EP0324039B1

EP0324039B1 - Electrophotographic photoreceptor

Info

Publication number: EP0324039B1
Application number: EP19880100392
Authority: EP
Inventors: Ken-Ichi Karakida; Yuzuru Fukuda; Susumu Honma; Masayuki Nishikawa; Shigeru Yagi
Original assignee: Fuji Xerox Co Ltd
Current assignee: Fujifilm Business Innovation Corp
Priority date: 1988-01-13
Filing date: 1988-01-13
Publication date: 1995-06-14
Anticipated expiration: 2008-01-13
Also published as: DE3853988D1; DE3853988T2; EP0324039A1

Description

This invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and more particularly to an amorphous silicon type electrophotographic photoreceptor.
Electrophotographic photoreceptors having a photosensitive layer consisting mainly of amorphous silicon, so-called amorphous silicon type electrophotographic photoreceptors (hereinafter referred to as a-Si photoreceptors) have recently attracted the attention because the amorphous silicon per se has a possibility of essentially improving durability of conventional electrophotographic photoreceptors and is promising for obtaining a long-life electrophotographic photoreceptor having electrically stable repeatability, high hardness, and thermal stability. Taking these advantages into consideration, various a-Si photoreceptors have been proposed, as described in JP-A-78135/79 and JP-A-86341/79.
Inter alia, a-Si photoreceptors having a photosensitive layer of a so-called separated function type have been considered excellent, the photosensitive layer being composed of a charge generating layer producing a charge carrier upon light irradiation and a charge transport layer in which the charge carrier generated in the charge generating layer can be introduced and transferred effectively. Various charge transport layers in such separated function type a-Si photoreceptors are known, as described, for example, in JP-A 172,650/83 and 219,561/83, and they are usually formed by decomposing a mixed gas containing a gaseous silane compound, e.g., silane, disilane, etc., a carbon-, oxygen- or nitrogen-containing gas, and a gas containing a trace amount of a Group III or Group V element, e.g., phosphine, diborane, etc., by glow discharge to provide a layer containing the above-described elements to a thickness of from about 5 to 100 »m.
The document US-A 4,403,026 discloses a photoconductive member comprising between a support and a photoconductive layer, an intermediate layer constituted of an electrically insulating inorganic oxide, Aℓ₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and ZrO₂ being cited in the list of suitable inorganic oxides. Said layer must have a thickness within a range of from 30 to 1000 Å (3 to 100 nm). It is expressed in this document that a thickness exceeding the above range prevents achieving the objects of the invention underlying said document.
In the separated function type electrophotographic photoreceptors, characteristics of the charge transport layer, which has the largest thickness in the photosensitive layer, generally contribute to charging properties of the photoreceptors. The electrophotographic photoreceptors in which a charge transport layer is made of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (hereinafter referred to as a-Si:H) obtained by the above-described glow discharge decomposition of silane compounds show insufficient charging properties as having a charging capacity of about 30 V/»m at the highest. Moreover, they generally have such an extremely high rate of dark decay as about 20 %/sec at the lowest, though somewhat varying depending on conditions of use. Therefore, application of these electrophotographic photoreceptors using such an a-Si type charge transport layer has been limited to relatively high-speed systems or has required a specific development system due to insufficient charge potential attained. The charge potential can be heightened by increasing the thickness of the charge transport layer. However, such would result in increase of time required for film formation and, when applied to commonly employed processes for production, cause reduction in yield ascribed to an increase of film defect accompanying the formation of a thick layer, only to provide final products at an extremely high cost.
Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge transport layer, which has satisfactory charging properties and a low rate of dark decay.
Another object of this invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor which has high sensitivity and can be produced at low cost.
It is known that a metal oxide, e.g., SiO₂, Aℓ₂O₃, ZrO₂, TiO₂, etc., is formed in a very thin film (e.g., less than 0.1 »m in thickness) between a photosensitive layer and a support of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, serving as a charge blocking layer (a charge injection-preventing layer), as described in JP-A 67,936/82 and 60,747/83. To the contrary, the inventors have found that a film of an oxide of at least one metal element selected from aluminum, zirconium, and tantalum sufficiently functions as a charge transport layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor. The present invention has been completed based on this finding.
That is, the present invention is directed to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a support having provided thereon a charge generating layer containing silicon as a main component and a charge transport layer containing as a main component an oxide of at least one metal element selected from aluminum, zirconium, and tantalum, the charge generating layer and the charge transport layer being adjacent to each other, which photoreceptor is characterized in that said charge generating layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 to 30 »m, and said charge transport layer has a thickness of from 2 to 100 »m.
