Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
  • C07K14/42—Lectins, e.g. concanavalin, phytohaemagglutinin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel ricin molecules having ricin-type activity and conjugates comprised of these novel ricin molecules linked to selected ligands. More particularly, it relates to the production of ricin-type substances using recombinant DNA techniques, and the therapeutic use of conjugates comprised of these novel ricin molecules linked to a selected ligand.
• the plant toxin ricin is a well known molecule consisting of two polypeptide subunits, designated the A and B chains or subunits.
• the A chain is believed to provide the catalytic (toxic) activity
• the B chain is believed to provide both cell surface binding affinity (lectin activity) as well as translocation activity permitting the A chain of ricin to be translocated across the cell membrane into the cystosol.
• the toxicity is believed to be effected by enzymatic action on 28S rRNA in the ribosomal 60S subunit of the ribosomal particle leading to inhibition of protein synthesis.
• Ricin like many toxins, is not cell specific because the cell binding domain recognizes galactosyl residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids present on the surface of many cell types.
• ricin D and ricin E Two different forms of ricin, known as ricin D and ricin E, have been characterized [T. Araki and G. Funatsu, Biochim. Bioohys. Acta 911: 191-200 (1987) and B.F. Ladin et al. Plant Molecular Biology 9: 287-295 (1987)]. Both are equally toxic to animals, but only ricin D toxin binds to galactose containing supports. By comparison of their amino acid sequences with that of the closely related agglutinin, it appears that ricin E is the result of a genetic recombination between the ricin D and agglutinin genes in the region coding for the B chain subunit.
• the A and B chains are linked by a single, comparatively stable, disulfide bond. They are initially formed as a prepro-like molecule consisting of a contiguous ca. 550 amino acid protein with a putative signal peptide and short fragment linking the A and B chains.
• an interdisulfide bond is formed between the two subunits, four intradisulfide bonds are probably formed in the B subunit, and through proteolytic action the signal peptide and the amino acid linker are eliminated [F.I. Lamb, et al, Eur. J. Biochem., 148: 265-270 (1985)].
• a comparison of the primary protein sequence of the B chain subunit of ricin D and the x-ray crystallographic structure indicates that the subunit is a product of at least two gene duplications [E. Rutenber et al., Nature, 326: 624- 626 (1987) and W. Montfort et al., J. Biol. Chem., 262: 5398- 5403, (1987)].
• the B chain subunit appears to consist of two domains, herein defined as Domain I (amino acid 1-135) and Domain II (amino acid 136-262). Further examination of the primary and tertiary structure suggests that each domain can be divided into four homologous sub-domains or regions.
• regions are defined as 1 ⁇ (amino acid 1-16), 1 ⁇ (amino acid 17-59), 1 ⁇ (amino acid 60-100) and 1 ⁇ (amino acid 101-135) in Domain I and 2 ⁇ (amino acid 136-147), 2 ⁇ (amino acid 148-183), 2 ⁇ (amino acid 184-226), and 2 ⁇ (amino acid 227-262) in Domain II.
• Ricin and other toxins have been employed in conjugates which consist of a toxin molecule or a part thereof linked to a ligand such as a growth factor or antibody; the latter confer cell specificity.
• a ligand such as a growth factor or antibody
• Conjugates consisting of a toxin moiety and an antibody are well known in the art as "immunotoxins" or ITs. [See, e.g. I. Pastan et al, Cell 47: 641-648 (1986)].
• conjugated molecules can be used as targeted or cell specific therapeutics in the treatment of various forms of cancer.
• the ligand moiety of the toxin conjugate binds to its receptor or antigenic determinant on the cell surface and the conjugate is internalized into the cell, for example by endocytosis. Once within the cell, the toxin moiety is presumably released into the cytosol from the endocytic vesicle or receptosome.
• the non-specific cell binding properties of the B chain of ricin may be altered or removed in a variety of ways.
• the B chain is eliminated entirely as the toxin moiety of the conjugate is comprised of only the A chain of ricin.
• U.S. Patent 4,359,457 the ricin galactose site is blocked with lactose, thereby preventing non-specific binding to galostose residues present on the surface of many cell types.
