EP0318776A1 - Verfahren und Gerät zur Verminderung des Hautverletzung bei Gebrauch von Elektroden - Google Patents

Verfahren und Gerät zur Verminderung des Hautverletzung bei Gebrauch von Elektroden Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0318776A1
EP0318776A1 EP88119232A EP88119232A EP0318776A1 EP 0318776 A1 EP0318776 A1 EP 0318776A1 EP 88119232 A EP88119232 A EP 88119232A EP 88119232 A EP88119232 A EP 88119232A EP 0318776 A1 EP0318776 A1 EP 0318776A1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
skin
patient
ion
bioelectrode
ions
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EP88119232A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert Tapper
Carter A. James
Bernard R. Baker
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Individual
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Individual
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
    • A61N1/0408—Use-related aspects
    • A61N1/0428—Specially adapted for iontophoresis, e.g. AC, DC or including drug reservoirs
    • A61N1/0432—Anode and cathode
    • A61N1/0436—Material of the electrode
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
    • A61N1/0408—Use-related aspects
    • A61N1/0428—Specially adapted for iontophoresis, e.g. AC, DC or including drug reservoirs
    • A61N1/0448—Drug reservoir

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for minimizing or eliminating skin irritation and burns commonly encountered with electrical therapies, such as iontophoretic treatment or the like, and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus which interposes an ion-exchange medium or a sacrificial electrode for removing caustic or acidic ions from solution, the common cause of such irritation and burns.
  • Medical galvanism is the administration of "straight" galvanic current without introducing drugs into the skin of the patient.
  • Straight galvanic current can be described as a predominantly unidirectional direct current flowing between two bioelectrodes. This includes pulsating direct current, so long as there is a predominantly unidirectional flow.
  • Iontophoresis refers to the use of electrical means for infusing a medication through an intact membrane. As with medical galvanism, iontophoresis requires the administration of a substantially straight galvanic current to the patient's skin.
  • the general approach was to maximize the contact area of the bioelectrode, to diffuse the caustic or acidic chemicals applied to the skin over a larger surface area.
  • smaller bioelectrodes would be easier to use and manipulate.
  • dental probes would require small, adjacent bioelectrodes for use within a patient's mouth.
  • the inventors have identified the burn and irritation causing phenomenon to be deleterious ions appearing beneath these bioelectrodes. More specifically, ions are electrolytically generated at the anode (positive output) and cathode (negative output) when in wet contact with the patient. Because of electrochemical laws and differences in the ionization ability of different chemical elements, hydroxide ions (OH ⁇ ) and hydrogen gas (H2) appear at the negative electrode and hydrogen (H+) or hydronium (H3O+) ions and oxygen gas (O2) appear at the positive electrode.
  • Iontophoresis involves the infusion of a medication through the skin for therapeutic purposes by the application of an electric current between bioelectrodes attached to the patient's skin where the patient is the electrical load connected between the bioelectrodes.
  • the solution containing the medical compound or ions is placed under a first bioelectrode having the same charge as the drug. Ions migrate from the solution through the skin due to the electric current applied through the solution and skin.
  • a second or return bioelectrode, opposite in charge to the drug, is placed at a site so that current flows from one bioelectrode to the other. The operator then selects an electric current below the level of the patient's pain threshold and applies it through the medication in contact with the skin for an appropriate length of time.
  • a method or device which reduces the irritation of deleterious ions, e.g. hydronium or hydroxide ions, generated electrolytically adjacent to the electrodes is particularly desirable.
  • the hydronium ions were neutralized by adding a baking soda solution (NaHCO3).
  • NaHCO3 baking soda solution
  • a phosphate buffer solution was used to reduce iontophoretic burns.
  • buffers have undesirable side-effects, e.g. chemically interacting with the drug or competing with the medicine for infusion through the skin.
  • bioelectrodes and more particularly iontophoretic bioelectrodes, have long recognized the need for an improved method and apparatus for enabling extended bioelectrode contact with the patient's skin during therapy without suffering from undesirable skin irritation or burns.