The charge transport layer according to the present invention contains one or more of the metal oxides as a main component, and Aℓ₂O₃ is particularly preferred. The term "main component" as used herein means a component contained in a largest amount in- the layer. In general, the metal oxide is contained in an amount of from about 90 to 100 atomic%, preferably from about 95 to 100 atomic%, and more preferably from about 99 to 100 atomic%, in terms of atomic ratio of the total number of atoms constituting the metal oxide(s) present in the charge transport layer to the total number of atoms constituting the charge transport layer.
The charge transport layer may further contain a hydrogen atom, and/or a Group IV or V element such as C, N, P, Si, Sn, and Pb, in an amount of less than about 10 atomic%, preferably less than about 5 atomic%, and more preferably less than about 1 atomic%.
The charge transport layer of the present invention does not have substantial photosensitivity in the visible light region; i.e., a charge carrier comprising a positive hole and an electron is not generated in the layer by irradiation of light in the visible region. The charge transport layer is, therefore, entirely different in structure from the conventional electrophotographic photosensitive layer comprising a resin binder having dispersed therein ZnO or TiO₂ and a sensitizing dye, or the electrophotographic photosensitive layer composed of a deposited layer of a chalcogen compound, e.g., Se, Se.Te, S, etc., and an a-Si film. The charge transport layer of the present invention may have photosensitivity to ultraviolet light.
The raw materials for the charge transport layer include aluminum, zirconium, and tantalum, and a wide range of compounds containing these elements such as Aℓ₂O₃, ZrO₂, and Ta₂O₅, though depending on the method for film formation, may be employed.
The charge transport layer can be formed by various methods, such as ion plating, electron beam deposition, anodic oxidation, hot spraying of an organic metal compound, CVD, and hydrolysis, as described in Y. Kawashimo et al., Journal of The Vacuum Society of Japan 27, 489 (1984);JP-A 138,916/81; M. Nagayama et al., The Journal of The Metal Finishing Society of Japan 30, 438 (1979); JP-A 14,818/72; L.A. Ryabova, Curr. Top. Mater. Sci. 7, 587 (1981); and H. Dislich et al., Thin Solid Films 77, 129 (1981), respectively. Among them, the ion plating method and the electron beam deposition method are advantageous from the standpoint of efficiency, and the ion plating method is particularly preferred. The method for producing the charge transport layer will be described in detail taking the ion plating method as an instance.
A raw material is put in an oxygen-free copper crucible which is placed in a vacuum chamber and can be cooled with water. Ion plating can be carried out under conditions of about 1,33·10⁻² to 1,33·10⁻⁷ mbar (10⁻² to 10⁻⁷ Torr) in degree of vacuum; about 1 to +500 V in voltage applied to an ionization electrode; 0 to about -2,000 V in bias pressure applied to a substrate; about 0.5 to 20 kV in voltage of an electron gun; about 1 to 1,000 mA in current of an electron gun; and about 20 to 1,000°C, preferably about 50°C or higher, more preferably about 100 to 500°C, and most preferably about 250 to 300°C, in temperature of a substrate. The higher is the substrate temperature, the higher is the hardness of the resulting film. It is preferred that the ion plating be carried out by introducing an oxygen gas directly into the vacuum chamber since a transparent film can be obtained, which is particularly suitable when the film is formed as an upper layer on the charge generating layer because of minimum scattering or absorption of light, and the film is not likely to crack when taken out from the vacuum and cooled. In this case, the oxygen partial pressure in the vacuum chamber is preferably from about 1,33·10⁻⁶ to 1,33·10² mbar (10⁻⁶ to 10² Torr) and more preferably from about 1,33·10⁻⁴ to 1,33·10⁻¹ mbar (10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹ Torr). The rate of deposition is generally from about 0,5 to 50 nm/s (5 to 500 Å/sec), and preferably from about 1 to 20 nm/s. (10 to 200 Å/sec). The thickness of the oxide film can be adjusted appropriately by controlling ion plating time. The thickness of the charge transport layer usually ranges from about 2 to 100 »m, and preferably from about 3 to 30 »m.
The support which can be used in the present invention may be eigher electrically conductive or insulating. The conductive support includes metals and alloys, such as stainless steel and aluminum. The insulating support includes synthetic resin films or sheets, such as polyester, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyamide, etc., glass, ceramics, paper, and the like. If an insulating support is used, at least the surface on which the charge generating layer and the charge transport layer are formed should be rendered electrically conductive by, for example, vacuum evaporation, sputtering or laminating of a metal usable as a conductive support. The support may have any arbitary shape, such as tube, belt, plate, etc. Further, the support may have a multilayer structure. The thickness of the support is determined appropriately depending on the desired photoreceptor and is usually 10 »m or more.
The charge generating layer of the present invention contains, as a main component, silicon which may be polycrystalline, microcrystalline, or amorphous in the crystalline form. Crystalline silicon can be obtained by heating amorphous silicon or forming a silicon film at a high temperature. Of these, amorphous silicon (a-Si) is preferably used in the present- invention. The charge generating layer is herein explained referring to a-Si as one example of the silicon component.
The silicon content in the charge generating layer may be 100 atomic% based on the total number of atoms constituting the layer, but it is preferably from about 95 to 50 atomic% and more preferably from about 90 to 60 atomic%. In the case of an a-Si film, a hydrogen atom is generally contained in an amount of less than about 20 atomic%. The charge generating layer may further contain less than 50 atomic% of a halogen atom, C, O, N, Ge and Sn, and a trace amount of B and P.