• B chain has been linked to an antibody against the constant region of the antibody moiety in a ricin A chain immunotoxin, or against the same antigenic determinant on the target cell. [E.S. Vitetta, et al, J. EXP. Med.. 160: 341-346 (1984); and E.S. Vitteta, et al, PNAS 80: 6332-6335, (1983)].
• conjugated molecules known in the art may be faced with significant shortcomings. For example, those conjugates containing only the A chains may be more specific, but less active than the intact toxin molecule, presumably as a result of loss or diminution of the translocation function associated with the B chain. [See, e.g. Weil-Hillman et al, Cancer Res. 45: 1328-1336 (1985)]. Another difficulty may arise with conjugates wherein conjugation between the toxin and ligand is effected by disulfide bond formation. Disulfide bonds of this type are generally not stable in blood and other tissue fluids and therefore may be disrupted before reaching the intended target. [N.L. Letvin et al, J. Clin. Invest. 77 : 977-984 (1986) ] . Furthermore, freed targeting agent may then compete with intact conjugates for the cell surface marker.
• Novel ricin molecules have now been discovered.
• the new molecules have an amino acid sequence substantially similar to the amino acid sequence of native D ricin molecules wherein the lectin-binding domains of the B chain are modified or "engineered” to alter or remove the non-specific cell binding function. It is contemplated however that the modifications do not alter the B chain translocation activity and therefore, novel toxin conjugates of the invention containing a modified B chain are both active and specific.
• the amino acid sequence is the same or substantially the same as that of naturally occurring ricin D modified by the specific changes recited therein. The specific modifications are set forth below in the Description.
• the ricin molecules of the invention include analogs of ricin characterized by the various modifications or combinations of modifications as disclosed herein, which may also contain other variations, e.g. allelic variations, or additional deletion (s), substitution(s) or insertion(s) of amino acids which still retain ricin-type activity, so long as the DNA encoding these proteins (prior to the modification of the invention) is still capable of hybridizing to a DNA sequence encoding ricin under stringent conditions.
• allelic variations e.g. allelic variations, or additional deletion (s), substitution(s) or insertion(s) of amino acids which still retain ricin-type activity, so long as the DNA encoding these proteins (prior to the modification of the invention) is still capable of hybridizing to a DNA sequence encoding ricin under stringent conditions.
• Native ricin B chain is contains two N-linked glycosylation sites. It is further contemplated that by choice of expression systems or site-specific mutagenesis techniques, the carbohydrate composition at these sites can be eliminated or modified to favorably affect the in vivo clearance of this molecule or its derivatives.
• the invention further features that modified ricin B chains produced in a more homogeneous form than modified B chains not produced in cells transfected with the ricin B chain gene.
• Another aspect of the invention includes DNA sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of the ricin molecules of the invention and vectors containing these sequences in operative association with an expression control sequence.
• the ricin molecules of the invention are produced by the expression of the DNA molecules encoding the amino acid sequences in host cells transformed with said DNA. These host cells include mammalian, yeast, insect, fungal or bacterial cells.
• the invention further features targeted toxin conjugates comprising a modified ricin B chain of the invention linked to ricin A chain and a selected ligand.
• Preferred ligands include, but are not limited to, antibodies, growth factors, hormones and other cell surface binding agents.
• the conjugate is capable of crossing the membrane of the cell bearing the receptor, antigen or oncogene for the selected ligand and acting within the cell to destroy the cell.
• the conjugates containing modified ricin B chains of the invention may be prepared by gene fusions or as described below.
• compositions comprising an effective amount of such ricin conjugates.
• These pharmaceutical compositions may be employed in the treatment of any number of medical conditions including cancer according to the selected ligand.
• the selected ligand directs the composition to its target and the composition acts by attaching to the receptor, antigen or oncogene or other recognition site for the selected ligand and delivers the ricin through the cell membrane, where the toxin destroys the cell. It is contemplated that the toxin conjugates are stable in serum and other tissue fluids and not until the conjugate enters the cytosol is the toxic moiety released.
• a further aspect of the invention is a method for treating cancer and any number of medical conditions against which the ligand is directed, by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
• the vectors and transformed cells of the invention are employed in a novel process for producing the recombinant ricin molecules of the invention.