  • the present invention clearly fulfills all of these needs.
  • the present invention provides a new and improved method and apparatus for reducing skin irritation and burns wherein novel methods and apparatus are employed for exchanging the deleterious skin-injuring ions for a more benign chemical species, enabling extended periods of bioelectrode contact with the patient's skin without suffering from the adverse side-effects of previously available bioelectrodes.
  • the present invention is directed to an improved bioelectrode administration method and apparatus which exchanges the hydronium or hydroxide ions for their more benign salt equivalents, e.g. free sodium ions (Na+) or free chloride ions (Cl ⁇ ) in a bioelectrode environment, such as iontophoretic treatment and the like.
  • their more benign salt equivalents e.g. free sodium ions (Na+) or free chloride ions (Cl ⁇ ) in a bioelectrode environment, such as iontophoretic treatment and the like.
  • an ion conversion material e.g. an ion-­exchange resin which exchanges hydroxide or hydronium ions for Cl ⁇ or Na+
  • an output electrode is interposed between an output electrode and the patient's skin.
  • the acidic or caustic ions e.g. H+ or OH ⁇
  • other ions e.g. Na+ or Cl ⁇
  • An alternative method or apparatus for reducing skin injury involves the interposition of a corrosive metal between the metal electrode and the skin surface.
  • the corrosive metal acts as a sacrificial electrode or chemical decoy to react with the irritation ions and oxidize or reduce them to less damaging compounds, e.g. metal oxides.
  • a bioelectrode assembly in accordance with the invention and referred to generally by the reference numeral 10 in Figure 1 is shown in a typical position upon a patient's arm and provided with a novel construction which results in decreased injury to the patient's skin to which it is attached.
  • the bioelectrode may be located anywhere on the patient without in any way departing from the principle of the invention.
  • like reference numerals denote like corresponding structural elements.
  • the bioelectrode 10 includes a housing 12, defining at least one interior cavity 14.
  • a metal electrode 16 disposed within the housing 12, is connected with an electrical power source 17 which is typically a regulated d.c. source.
  • Ion conversion material 18, is disposed within the housing 12 and interposed between the metal electrode 16 and the patient's skin.
  • the bioelectrode 10 includes dispenser 20, for receiving and releasing the compound to be iontophoretically applied to the patient.
  • Dispensers 20 may be any material suitable for receiving and releasing the iontophoretic compound, e.g. fibrous pads or gels.
  • the dispenser 20 is in direct contact with the patient's skin and in the electrical circuit with the power source 17 for supplying an electrical current to infuse the compound into the patient's skin.
  • deleterious ions electrolytically generated adjacent to the metal electrode 16 are exchanged for less deleterious or injurious ions and bound to the ion conversion material 18, effectively removing the deleterious ions from solution.
  • "deleterious" or “injury causing” ions may be defined as the ionic constituents hydronium and hydroxide or their ionic equivalents, generated by the solubilizing of acids or bases, e.g. HCL or NaOH.
  • the exchange of these deleterious ions for more benign or less irritating ions mitigates the irritation and burning of the patient's skin earlier described.
  • the improved bioelectrode 10 of the present invention provides a relatively inexpensive and simple method and apparatus for exchanging, reducing or oxidizing deleterious ions electrolytically generated beneath the respective bioelectrodes. For example, irritation or burns caused by the application of electric current to iontophoretic bioelectrodes 10 in contact with the patient's skin and greatly reduced.
  • Iontophoretic bioelectrodes 10 are generally used in conjunction with saline solutions, e.g. body fluids or prepared solutions including dissolved sodium chloride.
  • the ion conversion material 18 of the iontophoretic bioelectrode 10 reduces the free hydrogen ions (H+ or hydronium ions (H3O+), oxidizes the hydroxide ion (OH ⁇ ), or exchanges them for Na+ or Cl ⁇ , in order to remove the injury causing ions from the solution.
