EP0309723A1 - Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne - Google Patents
Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0309723A1 EP0309723A1 EP88113542A EP88113542A EP0309723A1 EP 0309723 A1 EP0309723 A1 EP 0309723A1 EP 88113542 A EP88113542 A EP 88113542A EP 88113542 A EP88113542 A EP 88113542A EP 0309723 A1 EP0309723 A1 EP 0309723A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- chamber
- receiving chamber
- pilot burner
- mixture
- processing chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/26—Construction of thermal reactors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
- F01N3/0253—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
- F01N3/0256—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases the fuel being ignited by electrical means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/11—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance or part of the dosing system being cooled
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/36—Arrangements for supply of additional fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/38—Arrangements for igniting
Definitions
- the invention relates to a pilot burner for a device for burning solid particles, in particular soot particles, in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines of the type defined in the preamble of claim 1.
- Such combustion devices are used in particular in motor vehicles with diesel engines for the immediate soot disposal of the soot filtered out of the exhaust gas by electrostatic soot switches.
- This is fed to the combustion chamber of the combustion device with a secondary exhaust gas stream, which makes up less than 1% of the total exhaust gas, and burned there at a flame temperature between 550 ° C - 1000 ° C.
- the pollutant-free combustion products and the residual gases are exhausted via the exhaust systems of the internal combustion engine.
- For Generation of the flame is a pilot burner attached to the combustion chamber of the combustion device, as described for example in DE-OS 36 21 914.
- the pilot burner which is designed as a swirl burner
- liquid fuel and combustion air are swirled in metered quantities in the mixture preparation chamber and the mixture is fed to the combustion chamber via the mixture outlet opening, where it burns together with the soot-laden exhaust gas after ignition.
- the ignition is caused by the glow plug, on the filament of which the mixture ignites.
- the glow body in the mixture preparation chamber takes over the stabilization of the flame formation, so that the glow plug can be switched off again and is only required for starting up or for intermittent operation of the combustion device.
- the design of the pilot burner is decisive for the quality of the mixture preparation and for the stress on the glow plugs, whereby by placing the glow plug in the separate receiving chamber, it lies outside the flame area and thus prevents its thermal overload.
- the pilot burner according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that, on the one hand, the protective sleeve prevents the fuel flowing into the spark plug receiving chamber from impinging on the filament of the glow plug and thus coking of the glow plug, which leads to a considerable increase in the service life of the Glow plug leads, and on the other hand, due to the protective sleeve, which is always hot even when the glow plug is switched off, a uniform evaporation of the fuel striking the protective sleeve is guaranteed. This leads to a very good mixture preparation and to a soot-free (blue) burner flame even with a low combustion air / fuel ratio.
- the approximately vertical arrangement of the receiving chamber and the arrangement of the connection opening between the receiving chamber and mixture preparation chamber at the lower end of the receiving chamber not only simplify the manufacture of the ignition burner housing, but also prevent fuel sump formation in the receiving chamber.
- the pilot burner is thus more stable against mechanical shocks than known pilot burners.
- the durability of the electrical connections of the glow plug is ensured by cooling the jacket of the receiving chamber in the region of the internal thread section receiving the plug connection thread according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention.
- the cooling can be effected by cooling fins running radially or axially to the receiving chamber on its circumference or by an annular channel enclosing the internally threaded section, through which the combustion air fed to the mixture preparation chamber is passed. In the latter case, the combustion air is preheated at the same time, so that less energy is required to reach the ignition temperature of the fuel-air mixture.
- the shape of the flame can be varied by different designs of the burner mouth placed in front of the mixture outlet opening, for example as a nozzle or as a diffuser various requirements can be adapted.
- the pilot burner shown schematically in FIG. 1 in longitudinal section and in cross section in FIG. 2 has a hollow cylindrical mixture processing chamber 10, hereinafter referred to as processing chamber 10, and a glow plug receiving chamber 11, hereinafter briefly Called receiving chamber 11 on. Both chambers 10, 11 run at right angles to one another, their longitudinal axes lying in one plane.
- the treatment chamber 10 is approximately horizontal and the receiving chamber 11 is vertical, the latter being inserted with its one open end into a circular cylindrical opening 12 in the chamber wall of the treatment chamber 10.
- the processing chamber 10 is closed at one end and has a mixture outlet opening 13 at its other end, to which a combustion chamber of the combustion device (not shown) is connected.
- an incandescent body 14 Arranged coaxially in the treatment chamber 10 is an incandescent body 14 which is fastened in the closed end wall of the treatment chamber 10 and extends through the treatment chamber 10 to close to the mixture outlet opening 13.
- the incandescent body 14 has a plurality of, for example three, annular ribs 16 protruding radially from a shaft 15, of which the two annular ribs 16 which are closer to the mixture outlet opening 13 have openings 17 distributed uniformly over their circumference.
- An air supply line 18 opens out near the closed end wall of the processing chamber 10 with an inflow direction tangential to the processing chamber 10.