• This process of production includes culturing selected cells capable of producing the ricin molecules to obtain conditioned medium and purifying the molecules therefrom.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a novel process for the production of the targeted ricin conjugates. It is contemplated that this method will provide conjugates that are significantly more stable in vivo and as active as those prepared by standard methodologies. [See e.g. A.J. Cumber et al. Methods in Enzymol. 112: 207-225 (1985) ] .
• the process consists of attaching a peptide crosslinker to the modified ricin B chain molecule of the invention and reforming the holotoxin by disulfide bond formation with ricin A chain.
• the B chain of the modified holotoxin is then covalently linked as described below to the selected ligand to produce the toxin conjugate.
• the B chain may be covalently linked to the ligand by a number of linkage chemistries.
• the B chain of the modified holotoxin is treated with N-succinimidyl-S- acetylthiopropionate, and reassociated with the A chain to give a holotoxin molecule.
• the holotoxin is treated with hydroxylamine to expose a free sulfhydryl which reacts with a maleimide-containing protein ligand.
• the protein ligand may contain an integral sulfhydryl group, e.g.
• the reassociated holotoxin containing an engineered B chain is treated with N-succinimidyl 3- (2-pyridyldithio) proprionate and then crosslinked to the protein ligand by standard methods.
• Other crosslinkers may also be employed to covalently link the modified B chain to the selected ligand.
• Fig. 1 illustrates the DNA and amino acid sequence for the ricin D gene found on EcoR1-Hind III fragment of the genomic DNA extracted from caster beans (Ricinus communis, Zanibariensis variety).
• Fig. 2 illustrates the amino acid sequence for the B chain ricin D polypeptide.
• Fig. 3 illustrates a restriction map of the 4.2 Kb EcoRI - HindIII fragment containing the ricin gene.
• the invention features modified ricin molecules which lack or have a diminished cell binding affinity. These molecules include novel analogs , derivatives , and mutants of naturally occurring ricin D wherein the B chains differ in structure from the natural molecule in that they contain modifications in the area of the protein structure responsible for the cell binding function.
• the invention further features ricin D, B chain molecules. The modifications are contemplated to alter or eliminate the cell binding function while retaining the translocation function.
• the amino acid sequence is characterized by the same or substantially the same amino acid sequence as the naturally occurring ricin D molecule modified by the specific changes recited therein.
• ricin molecules of the invention include analogs of ricin characterized by the various modifications or combinations of modifications as disclosed herein, which may also contain other variations, e.g. allelic variations, or additional deletion(s), substitution (s) or insertion(s) of amino acids which still retain ricin-type activity, so long as the DNA encoding these proteins (prior to the modification of the invention) is still capable of hybridizing to a DNA sequence encoding ricin under stringent conditions.
• allelic variations or additional deletion(s), substitution (s) or insertion(s) of amino acids which still retain ricin-type activity, so long as the DNA encoding these proteins (prior to the modification of the invention) is still capable of hybridizing to a DNA sequence encoding ricin under stringent conditions.
• the sub-domains are 1 ⁇ (amino acid 1-16), 1 ⁇ (amino acid 17-59), 1 ⁇ (amino acid 60-100) and 1 ⁇ (amino acid 101-135) in Domain I; and 2 ⁇ (amino acid 136-147), 2 ⁇ (amino acid 148-183), 2 ⁇ (amino acid 184-226), and 27 (amino acid 227-262) in Domain II.
• the protein sequence of ricin B is characterized by changes in the amino acids of sub-domain 1 ⁇ .
• a preferred embodiment is characterized by deletion of amino acid 40 or its replacement with a naturally occuring amino acid other than lysine and preferrably arginine, leu ⁇ ine or another non-charged amino acid.
• amino acid 20 and/or 39 is/are deleted or replaced preferrably with serine.
• this mutant may be further modified such that two cysteines are inserted within 1-10 amino acids to either side of positions 20 and 39.
• a further modification includes replacement of a naturally occurring amino acid within the first ten amino acids to either side of positions 20 and 39 with cysteine.
• the protein sequence of ricin B is characterized by changes to amino acids in sub-domain 2 ⁇ .