  • the housing 12 provides means for supporting and positioning various other elements of the iontophoretic electrode 10 structure.
  • the housing 12 has an open patient-contacting end 26 for contacting the patient's skin and a closed back end 28, further removed from the patient's skin.
  • the housing 12 is generally in the form of a cup having an interior cavity or well 14 defined therein.
  • An aperture 32 is formed within the bottom wall 30 to pass an electrical contacting means 33 therethrough.
  • An annular flange 36 extends outward radially from a lip 38 of the housing 12 to facilitate the attachment of the bioelectrode 10 to the patient's skin.
  • the improved bioelectrode 10 may include an annular shelf 41 extending radially inward from a cup wall 44 to facilitate the attachment of the retainer 22 to the housing 12.
  • the power source 17 e.g. a battery or other means for generating a current
  • electrical contacting means 33 e.g. a wire or strip of electroconductive material
  • the metal electrode 16 is formed of a material best suited for resisting the effects of the respective irritating ions generated adjacent thereto.
  • stainless steel is preferably used at the negative electrode (cathode) because of it's compatibility with NaOH.
  • platinum is preferred.
  • aluminum or aluminum alloys e.g. Aluminum 1100 sold by Kaiser Aluminum of Fontana, California, may be used.
  • the ion conversion material is an ion-­exchange resin.
  • the ion-exchange resin may be defined as any material which causes a reversible interchange of ions between a solid and liquid phase in which there is no permanent change in the structure of the solid, the solid being the ion-exchange resin.
  • the ion-exchange resin is a solid organic polymer backbone with a multitude of ionic binding sites attached thereto. These organic sites bind to mobile ions, e.g. Cl ⁇ , OH ⁇ , Na+, or H+.
  • the anion exchange resin converts free hydroxide ions to free chloride ions by the reversible binding described above.
  • the cation exchange resin converts free hydrogen ions (e.g. solubilized hydrochloric acid) to free Na+ ions (e.g. solubilized sodium chloride).
  • free hydrogen ions e.g. solubilized hydrochloric acid
  • free Na+ ions e.g. solubilized sodium chloride
  • Such ion-­exchange resins can be regenerated and reused by soaking in at least five percent NaCl after treatment. After soaking in salt solution, the resin could be rinsed with de-ionized water to remove the regenerating salt.
  • the resins typically come in the form of small spheres. The small spheres may very from 200/400 mesh (a fine powder) to 20/50 mesh (small granules).
  • one cubic centimeter (“c.c.") of resin used in a one-inch diameter bioelectrode 10, similar to that in Figure 2, will last approximately one hundred and twenty milliampere-minutes (ma-mins) before allowing an iontophoretic burn (cathode), as compared to a control electrode with no resin, which will allow an iontophoretic burn in about six ma-mins.
  • a milliampere-­minute is defined as an amount of current expressed in milliamperes multiplied by the amount of time the current is applied in terms of minutes.
  • a burn was defined as the appearance of a grayish/red spot on the skin at the bioelectrode site. The bioelectrode was periodically peeled from the skin to check for a burn. Doubling the volume of resin to about two c.c.'s increase the burn free treatment time to about one hundred and forty-five ma-mins (a twenty-one percent increase).
  • the specific type of ion conversion material 18 used in the bioelectrode 10 depends upon the polarity of the metal electrode 16.
  • an anion exchange resin e.g. AG1 - X8 200/400 mesh anion exchange resin sold under the tradename "DOWEX” by Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan
  • DOWEX tradename
  • cation exchange resin e.g. 50 W X8 200/400 mesh and/or XUS - 400 9000 20/50 mesh (sodium form) ion-exchange resin sold under the tradename "DOWEX” by Dow Chemical is used adjacent the anode, i.e. positive polarity electrode. This facilitates the removal of the specific ions generated adjacent the respective electrode polarity.
  • hydroxide and hydronium ions are also highly conductive, which interferes with treatment efficiency.
