Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
  • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
  • A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
  • A23J3/26—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising using extrusion or expansion

Definitions

• the present invention relates to producing food products of a fibrous nature and more particularly to an extrusion process for preparing food products comprising protein, car ⁇ bohydrate and optionally lubricating components, said food products having aligned fibers wherein the fibers are col ⁇ lected into bundles.
• the present invention also relates to the food product produced by the process of the present invention.
• the bundles of fibers in the food product of the present invention are, likewise, aligned in a parallel orientation and said bundles have a substantially continuous appearance throughout the length of the food product.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,814,823 issued to Yang et al. on June 4, 1974 teaches a process for making a vegetable protein product, which is characterized as having fibers, by strech- ing a dough in a streching process which has a Reynolds num ⁇ ber of less than 2,000 and heat-setting said dough either during or after the stretching step.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,886,299 issued to Feldburgge et al. on May 27, 1975 teaches a process for making a vegetable protein product, which is characterized as having fibers, by extruding a dough, for example, through a Brabender extruder, using a pressure of less than about 100 p.s.i.g.
• a new nutritious food product having improved eating qualities and a new fibrous texture, both visual and mouth-feel texture can be prepared by intimately mixing dough ingredients comprising vegetable protein, carbohydrate, water and, optionally, lubircating components; passing the resulting dough through a first pas ⁇ sageway or relaxation chamber, thereafter pushing said dough through a second passageway and subsequently, pushing said dough through a third passageway and applying sufficient heat to said dough in said third section to elevate the temperature of, and to permanently fix, the structure of said dough and thereby produce the food product of the pres ⁇ ent invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a "starch-protein fiber" or "SPF”) .
• a starch-protein fiber starch-protein fiber
• the first passageway has a first cross- sectional area
• the second passageway has a decreasing cross-sectional area
• the third passageway has a third cross-sectional area which is less that the cross-sectional area of said first passageway.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a nutritious food product having aligned fiber wherein said food product has the appearance, texture and mouthfeel of meat from a chicken breast.
• an object of the present invention is to provide a base product for further processing to produce a novel, nutritious snackfood product.
• a further object of the ' present invention is to provide a process for preparing such a nutritious food product.
• FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic representation of the process according to the present invention
• FIG. 2 is a representation of an embodiment of the apparatus for earring out the process of the present inven ⁇ tion in a batch operation
• FIG. 3 is a side view of an embodiment of the apparatus to carry out the process of the present invention
• FIG. 4 is a front view of an embodiment of a means for removing and realigning removable third passageways of the apparatus of the present invention
• FIG. 5 is a front view of an embodiment of an alter ⁇ native means for removing and realigning removable third passageways of the apparatus of the present invention
• FIG. 6 is a front view of an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention with a plurality of smooth bore tubes for forming the SPF;
• FIG. 7 is a side view of an embodiment of a dough reformer of the apparatus of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 is a front view of the dough reformer of the embodiment of Fig. 7;
• FIG. 9 is a top view of a dough reformer of the embodiment of Fig. 7;
• FIG. 10 is a representation of the changes in the configuration of the bundles of fibers of the product of the present invention as the dough flow changes in the apparatus of FIG. 2;
• FIG. 11 is a side view of an embodiment of the apparatus to carry out the process of the present invention on a batch basis.
• FIG. 12 is a side view of an embodiment of the removable smooth bore third passageways of the apparatus of the present invention.
• the source of protein used to prepare the food product of* the present invention may comprise vegetable protein.
• cereals, oil seeds and combinations thereof are prefered sources of protein.
• the source of protein contain proteins which will, under the mixing conditions of the present invention, yeild protein fragments smaller than the initial proteins.
• the source of protein contain protein which will, under the mixing conditions of the pres ⁇ ent invention yeild protein fragments with a "molecular weight" of less than about 10,000 Daltons. It is also preferred that the protein fragments are able to recombine into "new" proteins.
• Wheat gluten is a preferred source of protein, and a particularly desirable source of protein is a wheat gluten which comprises between about 65 and about 80 percent, by dry weight (hereinafter, all percentages are by weight unless specified otherwise) , protein; less than about
• the wheat gluten may also comprise moisture, preferredly between about
• the carbohydrate in the SPF may be derived from those carbohydrates present in the source of the protein. Alter ⁇ natively, the carbohydrate in the SPF may be derived from a combination of the carbohydrates present in the protein source and a supplemental source of carbohydrate.
• the sup ⁇ plemental carbohydrate source may be any starch derived from vegetable material.