The charge generating layer can be formed by various methods, such as glow discharge, sputtering, ion plating, and vacuum evaporation, as described in JP-A 78,135/79, 62,778/80, 78,414/81 and 70,234/83 respectively. Preferably, the charge generating layer is formed by glow discharge decomposition of silane (SiH₄) or a silane-based gas according to a plasma CVD method, as described in JP-A 78135/79. A film formed by this technique contains an adequate amount of hydrogen and exhibits favorable characteristics as a charge generating layer, i.e., relatively high dark resistance and high photosensitivity.
The plasma CVD method is illustrated below. Raw materials for forming a charge generating layer include silane compounds such as monosilane and disilane. If desired, a carrier gas, e.g., hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, etc., may be used in the formation of the charge generating layer. The amount of the carrier gas to be introduced is generally from 0 to about 90 parts by volume, preferably from 0 to about 60 parts by volume, per part by volume of silane compound. For the purpose of control of dark resistance or charge polarity of the charge generating layer, an impurity element, e.g., boron and phosphorus, can be incorporated into the film by adding a dopant gas, e.g., diborane (B₂H₆), phosphine (PH₃), etc., to the above-described gas. For example, the amounts of diborane and phosphine are generally from 0 to about 300 ppm and from 0 to about 200 ppm, preferably from 0 to about 30 ppm and from 0 to about 20 ppm, respectively, per part by volume by SiH₄. For the purpose of increasing dark resistance, photosensitivity or charging capacity (charging capacity or charge potential per unit film thickness), the charge generating layer may further contain a halogen atom, a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, etc. in an amount of from 0 to about 50 atomic% and preferably from 0 to about 20 atomic% based on the total number of atoms constituting the charge generating layer. For the purpose of increasing sensitivity in the longer wavelength region, it is also possible to incorporate germanium, tin or other elements in an amount of from about 1 to 50 atomic% and preferably from about 1 to 30 atomic% based on the total number of atoms constituting the charge generating layer. In particular, the charge generating layer preferably contains silicon as a main component and from about 1 to 40 atomic%, more preferably from about 5 to 20 atomic%, of hydrogen, based on the total number of atoms constituting the charge generating layer.
The film thickness of the charge generating layer is generally in the range of from about 0.1 to 30 »m, and preferably from about 0.2 to 5 »m. The charge generating layer may be provided either on or beneath the charge transport layer.
If desired, the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention may further comprise additional layers in contact with an upper or lower layer of the combination of the charge generating layer and the charge transport layer. Such additional layers include a charge blocking layer embracing a p-type or n-type semi-conductor layer composed of amorphous silicon having incorporated therein the Group III or V element and an insulating layer composed of silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon-oxide, amorphous carbon, etc.; an adhesive layer composed of amorphous silicon having incorporated therein nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc.; a layer containing both an element of the Group III and an element of the Group V; a layer controlling electrical characteristics and image quality of a photoreceptor; and the like. Each of these additional layers may have an arbitarily determined thickness and usually ranges from about 0.01 to 10 »m. These additional layers are described in JP-A 78,135/79, 52,159/82, 125,881/81, 63,545/82, and 136,042/83.
In order to inhibit charge injection from the surface of the photoreceptor and/or the surface of the support into the charge transport layer or charge generating layer to ensure sufficient charging capacity and low dark decay, it is particularly preferred to provide a charge blocking layer between the support and the charge generating layer or charge transport layer and/or the surface of the photoreceptor.
In addition, a surface protective layer may be provided in order to prevent the surface of the photoreceptor from denaturation due to corona ions, as described in JP-A 115,551/82 and 275,852/86.
The charge generating layer and the additional layers can be formed by a plasma CVD method. As explained for the charge generating layer, in the case of incorporating an impurity element to these layers, a gaseous compound containing such an impurity element is introduced to an apparatus of plasma CVD together with a silane gas to effect glow discharge decomposition. The film formation can be carried out effectively by means of either alternating current discharge or direct current discharge. Taking alternating current discharge for instance, conditions for the film formation are usually from about 0.1 to 30 MHz, and preferably from about 5 to 20 MHz, in frequency; from about 0.1 to 5 Torr (from about 13.3 to 66.7 Pa) in pressure at the time of discharge; and from about 100 to 400°C in temperature of the substrate.
It has not yet been elucidated why the film made of an oxide of at least one element selected from aluminum, zirconium, and tantalum functions as a charge transport layer. It is considered that the charge carrier generated in the charge generating layer adjacent thereto is effectively transported without being trapped at the interface therebetween and, at the same time, the charge transport layer functions to inhibit unnecessary charge injection from the side of the support. Thus, the electrophotographic photoreceptor in accordance with the present invention has a charging capacity of approximately 50 V/»m or more and a rate of dark decay as low as 15 %/sec or less.
The present invention will now be illustrated in detail with reference to the following examples, but it should be understood that these examples are not deemed to limit the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