  • the highly conductive ionic forms of hydronium and hydroxide ions for Na+ or Cl_, the competing ions' effect is reduced, allowing more medication to be infused.
  • a buffer to neutralize the sodium hydroxide electrolytically generated adjacent the cathode, not only introduces more competing ions, but a buffer may chemically react with a medication being infused. As a result, the use of ion-exchange resins interferes less with the medication by merely exchanging more benign ions for the hydronium and hydroxide ions.
  • the ion conversion material 18 may be in the form of ion-exchange membranes or sheets 50, e.g. cationic ion exchange membranes sold under the trademark, "NAFION", by DuPont of Wilmington, Delaware. Sheets of this material are generally about 0.127mm (0.005 inches) thick and may be cut to fit the particular iontophoretic bioelectrode configuration as desired. The number of these sheets equivalent in ion-­exchange properties to about one- or two-cubic centimeters of ion-exchange resin, e.g. about five to about twenty sheets, may be interposed between the dispenser 20 and the metal electrode 16 to exchange deleterious electrolytically generated ions for more benign ones, e.g. H+ for Na+ and OH ⁇ for Cl ⁇ .
  • ion-exchange membranes or sheets 50 e.g. cationic ion exchange membranes sold under the trademark, "NAFION", by DuPont of Wilmington, Delaware. Sheets of this material are generally about 0.127mm (0.005
  • Dispenser 20 is positioned between the metal electrode 16 and the patient's skin to be in electrical and fluid communication with the metal electrode 16, while being in contact with the patient's skin.
  • the dispenser 20 may be any material capable of receiving and releasing the conductive media or medication used, e.g. wool, synthetic, natural fibers, conductive gels or any other material which has those abilities. By way of example, an absorbent pad of one-eighth inch thick orthopedic felt sold by American Felt of New York was used.
  • the dispenser 20 should have sufficient absorption qualities to retain the desired amount of medication or electroconductive medium necessary to be applied to the patient. Impregnated conductive gels or medication releasably contained within a conductive reservoir as dispensers 20, e.g., impregnated discs or a container formed of the earlier discussed ion-exchange membranes are also contemplated.
  • retainer 22 is disposed within the interior cavity 14 to retain the ion-exchange resin therein.
  • the retainer 22 may be, for example, in the form of a plastic screen having apertures or passageways sized to pass fluid or ions, but retain the ion-exchange resin, i.e. the ion conversion material 18, in close proximity to the metal electrode 16.
  • the retainer 22 also retains the ion-exchange resin between the patient's skin and the metal electrode 16.
  • the retainer 22 may be mounted on top of the inwardly extending annular shelf 41 to define an enclosed sub-cavity 56 for the enclosure of the ion-­exchange resin.
  • This retainer 22 may also be in the form of a water permeable, ion-exchange resin impermeable, fabric bag (not shown), within which the ion conversion material 18 is placed. This allows the retainer 22 to restrain and permit easy replacement of the ion exchange resin disposed therein.
  • the retainer 22 may be in the form of conductive adhesive sheets such as karaya pads sold by LecTec Corporation of Eden Prairie, Minnesota.
  • the retainer 22 may also be a conductive adhesive or electrode gel matrix 43, within which the ion-exchange resin is embedded.
  • the electrode gel matrix 43 may be applied to the surface 58 of the metal electrode 16 or applied to the bottom surface 60 of the dispenser 20, to retain the ion-­exchange resins between the metal electrode and the dispenser.
  • the conductivity of the electrode gel may distribute the ionic charge throughout more of the ion-exchange resin, increasing its effectiveness. Examples of such electrode or adhesive gels include those gels sold under the trademarks "SPECTRA 360", “SIGNA GEL", and "TENSIVE" by Parker Laboratories of Orange, New Jersey.