• Wheat flour is a preferred source of supplemental carbohydrate for the SPF, and in particular a wheat flour comprising at least about 11 percent protein, on a dry basis. It is further preferred that the wheat flour source of carbohydrate comprise at least about 12 percent protein. Additionally, it is also further preferred that the wheat flour is a white, clean-flavored flour. It is also preferred that the carbohydrate source used in the process of the present invention is able to "complex" with the "new" protein formed from the protein fragments derived from the protein materials used.
• the lubricating component used in making the SPF may be any material approved for use in food which reduces the friction between the dough and the internal surfaces of the processing environment.
• the lubricating component may be added as an ingredient, or alternatively, the lubricating component may be injected on to the surface of the dough. If the lubricatiing component is injected onto the dough surface, it is preferred that the lubricating component is injected onto the surface of the dough prior to the begining of "plug" flow of the dough.
• Oleaginous materials are use ⁇ ful lubricating components in the process of the present invention.
• the oleaginous material used in making the SPF may be any lipid material which is approved for use in food products.
• the oleaginous material used in the process of the present invention is a solid or a semi-solid at ambient temperatures.
• Vegetable oils included ⁇ ing hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils such as soy bean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, olive oil and animal fats such as butterfat are particularly preferred oleaginous materials for use in the process of the present invention.
• the fibers of the food product of the present invention may vary in their cross-sectional appearance from very round (a cylindrical fiber) to an almost linear appearance (a sheet-like fiber) . It is preferred that the product of the present invention have fibers that approach a cylindrical shape or, in other words, it is preferred that the fibers of the product of the pres ⁇ ent invention has fibers which have an approximately round cross-sectional appearance.
• the SPF behaves like a starch based product and not like a protein based product in that the SPF is unstable in dry heat, affected by amalyase and acids, and exhibits starch retrogradation.
• the process of the present invention comprises making a dough from the various components, relaxing any mixing tension in the dough, elongating and fixing the dough. It is believed that the process of the present invention comprises, in the following order, piston-like flow, "differential shear” flow and "plug” flow.
• a quantity of the source of protein is combined with a supplemental carbohydrate source, if any supplemental carbohydrate is used, to produce an admixture having between about 10% to about 85%, on a dry basis, protein.
• a supplemental carbohydrate source is used, the source of protein and the supplemental carbohydrate source are intimately mixed by any conventional dry mixing method to produce a dry ingredient admixture.
• these other dry ingredients can be, and preferredly are, added to, and mixed into, the dry ingredient admixture at this point. It is desirable that the dry ingredient admixture is substantially homogeneous prior to the addition of the fluid ingredients. It is also desirable that the dry mixing is carried out at about ambient temperature. Typi ⁇ cally, the dry mixing is complete in less than about 30 minutes.
• doughs comprising between about 10 and about 65% protein will function in the process of the present invention to make SPF, in general, it is desirable that between about 10 and about 50% of the total dough weight is protein and it is preferred that between that between about 10 and about 35% of the total dough weight is protein.
• the dough comprises between about 10 and about 60 ⁇ of starch containing carbohydrate material, and it is more preferred that the dough comprises between about 10 and about 35% of starch containing car ⁇ bohydrate material, and it is further preferred that the dough comprises between about 15 and 30% of starch contain ⁇ ing carbohydrate material.
• any hydrophylic ingredients should be added and included in the homogeneous dry ingredient admixture.
• solid and semi-solid oleaginous materials should be melted prior to their addition to the dry ingredients. Nonethe ⁇ less, oleaginous materials may be added with the water, for example, as an atomized mist substantially simultaneously with the addition of a spray of water.
• the dry ingredient admixture is then combined with a quantity of water. Generally, between about 30 and about 60 percent of the combination of the dry ingredient admixture and fluid material is water. It is more preferred that between about 35 and about 45 percent of the combination of the dry ingredient admixture and fluid material is water.
• the SPF When a lubricating component is included in the formula ⁇ tion of " the SPF, generally, between about 2.5% and about 15% of the combination of the dry ingredient admixture with water is the lubricating component. When a lubricating com ⁇ ponent is included in the formulation of the SPF, it is preferred that between about 3.5 and about 10 percent of the combination of the dry ingredient admixture with water is lubricating component. In addition, the lubricating com ⁇ ponent may also be used as a carrier for an optional flavor ⁇ ing material.