• at least one of the amino acids in positions 229, 237, 247, 248, 250, 253, and 254 are changed to Asn, Arg, Val, His, Phe or Val, Asn, and Leu, respectively, to match the sequence found in ricin E.
• the last 8 to 34 amino acids of the ⁇ arboxyl terminus are deleted.
• the protein sequence of ricin B is characterized by changes in sub-domain l ⁇ and/or sub-domain 2 ⁇ .
• amino acid 46 and/or amino acid 255 is/are deleted or replaced with a naturally occuring amino acid which is other than asparagine.
• amino acid 46 and/or 255 is/are replaced with glutamine, leucine, aspartic acid, serine or lysine.
• the modified ricin is characterized by changes in which amino acid 37 and/or 248 is/are deleted or replaced with phenylalanine and/or alanine, histidine, or other non-aromatic amino acids.
• amino acid 22 and/or 234 is/are deleted or replaced with a naturally occuring amino acid other than asparatic acid.
• amino acid 22 and/or 234 is/are replaced with asparagine, glutamic acid, alanine another non-charged amino acid.
• At least one amino acid of the tripeptide sequence aspartic acid, valine and arginine at positions 22-24 and 234-236 is deleted or replaced in further embodiments.
• Another preferred embodiment includes an amino acid sequence wherein at least one of the prolines of positions 38 and 249 are deleted or replaced with a different naturally occurring amino acid.
• Another embodiment features the insertion of 1-5 additional prolines within the region extending from amino acid 20 to 49 and from amino acid 234 to 258, or replacement with proline of one to five amino acids in the region extending from amino acid 20 to 49 and 234 to 258, or the substitution of one to ten amino acids in the region extending from amino acid 20 to 49 and amino acid 234 to 258 with a branched chain amino acid, such as leucine and isoleucine.
• Another embodiment includes an amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid from the tripeptide sequence glutamine, leucine or isoleucine, and tryptophan of the positions 35 to 37, 47 to 49, and 256 to 258 is deleted or replaced.
• amino acids 17-59 may be replaced with amino acids 148-183.
• amino acids 227-262 are replaced with amino acids 101-135.
• At least one of the two consensus N-linked glycosylation sites of the B chain of the ricin molecule is modified to other than a consensus N-linked glycosylation site.
• amino acids from the region extending from and including amino acid 13 to 143 or the amino acids from the region extending from and including amino acid 134 to 260 are deleted.
• At least one and no more than ten of the following amino acid changes are made: amino acids changes Leu 150 to Met, Gin 158 to Lys, Ile161 to Leu, Ser165 to Thr, Ser193 to Thr, Ser195 to Ala, Arg198 to Lys, Glu199 ti Gly, Ala210 to Val, Ser229 to Asn, and Ala237 to Arg.
• the DNA sequences for the ricin gene have been cloned and characterized either from poly-A selected mRNA, [See, e.g., F.I. Lamb et al, Eur. J. Biochem. 148: 265-270 (1985) and M.-S. Chang et al., PNAS 84:5640-5644 (1987)] or from genomic DNA, [See, e.g. K.C. Helling Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 8091-8033 (1985)], and as described in Example I below.
• the present invention provides DNA sequences encoding individual variants of this invention may be produced by conventional site-directed mutagenesis of a DNA sequence encoding ricin B chain as shown in Fig. 1 or analogs or variants thereof including, but not limited to, allelic variants, analogues, derivatives and DNA sequences capable of hybridizing thereto under stringent hybridization conditions.
• stringent hybridization conditions include hybridization at 4xSSC at 65 degrees C, followed by washing in 0.1 ⁇ SSC at 65 degrees C for one hour.
• the DNA sequence encoding proricin may also be employed [F.I. Lamb, et al supra].
• Such methods of mutagenesis include the M13 system of Zoller and Smith, Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 6487-6500 (1982) ; Methods Enzvmol. 100:468-500 (1983); and DNA 3:479-488 (1984); the phenotypic selection method of T.A. Kunkel PNAS 82: 488-492 (1985); heteroduplexed DNA of B.A. Oostra et al. Nature 304: 456-459 (1983), or "cassette mutagenesis" according to S.D. Porter and M. Smith, Nature 320: 766-768, (1986) and M.D.