  • an anionic exchange resin XUS-40251.00 chloride form
  • Dow Chemical and conductive electrode or adhesive gels sold under the trademarks "SPECTRA 360", “SIGNA”, or “TENSIVE” by Parker Laboratories were mixed in about equal proportions, e.g. about fifty-fifty.
  • About one cubic centimeter of each mixture was placed within a one-­inch diameter bioelectrode similar in construction to the bioelectrode of Figure 4.
  • the bioelectrode 10 was then attached to the skin of the human subject.
  • a second iontophoretic bioelectrode 10 using cationic exchange resin was prepared in the same manner.
  • a thin coating of the resin-gel mixture e.g. about 0.127mm (0.005 inches) thick, was applied to the surface 60 of the dispenser 20.
  • Application of a 2.0 ma current to the bioelectrodes for a period of one hour did not cause any readily discernable skin injury.
  • an alternative embodiment of the improved bioelectrode 10 is a self-­contained iontophoretic circuit, having a pair of electrolytic cells or electrically isolated bioelectrode portions 61 and 62, and the power source 17 for supplying an electric current across a pair of dispensers 20′ and 20 ⁇ .
  • the housing 112 defines a first and second interior cavities 14′ and 14 ⁇ for receipt of the ion conversion means 18 therein.
  • the second interior cavity 14 ⁇ can be concentrically formed about the first interior cavity 14′, separated by a cylindrical common dividing wall 70.
  • the housing 112 also includes a third cavity 66 defined by the housing and formed at the closed back end 128 of the housing.
  • the third cavity 66 is sized to receive the power source 17, e.g. a standard nickel-cadmium or lithium battery, to supply the necessary current between the dispenser pads 20′ and 20 ⁇ .
  • Housing 112 may be formed of any insulative material to electrically isolate the bioelectrode portions 61 and 62 from each other.
  • the first and second bioelectrode portions 61 and 62 Disposed within the housing 112 are the first and second bioelectrode portions 61 and 62 in electrical communication with the anode and cathode of the power source 17.
  • the reference numerals 33′, 33 ⁇ , 16′, 16 ⁇ , 17, 18′, 18 ⁇ , 20′, 20 ⁇ , 22′, 22 ⁇ , 36, 41′ and 41 ⁇ denote like or corresponding elements previously described in connection with Figure 2, having substantially the same or similar characteristics.
  • this construction results in separate bioelectrode portions 61 and 62 in close proximity to, but electrically isolated from, each other by the common dividing wall 70. As a result, contacting the dispensers 20′ and 20 ⁇ with the skin will allow the iontophoretically infuse the medicine into the skin.
  • FIG. 6 a modification of the self-contained iontophoretic circuit depicted in Figure 5 incorporates the gel matrix 43′ as described more fully in regards to the bioelectrode of Figure 4.
  • the reference numerals 112′, 14′, 14 ⁇ , 16′, 16 ⁇ , 17, 18′, 20′, 33′, 33 ⁇ , 36′, and 43′ denote like or corresponding elements previously described in connection with Figures 4 and 5, having substantially the same or similar characteristics.
  • the modifications of the bioelectrode 10 of the present embodiment are best observed with reference to Figure 6.
  • the housing 112′ has a larger interior cavity 14′ in electrical communication with the anode of the power source 17. Indeed, the second interior cavity 14 ⁇ does not circumvent the first interior cavity 14′. Instead, the second interior cavity communicates with a top surface of the flange 36′. The plan defined by the top surface of the flange 36′ is recessed relative the plane defined by the apex of the common dividing wall 70′.
  • the dispensers may be in both gel or absorbent felt pad form.
  • the dispenser 20′ which is in the form of an absorbent pad, electrically communicated with the anode of the power source 17.
  • the dispenser 20 may be an absorbent pad 20′ or a layer of conductive gel 90, e.g., spread over the top surface of the annular flange 38′.
  • the layer 90 of conductive gel retains the ion-­exchange material 18 ⁇ between the metal electrode 16 ⁇ and the patient's skin.