- a thermocouple 19 is arranged in the chamber wall near the mixture outlet opening 13 and protrudes radially into the processing chamber 10 into the vicinity of the front end of the incandescent body 14.
- the preparation chamber 10 carries one in the vicinity of the burner mouth 20 for fastening the pilot burner to the combustion device radially projecting mounting flange 21 which is integral with the chamber wall.
- a glow plug 22 is held coaxially, which is screwed with a plug connection thread 23 into an internal thread section 24 at the end of the receiving chamber 11 facing away from the opening 12 (FIG. 2).
- the glow plug 22 protrudes with its filament 25 close to the opening 12 to the processing chamber 10.
- the glow plug 22 is coaxially enclosed by a protective sleeve 26 with a radial spacing, which is thin-walled in view of a low heat capacity and the associated fast heating-up time is carried out, wherein its wall thickness is preferably between 0.1-0.3 mm.
- a mouthpiece 27 of a fuel feed line 28 projects radially into the receiving chamber 11 and its mouth 29 lies directly in front of the outer wall of the protective sleeve 26.
- the protective sleeve 26 prevents the fuel from coming into direct contact with the filament 25 of the glow plug 22, so that its coking is largely prevented.
- bores 30 are provided near the free open end of the protective sleeve 26, which are arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference of the protective sleeve 26.
- the glow plug 22 is supplied with current via two electrical connecting lines 31 and 32.
- the receiving chamber 11 is cooled in the area of its internally threaded section 24. In the exemplary embodiment in FIGS. 1 and 2, the cooling takes place through that of the processing chamber 10 supplied combustion air.
- the jacket of the receiving chamber 11 is enclosed in the area of the internal thread section 24 by an annular channel 33, which is connected to the air supply line 18 with an inlet opening 34 and with an outlet opening 35 (FIG. 2).
- cooling fins can also be used for cooling the candle connection thread 23 instead of the annular channel 33.
- radial cooling fins 36 are placed on the jacket of the receiving chamber 11 in the region of the internally threaded section 24.
- axial cooling ribs 37 can also be provided, which extend on the outer jacket of the receiving chamber 11 over the entire area of the internally threaded section 24.
- the glow plug 37 of the pilot burner is first supplied with electricity and fuel is fed into the receiving chamber 11 through the fuel feed line 28.
- combustion air is conveyed into the processing chamber 10 via the air supply line 18, which causes a rotary flow in the processing chamber 10 as a result of the tangential inflow direction.
- the fuel striking the protective sleeve 26 heated by the glow plug 22 evaporates and mixes in the processing chamber 10 with the combustion air.
- the fuel-air mixture ignites, and the flame strikes through the mixture outlet opening 13 into the connected combustion chamber of the combustion device.
- the incandescent body 14 reaches the ignition temperature, so that the flame formation is stabilized.
- the glow plug 22 is now switched off.
- the pilot flame striking through the mixture outlet opening 13 into the combustion chamber is concentrated by the formation of the burner mouth as a nozzle (Fig. 5) in the axis of the combustion chamber, so that a very hot combustion core zone is formed in the center of the combustion chamber, in which the soot particles supplied to the exhaust gas bypass of the combustion chamber are quickly brought to the reaction temperature.
- the burner mouth By designing the burner mouth as a diffuser (FIG. 1), the combustion core zone can be shifted and widened.
- the strength of the swirl of the fuel-air mixture necessary for stable combustion can be influenced by different cross sections of the air supply line 18.
- the thermocouple 19 or another sensor that senses the flame temperature of the pilot burner is used to monitor the pilot burner and to regulate the burner temperature to a constant value.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Wick-Type Burners And Burners With Porous Materials (AREA)
- Spray-Type Burners (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3732491 | 1987-09-26 | ||
DE19873732491 DE3732491A1 (de) | 1987-09-26 | 1987-09-26 | Zuendbrenner fuer eine vorrichtung zum verbrennen von festkoerperpartikeln im abgas von brennkraftmaschinen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0309723A1 true EP0309723A1 (fr) | 1989-04-05 |
EP0309723B1 EP0309723B1 (fr) | 1990-08-16 |
Family
ID=6336959
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88113542A Expired - Lifetime EP0309723B1 (fr) | 1987-09-26 | 1988-08-20 | Brûleur d'allumage dans un dispositif pour la combustion de particules solides dans le gaz d'échappement de moteurs à combustion interne |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4858432A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0309723B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH01114607A (fr) |
DE (2) | DE3732491A1 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5771689A (en) * | 1996-06-26 | 1998-06-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Pipe evaporator for feeding additional fuel into the exhaust gas |
WO2006045669A1 (fr) * | 2004-10-26 | 2006-05-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Dispositif et procede de production d'un agent de fonctionnement d'un vehicule automobile |