• the dough used in the process of the present invention may comprise a food grade acid, such as citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, latic acid, fumeric acid and combinations thereof, it is preferred that any acid component of the dough is present at levels which do not lead to either a detectable amount of hydrolysis of the starch component, or a detectable change in the net charge of the proteinaceous material. It is further preferred that the pH of the dough is approximately neutral and it is still further preferred that the pH of the dough is at least about 6.6. It is further preferred that the pH of the dough is at least about 6.8. It has been noted that the presence of more than about 0.1% acid in the dough results in fibers which are thin and fragile, and bundles of fibers which are compact and appear dense.
• a food grade acid such as citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, latic acid, fumeric acid and combinations thereof
• any acid component of the dough is present at levels which do not lead to either a detectable amount of hydrolysis of the starch component, or a detectable change
• the acid does not prevent the formation of an extensible, cohesive dough. Additionally, it is preferred that the acid is dry and that the acid, if used, is included in the homogeneous, dry ingredient admixture.
• the dough, and thus the SPF of the present invention may comprise dietary fiber, as determined by the Official Meth ⁇ ods of Analysis (1980) 13 th Edition, Method 7.061-5, AOAC, Washington, D.C. However, it is believed the presence of more than about 4 % dietary fiber in the dough inhibits fiber formation. Thus, it is further preferred that the dough used in the process of the present invention comprise less than about 4 % dietary fiber.
• the dough, and thus the SPF comprises a sugar or other sweetening agent.
• the presence of sugar in the SPF tends to result in a softer fiber texture.
• the dough used in the process of the present inven ⁇ tion comprises between about 0 and about 12 %, on a total dough basis, sugar. If a sugar is used in the formulation of the produce of the present invention, it is preferred that the sugar is no more hydroscopic than sucrose, maltose or a combination thereof. If a sugar is used in the for ⁇ mulation of the present invention, it is preferred that the sugar is sucrose, maltose or a combination thereof, and that the dough comprises between about 1 and about 7 %, on a total dough basis, sugar. It is further preferred that the sugar, if any is used, is sucrose.
• the dough, and thus the SPF may com ⁇ prise a salt approved for use in food products.
• the presence of salt in the SPF tends to result in a thicker fibril, a denser fiber and more compact bundles of fibers.
• salt acts to protect parts of the protein which are labile to react with other components from such interactions and that the salt interferes with the movement of water in the starch granules as manifested in a decreased rate of dehydration and an altered osmotic pres ⁇ sure of the system, especially that of the starch granule.
• the salt may also act to link to protein fragments once aligned.
• the dough comprises less than about 1.5 %, based on the total weight of the dough, of a sodium, potassium, calcium or combination thereof salt.
• a salt is used in the dough of the present invention, it is more preferred that the dough of the process of the present comprises between about 0.1 and about 1.0 % salt of the dough. It is further preferred that when a salt is used in the dough of the present invention that the dough com ⁇ prises between about 0.1 and about 0.4 % salt.
• Flavor enhancers such as monoammonium glutamate, ribotides and combinations thereof, may also be used in the dough of the present invention. When flavor enhancers are used, they should be used at levels which do not inhibit fiber formation.
• the combination of the dry ingredient admixture with the water is mixed at a temperature less than about 30°C, and preferably at a temperature less than about 25°C, for a period of time sufficient to provide a dough which looks like a bread dough. It is further preferred that the dough has the following appearance and rheological character ⁇ istics: extensibility, cohesivene ⁇ s, elasticity and a sur ⁇ face appearance which is translucent to opaque. It is still further preferred that when the dough is streched by hand that it forms fibers. Typically, the combination is mixed for between about 5 and about 10 minutes. It is also preferred that the dough is not overmixed. A dough is beginning to be overmixed when it begins to be wet, sticky, fragile and have an "overmixed" sheen. It is also preferred that the mixing process is a "low energy" mixing procedure and that the dough is mixed the minimum to produce a homogeneous dough.
• the dry ingredient admixture and water are both continuously fed, in metered proportions, into a first dough-mixing chamber were the combination is mixed for approximately 10 minutes. Then, on a continuous basis, the mixed combination is trans ⁇ ferred to a further mixing chamber wherein the mixed com ⁇ bination is further mixed by the action of a screw-feed mechanism which transports the dough, while mixing it, into a first passageway or quiescence zone.
• the mixed dough is fed into a hopper from which aliquots are dropped into a piston pump.
• the dough is further processed within about an hour of the completion of the first dough mixing step, it is more preferred that the dough is fresh. If the dough is held for an extended period of time after it is mixed, but before it is further processed, it is preferred that the dough is kept at a temperature at or below ambient temperature. It is also preferred that the dough is covered in a manner effective to prevent moisture loss.