An aluminum oxide film was formed around an aluminum pipe having a diameter of about 120 mm by ion plating as follows. Alumina having a purity of 99.99% was charged in an oxygen-free copper crucible under water-cooling placed in a vacuum chamber. After the inner pressure of the vacuum chamber was adjusted to 2,67·10⁻⁵ mbar (2 × 10⁻⁵ Torr), oxygen gas was fed to the vacuum chamber at a controlled flow rate so as to maintain the degree of vacuum at 2,67·10⁻⁴ mbar (2 × 10⁻⁴ Torr). A voltage of 8.5 kV was applied to an electron gun, and the powder source was set to fix the electrical current at 240 mA. At this time, the voltage of the ionization electrode was fixed at 80 V, and to the support was applied a bias voltage of -500 V. The power of the electron beam was controlled so that the rate of deposition was fixed at 3,4 nm/s (34 Å/sec) by the use of a film thickness monitor with a quartz oscillator placed in the vicinity of the support. After about 25-minute film formation, the sample was taken out from the vacuum system to obtain an aluminum pipe covered with a transparent film of aluminum oxide to a thickness of about 5 »m.
Thereafter, an a-Si:H (non-doped: H 17 atomic%) film was formed on the aluminum oxide film to a thickness of 1 »m as follows. Silane (SiH₄) gas was fed to a capacity coupling type plasma CVD apparatus at a rate of 200 ml/min, and the inner pressure was adjusted to 2,06 mbar (1.5 Torr). The temperature of the support was 250°C. Glow discharge decomposition was carried out at an output of 300 W at a high frequency of 13.56 MHz for 10 minutes.
The thus obtained sample was charged by corona discharge while rotating at 40 rpm. The surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was about -260 V at the time when an electrical current of -20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor. The half decay exposure was 5,8·10⁻⁷J/cm² (5.8 erg/cm²) upon exposure to monochromatic light of 550 nm, and the residual potential at this time was about -30 V. The rate of dark decay was 15 %/sec.

