 (de) 1990-10-31
HUT53016A (en) 1990-09-28
EP0346858A3 (en) 1990-05-16
PT90862A (pt) 1989-12-29
BR8903093A (pt) 1990-02-06
ZA893987B (en) 1990-05-30
ATE91262T1 (de) 1993-07-15
JO1582B1 (en) 1989-12-16
ES2041896T3 (es) 1993-12-01
EP0346858A2 (en) 1989-12-20
FI892965A (fi) 1989-12-18
CN1050852A (zh) 1991-04-24
IE62278B1 (en) 1995-01-25
AU3599589A (en) 1989-12-21
CN1019179B (zh) 1992-11-25
CS276423B6 (en) 1992-05-13
AR246720A1 (es) 1994-09-30
MX172186B (es) 1993-12-06
KR910000483A (ko) 1991-01-29
NZ229582A (en) 1991-02-26
IE891921L (en) 1989-12-17
CA1330959C (en) 1994-07-26
YU121589A (en) 1991-04-30
JPH0744501U (ja) 1995-11-21
FI892965A0 (fi) 1989-06-16
YU47714B (sh) 1996-01-08
PT9035T (pt) 1995-01-31
RU1813058C (ru) 1993-04-30
NO892524L (no) 1989-12-18
JP2551699Y2 (ja) 1997-10-27
AU607110B2 (en) 1991-02-21

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