• the present invention comprises a process for making, an apparatus for making, and the resulting new food product.
• the new food product looks like a rope or tow of fibers.
• the tow produced in practicing the present inven ⁇ tion has a "skin" or non-fibrous sheath coating the surface of the tow.
• the tow is comprised of a plurality of bundles of fibers.
• the bundles of fibers in the tow of the SPF appear to run the entire length of the product.
• the SPF is a composite of parallel bundles and each bundle in turn is a composite of parallel fibers. While the fibers are linear and have the appearance of run ⁇ ning the entire length of the tow, in fact, it is believed that the length of each fiber may actually be between about 1 cm and about 20 cm.
• each fiber is com ⁇ prised of a plurality of aligned fibrils, and each fibril is, in turn, comprised of myofibrils.
• Detailed compositional analysis of the myofibrils of the SPF including examination of transmission electron micrographs and the data of Example 5, suggests that the following composition for the myofibrils.
• the inner core of the myofibrils appears to be substantially proteinaceous. This core is believed to com ⁇ prise polymerised protein fragments which have been aligned and appear form a new "protein". It is believed that these protein fragments are polymerized to form this new "protein" when these fragments are subsequently aligned.
• protein- carbohydrate complex Surrounding this proteinaceous core there appears to be a protein- carbohydrate complex which may comprise other components such as dietary fiber and minerals.
• the protein- carbohydrate complex appears to stabilize the SPF by the formation of a prolific number of hydrogen bonds between the components of the SPF.
• the protein-carbohydrate complex appears to be comprised of between about 60 to about 90 % of the complex, proteinaceous material and between about 10 and about 40 % of the complex, starch and other carbohydrates.
• the outer layer of the myofibril appears to be com- prised of at least about 90 % (based on only the outer layer) gelatinized starch.
• scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the myofibrils of the SPF appear to be substantially free of lumps or nodes that are sometimes associated with ungelatinized starch on the surface of a starch containing material.
• the length of a tow of the product is normally determined by criteria other than conditions necessary to practice the present invention, such as the means employed to remove the tow. Unless the tow is cut, the tow will be a long, continuous mass ending only when the dough available to the process is consumed. On exiting the apparatus employed to make the SPF, the tow has the shape of the exit orifice of the apparatus.
• the non-fibrous sheath or skin which coats the tow pro ⁇ quizzed in practicing the present invention can vary greatly in thickness. It is now believed that the "skin" of the SPF results from either over-heating the surface of the SPF or by inducing a shear into the surface of the dough during the processing. By controling the heating and the shear of the process, a thin, uniform skin is obtained as opposed to the skin of a product which for example experiences variable heating.
• the skin on a variably heated product may have a salami-like, tough skin with an average thickness of about 3 mm.
• the SPF has a skin with a thick ⁇ ness of less than about 1 mm, more preferrrably, the SPF has a skin less than about 0.5 mm. Thin skins are generally obtained when every step which involves heating is con- trolled to maintain sufficient moisture in the surface of the dough to prevent the dough surface from being dehydrated.
• the SPF When the SPF is examined with the unaided eye, it may have the visual texture associated with animal muscle tis ⁇ sue. While the product frequently resembles the white meat of a chicken breast, by modifying the formula and processing conditions to the vary color of the final product and the fiber appearance, products can be obtained which resemble horse meat, frog legs, "red meat", or fish meat, or which are unlike products available heretofore. However, the SPF lacks the cross-banding which is typical of microscopic views of animal muscle tissue.
• the fibers, helical, spiral and otherwise, produced by the dough mixing process must first be relaxed, and generally, the more energetic the mixing process, the longer the needed relaxation time. It has been observed that any dough con ⁇ taining fibers, whether the fibers were produced by mixing the dough, stretching the dough, forcing the dough through a screw feeder or otherwise, will, if given sufficient time, relax and lose its obvious fibrous appearance. Mixing, stretching and forcing a dough through a screw feeder all impart what is referred to herein as a dough mixing tension. Until the dough fibers are fixed, the dough mixing tension, as long as it remains, maintains the dough fibers.
• the dough mixing tension from the dough mixing process is not sufficiently relaxed, then the aligned myofibrils, fibrils, fibers, and bundles of fibers of the product of the present invention are not obtained. It is necessary that this dough mixing tension is sufficiently relaxed to permit the further processing to align the myofibrils, fibrils and fibers in a linear, parallel fashion.