EXAMPLE 2

A 1 »m thick a-Si:H film was laminated on an aluminum oxide film having a thickness of about 5 »m in the same manner as described in Example 1. Subsequently, an a-Si:N (N-doped: atomic ratio N/Si=0.45/1) film of 60 nm (600 Å) thickness was laminated thereon as a surface protective layer in a plasma CVD apparatus.
The conditions for the a-Si:N film formation were as follows:
When the thus prepared sample was subjected to corona discharge while rotating at 40 rpm, the surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was about -360 V at the time when a current of -20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor, indicating an improvement in charging capacity over the photoreceptor of Example 1. The half decay exposure was 8.0·10⁻⁷ J/cm² (8.0 erg/cm²) on exposure of monochromatic light of 550 nm, and the residual potential at this time was about -65 V. The rate of dark decay was 14 %/sec.

EXAMPLE 3

An a-Si:N film (a charge blocking layer) was formed on an aluminum pipe to a thickness of about 60 nm (600 Å) according to a plasma CVD method under the same conditions as used in Example 2. An aluminum oxide film of 5 »m thick was further formed thereon under the same conditions as used in Example 1. Then, a 1 »m thick a-Si:H (non-doped) film and a 600 »m thick a-Si:N film were laminated thereon in the same manner as in Example 2.
The resulting sample was subjected to corona discharge while rotating at 40 rpm. The surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was about -520 V at the time when a current of -20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor. The half decay exposure was 9,2·10⁻⁷ J/cm² (9.2 erg/cm²) on exposure to monochromatic light of 550 nm, and the residual potential at this time was about -80 V. The rate of dark decay was 8 %/sec.

EXAMPLE 4

On an aluminum pipe were laminated an a-Si:N blocking layer of 60 nm (600 Å) thick, an a-Si:H (non-doped) layer of 1 »m thick and then, after once taking out from the vacuum system, an alumi-num oxide film of 5 »m thick in the same manner as in Example 3, wherein the order of the aluminum oxide film and the a-Si:H film was reversed.
When the resulting sample was charged by corona discharge while rotating at 40 rpm, the surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was about 350 V at the time when a current of +20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor. The half decay exposure was 7.5·10⁻⁷ J/cm² (7.5 erg/cm²) on exposure to monochromatic light of 550 nm, and the residual potential at this time was 70 V. The rate of dark decay was 14 %/sec.

EXAMPLE 5

On the sample of Example 4 was laminated an a-Si:N film having a thickness of about 60 nm (600 Å) as a surface protective layer by a plasma CVD method under the same conditions as used in Example 2.
When the resulting sample was charged by corona discharge while rotating at 40 rpm, the surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was about 450 V at the time when a current of 20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor. The half decay exposure was 10.5·10⁻⁷ J/cm² (10.5 erg/cm²) on exposure to monochromatic light of 550 nm, and the residual potential at this time was about 90 V. The rate of dark decay was 9 %/sec.
When the sample was mounted on a dry process paper copying machine (Model 3500, manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.) to carry out copying, clear images free from fog were obtained.