• oligonucleotide(s) used to direct mutagenesis in the above methods can be of degenerate as well as defined DNA sequence, to yield one or many defined mutant ricin B chains. It should be understood, of course, that DNA encoding each of the ricin molecules of this invention may be analogously produced by one skilled in the art through site-directed mutagenesis using (an) appropriately chosen oligonucleotide(s).
• Modification of one or both of the glycosylation sites is carried out by amino acid substitution or deletion at the asparagine-linked glycosylation recognition site present in the sequences.
• the asparagine-linked glycosylation recognition sites comprise tripeptide sequences which are specifically recognized by appropriate cellular glycosylation enzymes. These tripeptide sequences are either asparagine-X- threonine or asparagine-X-serine, where X is usually any amino acid.
• a variety of amino acid substitutions or deletions at one or both of the first or third amino acid positions of a glycosylation recognition site (and/or amino acid deletion at the second position) results in non-glycosylation at the modified tripeptide sequence.
• the invention also provides vectors for use in the method of expression of the novel ricin molecules.
• the DNA encoding the modified molecule is transferred into an appropriate expression vector and introduced into selected host cells by conventional genetic engineering techniques.
• the vectors contain the full novel DNA sequences described above which code for the novel ricin molecules of the invention. Further components of the vectors, e.g. replicons, selection genes, enhancers, promoters, and the like may be obtained from natural sources or synthesized by procedures within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.
• the vectors also contain appropriate expression control sequences permitting expression of the ricin B chain polypeptide sequences.
• the vectors may also contain DNA sequences encoding polypeptide pre- or prepro- sequences, to allow secretion of the novel ricin molecules, from suitable host cells into the medium. [See, e.g., M.S. Chang et al, supra 1.
• the vectors may contain selected regulatory sequences in operative association with the DNA coding sequences of the invention which are capable of directing the replication and expression thereof in selected host cells. Useful regulatory sequences for such vectors are known to one of skill in the art and are generally selected based on the type of host cells. Such selection is routine and does not form part of the present invention.
• a useful vector for the expression of B chain ricin is described by M.S. Chang et al, supra.
• mammalian expression vectors for use in the invention by employing the DNA sequences of the invention and known vectors, such as pCD [Okayama et al., Mol. Cell Biol.. 2:161-170 (1982)] and pJL3, pJL4 [Gough et al., EMBO J. , 4: 645-653 (1985)].
• pCD Okayama et al., Mol. Cell Biol.. 2:161-170 (1982)
• pJL3, pJL4 Gough et al., EMBO J. , 4: 645-653 (1985).
• the transformation of these vectors into appropriate host cells for example the monkey COS-1 cell line, can result in expression of the ricin molecules of the invention.
• the coding sequences could be further manipulated for bacterial expression as is known in the art.
• the sequence is operably linked in-frame to a nucleotide sequence encoding a secretory leader polypeptide permitting bacterial expression, secretion and processing of the mature variant protein as is known in the art.
• the compounds expressed in bacterial host cells may then be recovered, purified, and/or characterized with respect to physiochemical, biochemical, and/ or clinical parameters, by known methods.
• the sequence could then be inserted into a known bacterial vector using procedures such as described in T. Taniguchi et al., PNAS 77 : 5230-5233 (1980). This exemplary bacterial vector could then be transformed into bacterial host cells and ricin B chain expressed thereby.
• Yeast vectors can also be constructed employing yeast regulatory sequences for intracellular or extracellular expression of the molecules of the present invention by yeast cells. [See, e.g., procedures described in published PCT application WO86/00639 and European Patent Application EPA 123,289].
• a method for producing high levels of the molecules of the invention from mammalian cells involves the construction of cells containing multiple copies of the gene.
• the heterologous gene can be linked to an amplifiable marker, e.g. the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene for which cells containing increased gene copies can be selected for propagation in increasing concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) according to the procedures of Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol.. 159: 601-629 (1982).
• DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
• MTX methotrexate
• plasmid containing a DNA sequence for a ricin molecule of the invention in operative association with other plasmid sequences enabling expression thereof and the DHFR expression plasmid pAdA26SV(A)3 [Kaufman and Sharp, Mol. Cell. Biol..
