EP0309723A1 - Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne - Google Patents

Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0309723A1
EP0309723A1 EP88113542A EP88113542A EP0309723A1 EP 0309723 A1 EP0309723 A1 EP 0309723A1 EP 88113542 A EP88113542 A EP 88113542A EP 88113542 A EP88113542 A EP 88113542A EP 0309723 A1 EP0309723 A1 EP 0309723A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
chamber
receiving chamber
pilot burner
mixture
processing chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88113542A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0309723B1 (fr
Inventor
Alfred Knauer
Ulrich Dr. Projahn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP0309723A1 publication Critical patent/EP0309723A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0309723B1 publication Critical patent/EP0309723B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/26Construction of thermal reactors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F01N3/0253Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
    • F01N3/0256Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases the fuel being ignited by electrical means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/11Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance or part of the dosing system being cooled
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30Arrangements for supply of additional air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/36Arrangements for supply of additional fuel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/38Arrangements for igniting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pilot burner for a device for burning solid particles, in particular soot particles, in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines of the type defined in the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such combustion devices are used in particular in motor vehicles with diesel engines for the immediate soot disposal of the soot filtered out of the exhaust gas by electrostatic soot switches.
  • This is fed to the combustion chamber of the combustion device with a secondary exhaust gas stream, which makes up less than 1% of the total exhaust gas, and burned there at a flame temperature between 550 ° C - 1000 ° C.
  • the pollutant-free combustion products and the residual gases are exhausted via the exhaust systems of the internal combustion engine.
  • For Generation of the flame is a pilot burner attached to the combustion chamber of the combustion device, as described for example in DE-OS 36 21 914.
  • the pilot burner which is designed as a swirl burner
  • liquid fuel and combustion air are swirled in metered quantities in the mixture preparation chamber and the mixture is fed to the combustion chamber via the mixture outlet opening, where it burns together with the soot-laden exhaust gas after ignition.
  • the ignition is caused by the glow plug, on the filament of which the mixture ignites.
  • the glow body in the mixture preparation chamber takes over the stabilization of the flame formation, so that the glow plug can be switched off again and is only required for starting up or for intermittent operation of the combustion device.
  • the design of the pilot burner is decisive for the quality of the mixture preparation and for the stress on the glow plugs, whereby by placing the glow plug in the separate receiving chamber, it lies outside the flame area and thus prevents its thermal overload.
  • the pilot burner according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that, on the one hand, the protective sleeve prevents the fuel flowing into the spark plug receiving chamber from impinging on the filament of the glow plug and thus coking of the glow plug, which leads to a considerable increase in the service life of the Glow plug leads, and on the other hand, due to the protective sleeve, which is always hot even when the glow plug is switched off, a uniform evaporation of the fuel striking the protective sleeve is guaranteed. This leads to a very good mixture preparation and to a soot-free (blue) burner flame even with a low combustion air / fuel ratio.
  • the approximately vertical arrangement of the receiving chamber and the arrangement of the connection opening between the receiving chamber and mixture preparation chamber at the lower end of the receiving chamber not only simplify the manufacture of the ignition burner housing, but also prevent fuel sump formation in the receiving chamber.
  • the pilot burner is thus more stable against mechanical shocks than known pilot burners.
  • the durability of the electrical connections of the glow plug is ensured by cooling the jacket of the receiving chamber in the region of the internal thread section receiving the plug connection thread according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention.
  • the cooling can be effected by cooling fins running radially or axially to the receiving chamber on its circumference or by an annular channel enclosing the internally threaded section, through which the combustion air fed to the mixture preparation chamber is passed. In the latter case, the combustion air is preheated at the same time, so that less energy is required to reach the ignition temperature of the fuel-air mixture.
  • the shape of the flame can be varied by different designs of the burner mouth placed in front of the mixture outlet opening, for example as a nozzle or as a diffuser various requirements can be adapted.
  • the pilot burner shown schematically in FIG. 1 in longitudinal section and in cross section in FIG. 2 has a hollow cylindrical mixture processing chamber 10, hereinafter referred to as processing chamber 10, and a glow plug receiving chamber 11, hereinafter briefly Called receiving chamber 11 on. Both chambers 10, 11 run at right angles to one another, their longitudinal axes lying in one plane.