  • the conductive gel layer 90 may reduce the need for having the second interior cavity 14 ⁇ circumvent the first interior cavity 14′, reducing the second interior cavity's size and allowing the first interior cavity 14′ to be disproportionately larger than the first. This allows for a larger dispenser 20′ over the metal electrode 16′ for infusing medication. Dispenser 20′ is positioned to contact the patient's skin and be in electrical and fluid communication with the positive metal electrode 16.
  • FIG. 7 another embodiment of the bioelectrode 10 is provided for use in dentistry or dermatology.
  • the reference numerals 16′, 16 ⁇ , 18′, 18 ⁇ , 20′, 20 ⁇ , 22′, 22 ⁇ , 41′, 41 ⁇ , 70′, and 112′ in Figure 7 denote like or corresponding elements having substantially the same or similar characteristics as elements previously described having like reference numerals.
  • the housing 112′ is sized to be received within a cavity 114 formed within an extension 116.
  • the housing 112′ has an extension 88 at the apex of the common dividing wall 70. The extension 88 protrudes above the plane defined by a top portion 92 of the lip of the housing 112′.
  • the extension 88 helps electrically isolate the two dispensers 20′ and 20 ⁇ from one another by maintaining the bioelectrode portions electrically isolated except through the patients skin and the power source 17′.
  • fluids e.g., saliva or water in the patient's mouth may allow the circuit to short across the dispensers 20′ and 20 ⁇ .
  • the extension 88 reduces the shorting out of the circuit across the two bioelectrodes 20′ and 20 ⁇ , through the fluid film.
  • the orientation of the dispensers 20′ and 20 ⁇ is adjusted to help maintain their contact with the skin or gums, despite the protrusion of extension 88. More specifically, the substantially horizontal planes defined by the annular shelves 41′ and 41 ⁇ or the dispenser 20′ or 20 ⁇ are tilted off the horizontal, e.g., the portions closest to the central longitudinal axis of the housing 112′ are more proximal to the back portion 128′, than the radially peripheral portions. This tilting is in the range of about 3 degrees to about 7 degrees, and preferably about 5 degrees from the horizontal and additionally serves to conform the top of the bioelectrode 10 to the desired tissue, e.g. the gums of the patient.
  • the ion conversion material 18′ is in the form of a sacrificial electrode 100, which may be a corrosive metal which is reduced to its ionic state while concurrently oxidizing the hydronium (H3O+) ions to water or reducing the free hydroxide (OH ⁇ ) ions to a metal oxide complex.
  • the deleterious ions are reduced or oxidized to an oxidation-reduction state which is less irritable or injurious. As previously indicated, this also reduces the irritation or burning the iontophoretic bioelectrode 10 may cause when in contact with the patient's skin.
  • the bioelectrode 10 incorporating the sacrificial electrode 100 e.g., a disc of a corrosive metal, is interposed between the metal electrode 16 and the skin surface.
  • the sacrificial electrode 100 would be in close proximity to, but not in direct contact with, the metal electrode 16.
  • the electrolytically generated ions will react with the corrosive metal and be eliminated.
  • zinc (Zn) amphoterically converts or consumes deleterious ions through the following reactions: 2 H2O + Zn(m) + 40H ⁇ -- Zn(OH)42 ⁇ + H2(g) in alkaline solutions, and, by the reaction: Zn(s) + 2H+ ---- Zn+2+ H2 (g) in acidic solutions.
  • sacrificial electrodes include those formed of magnesium and magnesium alloys, zinc, and various grades of aluminium.
  • a ferrous alloy may be used in the cathode cell to react with ferrous ions to create ferrous chloride.
  • Other metals, higher up on the galvanic series than the metals used in metal electrode 16 may be used.
  • a pertinent galvanic series is described in the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology , Volume 3, pages 489-490, (published in 1960 by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.) and is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the performance of the sacrificial electrode 100 may be improved by increasing the exposed surface area of the sacrificial electrode, e.g. by etching the surface area of the corrosive metal and thus causing or creating the appearance of undulations in the surface plate, or by powdering the corrosive metal.