• the present invention al so provides a method for producing the ricin molecules.
• the method involves culturing a suitable cell or cell line, which has been transformed with a DNA sequence coding for a ricin molecule of the invention under the control of known regulatory sequences.
• Suitable cells or cell lines for expression of the novel molecules may be mammalian cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) , monkey COS-1 cells or CV-1 cells.
• CHO Chinese hamster ovary cells
• monkey COS-1 cells or CV-1 cells.
• suitable mammalian host cells and methods for transformation, culture, amplification, screening and product production and purification are known in the art. [See, e.g., Gething and Sambrook, Nature, 293 : 620-625 (1981), or alternatively, Kaufman et al, Mol. Cell. Biol..
• mammalian host cells include particularly primate cell lines and rodent cell lines, including transformed cell lines. Normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, as well as primary explants, are also suitable.
• suitable mammalian cell lines include but are not limited to, HeLa, mouse L-929 cells, 3T3 lines derived from Swiss, Balb-c or NIH mice, BHK or HaK hamster cell lines.
• Bacterial cells are suitable hosts.
• E. coli e.g., HB101, MC1061
• Various strains of B. subtilis, Pseudomonas, other bacilli and the like may also be employed in this method.
• yeast cells Many strains of yeast cells known to those skilled in the art are also available as host cells for expression of the polypeptides of the present invention. Additionally, where desired, insect cells may be utilized as host cells in the method of the present invention. [See, e.g. Miller et al, Genetic Engineering, 8: 277-298 (Plenum Press 1986) and references cited therein].
• Stable transformants are screened for expression of the product by standard immunological or functional assays.
• the expressed compound is recovered, purified , and/or characterized with respect to physiochemical, biochemical and/or clinical parameters, all by known methods.
• the lectin binding properties of the mutant forms of ricin B chain can be examined in several ways. For example, dimunition or elimination of the non-specific cell-binding function of the expressed mutant may be assayed by the inability of a mutant, from conditioned media or purified material, to bind to asialofetuin either free in solution or bound to a solid support, e.g. sepharose, or to acid-treated sepharose [M. S. Chang et al, PNAS 84: 5640-5644, (1987) and T. Mise et al, Agric. Biol. Chem.. 41: 2041-2046, (1977)].
• potentiation of toxicity by the mutant forms of ricin B chain on ricin A chain containing toxin conjugates can be examined in two formats. Firstly, by addition of excess mutant B chain to the target cells in the presence of the A chain conjugate, [R. J. Youle et al, J. Biol. Chem., 257: 1598-1601, (1982) and D. P. Mclntosh et al. Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc., 164: 17-20, (1982)].
• the mutant B chain can be linked to an antibody against the ligand of the ricin A chain toxin conjugate, or to the same ligand as in the A chain conjugate, [R. J. Fulton et al, J. Immunol.. 136: 3103-3109, (1986)].
• the modified B chain can be linked directly to ricin A chain and the selected ligand and tested against the target cell.
• the toxin conjugate is then prepared.
• a selected peptide crosslinker is attached to the isolated ricin B chain.
• One preferred cross-linker is S-acetyl protected thiopropionic acid.
• Ricin A chain is then added to the ricin B chain to reform the holotoxin by disulfide bond formation.
• the A chain can be a recombinant A chain, natural A, a natural mutant, chemically deglycosylated ricin A or other variant A chain. [See, e.g. U.S. 4,689,401].
• the modified holotoxin is then covalently linked to a selected ligand.
• the ligand to which the holotoxin is linked is not limited by the invention.
• the ligand is selected according to the target to which the conjugate is to be directed.
• the ligand may consist of growth factors such as I1-1 ⁇ , ⁇ , I1-2, I1-3, I1-4, I1-5, I1-6, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, FGF, TGF ⁇ , ⁇ and TNF.
• the ligand may also be an antibody including monoclonal antibodies directed to a variety of epitopes on a target site, including those associated with tumor cells, virus, fungi, or bacteria. Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, NR-CO 1-5 for colon cancer and R24 for melanoma.
• the B chain is treated with N-succinimidyl S-acetylthiopropionate [N. Fujii, Chem. Parm. Biol. 33:362 (1985)].