  • the treatment chamber 10 is approximately horizontal and the receiving chamber 11 is vertical, the latter being inserted with its one open end into a circular cylindrical opening 12 in the chamber wall of the treatment chamber 10.
  • the processing chamber 10 is closed at one end and has a mixture outlet opening 13 at its other end, to which a combustion chamber of the combustion device (not shown) is connected.
  • an incandescent body 14 Arranged coaxially in the treatment chamber 10 is an incandescent body 14 which is fastened in the closed end wall of the treatment chamber 10 and extends through the treatment chamber 10 to close to the mixture outlet opening 13.
  • the incandescent body 14 has a plurality of, for example three, annular ribs 16 protruding radially from a shaft 15, of which the two annular ribs 16 which are closer to the mixture outlet opening 13 have openings 17 distributed uniformly over their circumference.
  • An air supply line 18 opens out near the closed end wall of the processing chamber 10 with an inflow direction tangential to the processing chamber 10.
  • a thermocouple 19 is arranged in the chamber wall near the mixture outlet opening 13 and protrudes radially into the processing chamber 10 into the vicinity of the front end of the incandescent body 14.
  • the preparation chamber 10 carries one in the vicinity of the burner mouth 20 for fastening the pilot burner to the combustion device radially projecting mounting flange 21 which is integral with the chamber wall.
  • a glow plug 22 is held coaxially, which is screwed with a plug connection thread 23 into an internal thread section 24 at the end of the receiving chamber 11 facing away from the opening 12 (FIG. 2).
  • the glow plug 22 protrudes with its filament 25 close to the opening 12 to the processing chamber 10.
  • the glow plug 22 is coaxially enclosed by a protective sleeve 26 with a radial spacing, which is thin-walled in view of a low heat capacity and the associated fast heating-up time is carried out, wherein its wall thickness is preferably between 0.1-0.3 mm.
  • a mouthpiece 27 of a fuel feed line 28 projects radially into the receiving chamber 11 and its mouth 29 lies directly in front of the outer wall of the protective sleeve 26.
  • the protective sleeve 26 prevents the fuel from coming into direct contact with the filament 25 of the glow plug 22, so that its coking is largely prevented.
  • bores 30 are provided near the free open end of the protective sleeve 26, which are arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference of the protective sleeve 26.
  • the glow plug 22 is supplied with current via two electrical connecting lines 31 and 32.
  • the receiving chamber 11 is cooled in the area of its internally threaded section 24. In the exemplary embodiment in FIGS. 1 and 2, the cooling takes place through that of the processing chamber 10 supplied combustion air.
  • the jacket of the receiving chamber 11 is enclosed in the area of the internal thread section 24 by an annular channel 33, which is connected to the air supply line 18 with an inlet opening 34 and with an outlet opening 35 (FIG. 2).
  • cooling fins can also be used for cooling the candle connection thread 23 instead of the annular channel 33.
  • radial cooling fins 36 are placed on the jacket of the receiving chamber 11 in the region of the internally threaded section 24.
  • axial cooling ribs 37 can also be provided, which extend on the outer jacket of the receiving chamber 11 over the entire area of the internally threaded section 24.
  • the glow plug 37 of the pilot burner is first supplied with electricity and fuel is fed into the receiving chamber 11 through the fuel feed line 28.
  • combustion air is conveyed into the processing chamber 10 via the air supply line 18, which causes a rotary flow in the processing chamber 10 as a result of the tangential inflow direction.
  • the fuel striking the protective sleeve 26 heated by the glow plug 22 evaporates and mixes in the processing chamber 10 with the combustion air.
  • the fuel-air mixture ignites, and the flame strikes through the mixture outlet opening 13 into the connected combustion chamber of the combustion device.
  • the incandescent body 14 reaches the ignition temperature, so that the flame formation is stabilized.
  • the glow plug 22 is now switched off.
  • the pilot flame striking through the mixture outlet opening 13 into the combustion chamber is concentrated by the formation of the burner mouth as a nozzle (Fig. 5) in the axis of the combustion chamber, so that a very hot combustion core zone is formed in the center of the combustion chamber, in which the soot particles supplied to the exhaust gas bypass of the combustion chamber are quickly brought to the reaction temperature.
  • the burner mouth By designing the burner mouth as a diffuser (FIG. 1), the combustion core zone can be shifted and widened.
  • the strength of the swirl of the fuel-air mixture necessary for stable combustion can be influenced by different cross sections of the air supply line 18.
  • the thermocouple 19 or another sensor that senses the flame temperature of the pilot burner is used to monitor the pilot burner and to regulate the burner temperature to a constant value.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
  • Wick-Type Burners And Burners With Porous Materials (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)
EP88113542A 1987-09-26 1988-08-20 Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne Expired - Lifetime EP0309723B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3732491 1987-09-26
DE19873732491 DE3732491A1 (de) 1987-09-26 1987-09-26 Zuendbrenner fuer eine vorrichtung zum verbrennen von festkoerperpartikeln im abgas von brennkraftmaschinen