  • the sacrificial electrode 100 may be formed of a magnesium alloy from Kaiser Aluminum of Fontana, California, designated Alloy AZ31, containing 3% aluminum and 1% zinc.
  • the sacrificial electrode 100 may be formed into a disc, 1.9 cm (0.75 inch) in diameter and 0.76 mm (0.03 inch) thick.
  • a separator 102 e.g., plural layers of a non-conductive, water permeable material 102, e.g. filter paper, are interposed between the metal electrode 16′ and the sacrificial electrode 100.
  • the dispenser 20′ is placed over the sacrificial electrode 100 to contact the patient's skin and be in fluid communication with the skin and the metal electrode 16′.
  • the application of the current across two adjacent dispensers 20 contacting the patient's skin will electrolytically generate H+, H3O+ ions or OH ⁇ ions, respectfully, in the particular bioelectrode 10 connected to the anode or the cathode of the power source 17.
  • the appropriate insertion of the corresponding ion exchange resin in the respective interior cavity 14 will result in the ion-­exchange and removal of the deleterious ions in solution for the less irritating ions, e.g. sodium and chloride.
  • the sacrificial anode 100 by oxidation-­reduction reactions, will complex with or remove the deleterious ions from adjacent the respective metal electrodes 16.
  • the electrolytic generation of the acid or caustic components is reversed by the exchanging, reducing or oxidizing of the deleterious ions into less irritable, more benign salt constituents.
  • the present invention represents a significant advance in the field of iontophoretic bioelectrodes.
  • the present invention provides an ion-­exchange resin or a sacrificial anode between the metal electrode 16 and the medication containing dispenser 20, converting the caustic and acidic ions generated by the application of an electrical current between the bioelectrode, reducing the irritation or burning of the patient's skin.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
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EP88119232A 1987-12-04 1988-11-18 Verfahren und Gerät zur Verminderung des Hautverletzung bei Gebrauch von Elektroden Withdrawn EP0318776A1 (de)

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US12878987A 1987-12-04 1987-12-04
US128789 1987-12-04

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0416444A2 (de) * 1989-09-05 1991-03-13 Empi, Inc. Puffer-Elektrode für medizinische Iontophorese
US5032110A (en) * 1989-12-05 1991-07-16 Wataru Watanabe Electrotherapeutical device
WO1991015260A1 (en) * 1990-03-30 1991-10-17 Alza Corporation Device and method for iontophoretic drug delivery
US5125894A (en) * 1990-03-30 1992-06-30 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
EP0502501A1 (de) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-09 JIN TONG (GUANG ZHOU) HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS Co., Ltd. Vorrichtung zum Behandeln von Akupunkturpunkten mittels elektrischen Feldern und Medikamentenionen
US5221254A (en) * 1991-04-02 1993-06-22 Alza Corporation Method for reducing sensation in iontophoretic drug delivery
EP0560805A1 (de) * 1990-09-25 1993-09-22 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Vorrichtung für therapie durch iontophorese, vorrichtung für behälterelektrode dafür, verfahren und einzeldosis
US5423739A (en) * 1990-03-30 1995-06-13 Alza Corporation Device and method for iontophoretic drug delivery
USD384745S (en) 1996-01-23 1997-10-07 Alza Corporation Electrotransport drug delivery system
WO1997047355A1 (en) * 1996-06-12 1997-12-18 Alza Corporation Reduction of skin sensitization in electrotransport drug delivery
US5853383A (en) * 1995-05-03 1998-12-29 Alza Corporation Preparation for formulations for electrotransport drug delivery
US6004309A (en) * 1990-03-30 1999-12-21 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