• the ricin A chain is then reassociated with the functionalized B chain to form the holotoxin.
• the S-acetyl protecting group is then cleaved with hydroxylamine or hydrazine [Klotz and Heiney, supra].
• a protein ligand containing an integral sulfhydryl group or more preferrably an added maleimide or sulfhydryl group attached to the peptide or carbohydrate portion is then coupled to the B chain of the holotoxin.
• the B chain is treated with N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate followed by dithiothreitol.
• the A chain and ligand are then added as described by the steps of the procedure described above.
• treatment with other standard crosslinkers is within the scope of the invention.
• the proricin is treated proteolytically resulting in an A chain that is releasable under reductive conditions.
• the ligand is then linked to the ricin molecule as described above.
• a ricin toxin conjugate of the present invention has application in numerous medical conditions. Depending on the condition an appropriate ligand is selected which will direct the ricin moiety to the appropriate site.
• the ligand imparts specificity to the conjugate molecule.
• Possible applications of the toxin conjugates of the invention include treatment of cancer using conjugates employing an antibody ligand directed to the cell surface of tumors.
• the conjugates can be used in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma and localized cancer such as ovarian and breast carcinoma.
• the conjugate is internalized into the cell where it is contemplated that the ricin moiety is released thereby destroying the cell.
• a therapeutic method and composition for treating conditions such as those described above.
• Such a composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the ricin toxin conjugates of the invention.
• These conj ugates according to the present invention may be present in a therapeutic composition in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or matrix .
• Further therapeutic methods and compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutic amount of a ricin conjugate of the invention with a therapeutic amount of at least one other ricin conj ugate of the invention.
• the ricin conj ugat es a cc ording to the present invention or a combination of the conjugates of the present invention may be co-administered with other agents beneficial to the treatment in question .
• the preparation of such physiologically acceptable protein compositions having due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability and the like, is within the skill of the art.
• the therapeutic method includes administering the conjugate to the patient in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier .
• the therapeutic composition for use in this invention is , of course, in a pyrogen-free, physiologically acceptable form.
• the composition may desirably be encapsulated or inj ected in a viscous form for delivery.
• the dosage regime will be determined by the attending physician considering various factors which modify the action of the particular conjugate, e.g. the type of condition being treated, the patients age, sex, and diet, the severity of any infection, time of administration and other clinical factors. The addition of other factors to the final compoistion may also effect the dosage.
• Genomic DNA is extracted from castor bean (Ricinus communis var. Zanibariensis) seedling leaves according to E.L. Sheldon In: Maize for Biological Research ed. W.F. Sheridan University Press, Grand Forks, pp. 197-202 (1982).
• the presence of the 4.2kb fragment was confirmed by Southern analysis of total genomic DNA digested with Hindlll and/or EcoRI using the oligonucleotide probes described below.
• the 4.2kb EcoRI-Hindlll fragment containing the ricin gene [K.C. Helling et al supra] was obtained by the restriction fragment enrichment procedure, according to R.D. Nicholls et al, Nucleic Acid Res.
• Figure 3 illustrates a restriction map of the 4.2kb EcoRI-Hindlll fragment containing the ricin gene.
• the information in brackets corresponds to the designation in Figure 3.
• I I represents restriction fragments described herein below; ----- represents deleted sequences; and ----- represents the pUC18 sequence.
• the oligonucleotides referenced in the description which follows are set forth in Table I.
• the 'parental' plasmid is constructed to facilitate the cloning of the B chain gene fragment into various expression systems and for subsequent mutagenesis.
• This plasmid is constructed by replacing the KpnI-BamHI fragment ([K-BH] Fig. 3, fragment A) in pRICB with two oligonucleotides, #3 and #4, reforming the two restriction sites, and introducing a PstI [P] site at the first codon of the B chain section.
• the Ncol-Hindlll [N-H] fragment (Fig. 3, fragment B) is replaced by two oligonucleotides, #5 and #6, reforming the above sites and
• XbaI site [Xb] at the termination codon (TAG) as well as PstI [P] and Xhol [X] sites, yielding pRAB.