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0309723A1 true EP0309723A1 (fr) 1989-04-05
EP0309723B1 EP0309723B1 (fr) 1990-08-16

Family

ID=6336959

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88113542A Expired - Lifetime EP0309723B1 (fr) 1987-09-26 1988-08-20 Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4858432A (fr)
EP (1) EP0309723B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH01114607A (fr)
DE (2) DE3732491A1 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5771689A (en) * 1996-06-26 1998-06-30 Robert Bosch Gmbh Pipe evaporator for feeding additional fuel into the exhaust gas
WO2006045669A1 (fr) * 2004-10-26 2006-05-04 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif et procede de production d'un agent de fonctionnement d'un vehicule automobile
WO2008003520A1 (fr) * 2006-07-07 2008-01-10 Emcon Technologies Germany (Augsburg) Gmbh Dispositif d'évaporation, ensemble comprenant une unité d'évaporation et procédé pour faire évaporer un liquide oxydable
EP2484973A1 (fr) * 2009-09-30 2012-08-08 IHI Corporation Dispositif d'allumage
EP2474715A4 (fr) * 2009-09-02 2016-03-02 Kubota Kk Dispositif de traitement des gaz d'échappement pour moteur diesel

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0380806A1 (fr) * 1989-02-02 1990-08-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brûleur d'allumage pour un dispositif de combustion des particules solides dans les gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion interne
DE4009201A1 (de) * 1990-01-25 1991-08-01 Man Technologie Gmbh Abgassystem mit einem partikelfilter und einem regenerierungsbrenner
DE4436415A1 (de) * 1994-10-12 1996-04-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Einrichtung zum Nachbehandeln von Abgasen einer selbstzündenden Brennkraftmaschine
US6834498B2 (en) * 2002-11-21 2004-12-28 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Diesel aftertreatment systems
JP6084605B2 (ja) * 2012-04-27 2017-02-22 日野自動車株式会社 バーナー、および、フィルター再生装置
JP5894104B2 (ja) * 2013-03-29 2016-03-23 株式会社クボタ エンジンの排気処理装置

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2133202A5 (fr) * 1971-04-13 1972-11-24 Oxy France
DE3219948A1 (de) * 1982-05-27 1983-12-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München Brenner fuer einen russfilter von brennkraftmaschinen
GB2123313A (en) * 1982-07-08 1984-02-01 Gen Motors Corp Diesel exhaust particulate trap with axial flow filter elements
US4541239A (en) * 1983-06-20 1985-09-17 Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. Exhaust purification apparatus
EP0215205A1 (fr) * 1985-07-20 1987-03-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif pour la séparation de particules combustibles de gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion
DE3621914A1 (de) * 1986-06-30 1988-01-07 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zum verbrennen von feststoffteilchen im abgas von brennkraftmaschinen

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1551752A1 (de) * 1967-02-01 1970-03-19 Webasto Werk Baier Kg W Brennstoffversorgungseinrichtung von mit OEl,vorzugsweise Dieseloel od.dgl. betriebenen Fahrzeugheizgeraeten
US4776725A (en) * 1987-10-02 1988-10-11 Brade Donald E Erosion control apparatus

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2133202A5 (fr) * 1971-04-13 1972-11-24 Oxy France
DE3219948A1 (de) * 1982-05-27 1983-12-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München Brenner fuer einen russfilter von brennkraftmaschinen
GB2123313A (en) * 1982-07-08 1984-02-01 Gen Motors Corp Diesel exhaust particulate trap with axial flow filter elements
US4541239A (en) * 1983-06-20 1985-09-17 Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. Exhaust purification apparatus
EP0215205A1 (fr) * 1985-07-20 1987-03-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif pour la séparation de particules combustibles de gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion
DE3621914A1 (de) * 1986-06-30 1988-01-07 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zum verbrennen von feststoffteilchen im abgas von brennkraftmaschinen

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5771689A (en) * 1996-06-26 1998-06-30 Robert Bosch Gmbh Pipe evaporator for feeding additional fuel into the exhaust gas
WO2006045669A1 (fr) * 2004-10-26 2006-05-04 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif et procede de production d'un agent de fonctionnement d'un vehicule automobile
US7735315B2 (en) 2004-10-26 2010-06-15 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and method for producing an operating medium for a motor vehicle
WO2008003520A1 (fr) * 2006-07-07 2008-01-10 Emcon Technologies Germany (Augsburg) Gmbh Dispositif d'évaporation, ensemble comprenant une unité d'évaporation et procédé pour faire évaporer un liquide oxydable
EP2474715A4 (fr) * 2009-09-02 2016-03-02 Kubota Kk Dispositif de traitement des gaz d'échappement pour moteur diesel
EP2484973A1 (fr) * 2009-09-30 2012-08-08 IHI Corporation Dispositif d'allumage
EP2484973A4 (fr) * 2009-09-30 2013-03-13 Ihi Corp Dispositif d'allumage
US9395083B2 (en) 2009-09-30 2016-07-19 Ihi Corporation Ignition device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH01114607A (ja) 1989-05-08
EP0309723B1 (fr) 1990-08-16
DE3860461D1 (de) 1990-09-20
DE3732491C2 (fr) 1989-08-24
DE3732491A1 (de) 1989-04-13
US4858432A (en) 1989-08-22

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