US6049733A (en) * 1994-04-08 2000-04-11 Alza Corporation Electrotransport system with ion exchange material competitive ion capture
EP0965358A3 (de) * 1998-06-18 2000-08-16 Zmd Corporation Korrosionsschutz von medizinischen Elektroden
KR20030061993A (ko) * 2002-01-15 2003-07-23 세인전자 주식회사 미소전류를 이용한 상처 치료기
WO2004105865A1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2004-12-09 Power Paper Ltd. Kit, device and method for controlled delivery of oxidizing agent into the skin
US7572252B1 (en) 1995-06-07 2009-08-11 Alza Corporation Electrotransport agent delivery method and apparatus

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EP0416444A2 (de) * 1989-09-05 1991-03-13 Empi, Inc. Puffer-Elektrode für medizinische Iontophorese
EP0416444A3 (en) * 1989-09-05 1991-06-12 Empi, Inc. Ph buffered electrode for medical iontophoresis
US5032110A (en) * 1989-12-05 1991-07-16 Wataru Watanabe Electrotherapeutical device
US6004309A (en) * 1990-03-30 1999-12-21 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
WO1991015260A1 (en) * 1990-03-30 1991-10-17 Alza Corporation Device and method for iontophoretic drug delivery
US5423739A (en) * 1990-03-30 1995-06-13 Alza Corporation Device and method for iontophoretic drug delivery
US5443442A (en) * 1990-03-30 1995-08-22 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
US5591124A (en) * 1990-03-30 1997-01-07 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
US5622530A (en) * 1990-03-30 1997-04-22 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
US6289241B1 (en) 1990-03-30 2001-09-11 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
US5125894A (en) * 1990-03-30 1992-06-30 Alza Corporation Method and apparatus for controlled environment electrotransport
EP0560805A1 (de) * 1990-09-25 1993-09-22 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Vorrichtung für therapie durch iontophorese, vorrichtung für behälterelektrode dafür, verfahren und einzeldosis
EP0560805A4 (en) * 1990-09-25 1994-12-07 Univ Rutgers Iontotherapeutic devices, reservoir electrode devices therefor, process and unit dose
EP0502501A1 (de) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-09 JIN TONG (GUANG ZHOU) HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS Co., Ltd. Vorrichtung zum Behandeln von Akupunkturpunkten mittels elektrischen Feldern und Medikamentenionen
US5221254A (en) * 1991-04-02 1993-06-22 Alza Corporation Method for reducing sensation in iontophoretic drug delivery
US5403275A (en) * 1991-04-02 1995-04-04 Alza Corporation Method for reducing sensation in iontophoretic drug delivery
US6049733A (en) * 1994-04-08 2000-04-11 Alza Corporation Electrotransport system with ion exchange material competitive ion capture
US5853383A (en) * 1995-05-03 1998-12-29 Alza Corporation Preparation for formulations for electrotransport drug delivery
US6071508A (en) * 1995-05-03 2000-06-06 Alza Corporation Preparation of formulations for electrotransport drug delivery
US7572252B1 (en) 1995-06-07 2009-08-11 Alza Corporation Electrotransport agent delivery method and apparatus
USD384745S (en) 1996-01-23 1997-10-07 Alza Corporation Electrotransport drug delivery system
US5995869A (en) * 1996-06-12 1999-11-30 Alza Corporation Reduction of skin sensitization in electrotransport drug delivery
WO1997047355A1 (en) * 1996-06-12 1997-12-18 Alza Corporation Reduction of skin sensitization in electrotransport drug delivery
EP0965358A3 (de) * 1998-06-18 2000-08-16 Zmd Corporation Korrosionsschutz von medizinischen Elektroden
KR20030061993A (ko) * 2002-01-15 2003-07-23 세인전자 주식회사 미소전류를 이용한 상처 치료기
WO2004105865A1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2004-12-09 Power Paper Ltd. Kit, device and method for controlled delivery of oxidizing agent into the skin
US7340297B2 (en) 2003-06-02 2008-03-04 Power Paper Ltd. Kit, device and method for controlled delivery of oxidizing agent into the skin

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