EXAMPLE 6

A Ta₂O₅ film was formed on a 1 mm thick stainless steel base by ion plating as follows. Ta₂O₅ (purity: 99.9%) was placed in an oxygen-free copper crucible under water-cooling. After the degree of vacuum was maintained at 2.67·10⁻⁵ mbar (2 × 10⁻⁵ Torr), oxygen gas was introduced to the vacuum chamber at a controlled flow rate so as to maintain the degree of vacuum at 2,67·10⁻⁴ mbar (2 × 10⁻⁴ Torr). A voltage of 8.5 kV was applied to an electron gun, and the power source was adjusted so as to result in an electric current of 250 mA. At this time, the voltage of the ionization electrode was set at 80 V, and a bias voltage of -1,000 V was applied to the base. The power of the electron beam was controlled so as to obtain a constant rate of deposition of 3,5 nm/s (35 Å/sec) by means of a film thickness monitor with a quartz oscillator placed in the vicinity of the base. After film formation for about 25 minutes, the stainless steel base was taken out from the vacuum system to obtain a sample having provided thereon a transparent film of about 5.3 »m thick. On the thus formed film were further laminated an a-Si:H (non-doped) film having a thickness of 1 »m and an a-Si:N film having a thickness of 60 nm (600 Å) in the same manner as in Example 2.
When the resulting sample was negatively charged by corona discharge, the surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was about -300 V at the time when a current of -20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor. The half decay exposure was 16.8·10⁻⁷ J/cm² (16.8 erg/cm²) on exposure to monochromatic light of 550 nm, and the residual potential at this time was about -110 V. The rate of dark decay was 15 %/sec.

EXAMPLE 7

A solution consisting of 10 parts (by weight; hereinafter the same) of zirconium tetrapropoxide, 100 parts of isopropyl alcohol, and 1 part of a 1 wt% hydrochloric acid aqueous solution was prepared. An aluminum plate was dipped in the solution, followed by heating at 250°C for 3 hours to form a transparent thin film composed mainly of zirconium and oxygen to a thickness of 3 »m.
Onto the thus formed film were laminated a 1 »m-thick a-Si:H film and then a 60 nm (600 Å)-thick a-Si:N film as a surface layer in the same manner as in Example 2.
When the resulting photoreceptor was negatively charged by corona discharge and exposed to monochromatic light of 550 nm, the surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was -200 V at the time when a current of -20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor, and the residual potential after the exposure was -50 V. The rate of dark decay was 5 %/sec.

EXAMPLE 8

An aluminum base was dipped in a solution consisting of 10 parts of aluminum isopropoxide, 200 parts of ethyl alcohol, and 10 parts of a 1 wt% hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and dried at 300°C for 3 hours to form a 5 »m thick transparent film composed mainly of aluminum and oxygen.
On the film thus formed were laminated a 1 »m-thick a-Si:H film and, as a surface layer, a 60 nm (600 Å-)thick a-Si:N film in the same manner as in Example 2.
When the resulting photoreceptor was negatively charged by corona discharge and exposed to monochromatic light of 550 nm, the surface potential after 0.1 second from the corona discharge was -300 V at the time when a current of -20 »A/cm flowed into the photoreceptor, and the residual potential after the exposure was -60 V. The rate of dark decay was 12 %/sec.
As described above, the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention exhibits satisfactory charging properties and low rate of dark decay. That is, the photoreceptor of the present invention has a charging capacity of about 50 V/»m or more, a rate of dark decay of 15 %/sec or less, and a high sensitivity.

Claims

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a support having provided thereon a charge generating layer containing silicon as the main component and a charge transport layer containing as the main component an oxide of at least one element selected from aluminium, zirconium and tantalum, said charge generating layer and said charge transport layer being adjacent to each other, characterized in that said charge generating layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 to 30 »m and said charge transport layer has a thickness of from 2 to 100 »m.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said charge transport layer has no substantial photosensitivity in the visible light region.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said photoreceptor further comprises a charge blocking layer between the support and a lower layer of the combination of the charge generating layer and the charge transport layer.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said oxide is contained in the charge transport layer in an amount of from about 90 to 100 atomic % in terms of atomic ratio of the total number of atoms constituting the oxide to the total number of atoms constituting the charge transport layer.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said oxide is contained in the charge transport layer in an amount of from about 95 to 100 atomic %.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said charge transport layer has a thickness of from about 3 to 30 »m.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said charge generating layer contains amorphous silicon as a main component and from about 1 to 40 atomic % of hydrogen atom based on the total number of atoms constituting the charge generating layer.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of hydrogen atom is from about 5 to 20 atomic %.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said charge generating layer has a thickness of from about 0.2 to 5 »m.