WO2008003520A1 (fr) * | 2006-07-07 | 2008-01-10 | Emcon Technologies Germany (Augsburg) Gmbh | Dispositif d'évaporation, ensemble comprenant une unité d'évaporation et procédé pour faire évaporer un liquide oxydable |
EP2484973A1 (fr) * | 2009-09-30 | 2012-08-08 | IHI Corporation | Dispositif d'allumage |
EP2474715A4 (fr) * | 2009-09-02 | 2016-03-02 | Kubota Kk | Dispositif de traitement des gaz d'échappement pour moteur diesel |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0380806A1 (fr) * | 1989-02-02 | 1990-08-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Brûleur d'allumage pour un dispositif de combustion des particules solides dans les gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion interne |
DE4009201A1 (de) * | 1990-01-25 | 1991-08-01 | Man Technologie Gmbh | Abgassystem mit einem partikelfilter und einem regenerierungsbrenner |
DE4436415A1 (de) * | 1994-10-12 | 1996-04-18 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Einrichtung zum Nachbehandeln von Abgasen einer selbstzündenden Brennkraftmaschine |
US6834498B2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2004-12-28 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Diesel aftertreatment systems |
JP6084605B2 (ja) * | 2012-04-27 | 2017-02-22 | 日野自動車株式会社 | バーナー、および、フィルター再生装置 |
JP5894104B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-29 | 2016-03-23 | 株式会社クボタ | エンジンの排気処理装置 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2133202A5 (fr) * | 1971-04-13 | 1972-11-24 | Oxy France | |
DE3219948A1 (de) * | 1982-05-27 | 1983-12-01 | Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München | Brenner fuer einen russfilter von brennkraftmaschinen |
GB2123313A (en) * | 1982-07-08 | 1984-02-01 | Gen Motors Corp | Diesel exhaust particulate trap with axial flow filter elements |
US4541239A (en) * | 1983-06-20 | 1985-09-17 | Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. | Exhaust purification apparatus |
EP0215205A1 (fr) * | 1985-07-20 | 1987-03-25 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Dispositif pour la séparation de particules combustibles de gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion |
DE3621914A1 (de) * | 1986-06-30 | 1988-01-07 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Vorrichtung zum verbrennen von feststoffteilchen im abgas von brennkraftmaschinen |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1551752A1 (de) * | 1967-02-01 | 1970-03-19 | Webasto Werk Baier Kg W | Brennstoffversorgungseinrichtung von mit OEl,vorzugsweise Dieseloel od.dgl. betriebenen Fahrzeugheizgeraeten |
US4776725A (en) * | 1987-10-02 | 1988-10-11 | Brade Donald E | Erosion control apparatus |
-
1987
- 1987-09-26 DE DE19873732491 patent/DE3732491A1/de active Granted
-
1988
- 1988-08-20 EP EP88113542A patent/EP0309723B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-08-20 DE DE8888113542T patent/DE3860461D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-08-26 US US07/236,972 patent/US4858432A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-09-26 JP JP63239099A patent/JPH01114607A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2133202A5 (fr) * | 1971-04-13 | 1972-11-24 | Oxy France | |
DE3219948A1 (de) * | 1982-05-27 | 1983-12-01 | Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München | Brenner fuer einen russfilter von brennkraftmaschinen |
GB2123313A (en) * | 1982-07-08 | 1984-02-01 | Gen Motors Corp | Diesel exhaust particulate trap with axial flow filter elements |
US4541239A (en) * | 1983-06-20 | 1985-09-17 | Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. | Exhaust purification apparatus |
EP0215205A1 (fr) * | 1985-07-20 | 1987-03-25 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Dispositif pour la séparation de particules combustibles de gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion |
DE3621914A1 (de) * | 1986-06-30 | 1988-01-07 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Vorrichtung zum verbrennen von feststoffteilchen im abgas von brennkraftmaschinen |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5771689A (en) * | 1996-06-26 | 1998-06-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Pipe evaporator for feeding additional fuel into the exhaust gas |
WO2006045669A1 (fr) * | 2004-10-26 | 2006-05-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Dispositif et procede de production d'un agent de fonctionnement d'un vehicule automobile |
US7735315B2 (en) | 2004-10-26 | 2010-06-15 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Device and method for producing an operating medium for a motor vehicle |
WO2008003520A1 (fr) * | 2006-07-07 | 2008-01-10 | Emcon Technologies Germany (Augsburg) Gmbh | Dispositif d'évaporation, ensemble comprenant une unité d'évaporation et procédé pour faire évaporer un liquide oxydable |
EP2474715A4 (fr) * | 2009-09-02 | 2016-03-02 | Kubota Kk | Dispositif de traitement des gaz d'échappement pour moteur diesel |
EP2484973A1 (fr) * | 2009-09-30 | 2012-08-08 | IHI Corporation | Dispositif d'allumage |
EP2484973A4 (fr) * | 2009-09-30 | 2013-03-13 | Ihi Corp | Dispositif d'allumage |
US9395083B2 (en) | 2009-09-30 | 2016-07-19 | Ihi Corporation | Ignition device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH01114607A (ja) | 1989-05-08 |
EP0309723B1 (fr) | 1990-08-16 |
DE3860461D1 (de) | 1990-09-20 |
DE3732491C2 (fr) | 1989-08-24 |
DE3732491A1 (de) | 1989-04-13 |
US4858432A (en) | 1989-08-22 |
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