• Pstl-XbaI [P-Xb] fragment of pRAB (Fig. 3, fragment C) was cloned into the Rf form of M13mp18 also restricted with PstI and XbaI.
• an Aval [A] site was introduced between the PstI and the BamHI sites (Fig. 3) by site-directed mutagenesis using oligonucleotide #7; yielding mp18B.
• the mammalian expression plasmid pSHvB contains the coding sequence for the pre-polypeptide of von Willebrand's Factor (vWF) [See e.g. PCT publication WO86/06096] followed by the coding sequence for ricin B chain.
• This plasmid was prepared by enzymatically joining the PstI-XbaI fragment from mpl8B (the PstI cohesive end had been removed with the large fragment of DNA Polymerase I) to pSHIL-3-1 restricted with Pstl-Xbal, in the presence of oligonucleotides #8 and 9 which encode the prepolypeptide of vWF.
• mutants are produced by conventional site-directed mutagenesis on all or part of the DNA sequence encoding ricin B chain.
• the method of Zoller & Smith supra as adapted by Eckstein using the mutagenesis system devised by Amersham International, U.K., the heteroduplex approach of Oostra et al supra, and restriction fragment replacement. All DNA manipulations discussed herein, unless specifically referenced, are in accordance with T. P. Maniatis et al.. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual supra).
• Ricin B chain and the mutant forms can be expressed by transient transfection of COS-1 monkey cells or by stable transformation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with the plasmid pSHvB.
• COS monkey cells were transfected with pSHvB, containing any one of the mutant forms listed in Table 1, according to H. Luthman et al. Nucleic Acid Res. 11: 1295- 1308, (1983) and L. M. Sompayrac et al. PNAS 78: 7575-7578, (1981).
• the expression of the mutant forms in COS-1 cells was studied by radiolabeling and immunoprecipatation according to A. J. Dorner et al, J. Cell Biol.
• COS-1 cells were labeled with [ 35 S]-methionine, 100 ⁇ Ci/ml, for 15 min. at 40 hr to 70 hr post-transfection, followed by a 3 hr chase in medium containing 0.1M D-galactose. Media and cell extracts after lysis were immunoprecipatated as described. Examination of the immunoprecipatates on 12% SDS-PAGE revealed one major band at 34-36 kDa in the media and cell extract, as well as a minor band at 28-30 kDa in the latter.
• the conditioned media containing engineered ricin B is diluted with water and applied to an ion exchange membrane cartridge which has been equilibrated in 50mM Na phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). Bound protein is washed with the same buffer containing 0.1M galactose and eluted with NaCl. The eluate is loaded onto a lentil-le ⁇ tin affinity column which is washed with load buffer. Specifically-bound protein is eluted with alphamethylmannopyranoside. Higher molecular weight species are removed by means of a high resolution gel filtration column.
• An M-CSF- engineered ricin conjugate according to the invention is prepared as follows. For example, as prepared and isolated in Example I, one mg (30umole) of engineered ricin B chain in 100mM NaHCO 3 /0.1M lactose (2ml) is reacted with SATP ( 130umole) in dimethylf ormamide (DMF) . The reaction is allowed to proceed for 5 hr at 4°C. The derivatized B chain, in phosphate buffered NaCl is freshly reduced and then reacted with ricin A chain (130umole) which is activated by reaction with Ellman's reagent [G. L. Ellman, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82 : 70-77, (1959)]. The functionalized holotoxin is purified by gel filtration on Sepherogel tm TSK-3000 high pressure liquid chromatography column.
• M-CSF 35umole
• 50 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH7.0) /150mM NaCl is reacted with succinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl) cyclhexane-1-carboxylate (1750umole) for 1 hr at RT.
• the excess crosslinking reagent is removed by gel filtration.
• the SATP functionalized holotoxin in the argonsparged phosphate/NaCl buffer is treated with an equivalent volume of 20mM hydroxylamine for 30 min at 4°C, quickly passed through a gel filtration column and then immediately reacted with the maleimide functionalized M-CSF in the same buffer. After a 16 hr reaction at 4°C, the desired M-CSF-engineered ricin conjugate is obtained and purified by gel filtration on a TSK-4000 high pressure liquid chromatography column.

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