• the dough is fed by a screw feed device
• the dough mixing ten ⁇ sion is relaxed sufficiently by pushing the dough through a first passageway at a rate which provides the dough with a sufficient residence time in the first passageway to relax at least some of the dough mixing tension.
• the relaxation time may be achieved during the feed to the piston feed device.
• the dough is relaxed by pushing the dough at a substantially constant rate through a passageway in a manner effective to move sub ⁇ stantially all of the dough along a path substantially parallel to the internal walls of said passageway.
• this embodiment is refered to as having piston ⁇ like flow.
• a preferred means of relaxing the dough is to push said dough through a smooth bore passageway so that the dough has a residence or quies ⁇ cence time in the passageway effective to observably relax the dough mixing tension then present in the dough.
• the dough is pushed through the smooth bore passageway with a pressure of less than about 80 p.s.i.g., and typi- cally, the dough is pushed through the smooth bore pas ⁇ sageway with a pressure less than about 35 p.s.i.g. It is preferred that the dough is pushed through the passageway with a pressure of less than about 20 p.s.i.g. and it is more preferred that the dough is pushed with a pressure of less than about 15 p.s.i.g.
• Some doughs such as doughs with a high level of wheat gluten, relax significantly slower than other doughs. It is also preferable that the quiescence zone or passageway has a constant cross-sectional area. It is also further preferred that the pressure pushing the dough is approximately con ⁇ stant.
• the dough is elongated in a non-baking step which is sufficient to align the fibers in the dough.
• the dough is elongated in one dimension without a significant volumetric expansion of the dough. It is further preferred that the volume of the SPF is less than about 125% of the initial dough volume, as measured after mixing and it is more preferred that the volume of the SPF is less than about 112 % of the initial dough volume, as measured after mixing.
• the dough is elongated so that the elongated dough product has a length in one dimen ⁇ sion which is at least 300% of the initial length of the dough in this dimension.
• the additional length of the dough is at least about twice the initial length of the dough.
• the dough is elongated by at least about 300% so that the dough product has a length in the dimension the dough is elongated of at least about 400 % the initial length of the dough in the dimension in which the dough is elongated.
• a preferred means of elongating the dough is by pushing the dough with a force applied substantially uniformly, in a substantially single dimension, through a passageway having a decreasing cross-sectional area.
• the dough is typically pushed through the passageway having a decreasing cross- sectional area with a pressure of less than about 80 p.s.i.g., preferably less than 35 p.s.i.g., and more preferably less than about 15 p.s.i.g. It is also prefered that the passageway with a decreasing cross-sectional area has a smooth bore.
• the dough is pushed through a second length of smooth bore tubing having a cross-sectional area at least as large as that of the first passageway. While traveling through this second length of smooth bore tubing, the dough is heated in a manner effective to reduce the viscosity of at least some of the dough to less than about one tenth of the dough's initial (ambient temperature) viscosity. After this change in the dough viscosity, the dough appears to travel in a "differential shear" Clow. Once the "differen ⁇ tial shear" dough flow is achieved, the dough is pushed through a further or third length of smooth bore tubing wherein the dough is further heated.
• the dough is comprised of bundles of fibers of SPF and these bundles are aligned normal to a normal cross-sectional plane of the dough.
• the dough is comprised of bundles of fiber of SPF, however, while some of these bundles are aligned with each other, the majority of these bundles are not in parallel alignment with any single bundle.
• the dough comprises dough fiber coils at various stages of relaxation. See Fig. 10.
• each passageway effects the formation of the SPF.
• a passageway having a cross-sectional shape between a square and a circle wherein each side of a cross-sectional plane of the passageway normal to the direction of the dough flow has an approxi ⁇ mately equal length produces fibers with a circular cross- section.
• a passageway having substantially unequal sides is believed to produce fibers with a linear cross-section (sheetlike fibers) .
• the pas ⁇ sageways may have cross-sectional shapes which are round, triangular, elliptical, square, rectangular, star-shaped, trapezoidal or of any other polygon
• the cross-sectional plane i.e. the plane normal to the direction of dough flow
• the approximately equal sided polygonal passageway cross- sectional plane approximates a circle at least as well as a square, or that the passageway cross-sectional plane is cir ⁇ cular. It is believed that the passageway cross-sectional shape does not determine the cross-sectional of the fibers of the SPF product.
• the third passageway may have more than one cross-sectional shape.
• the first passageway may have a round cross-sectional shape
• the third passageway may have an elliptical shape
• the intervening second passageway, the passageway with the decreasing cross-sectional area will have a cross-sectional shape which changes from a round cross-sectional shape at the end that abuts the first pas ⁇ sageway and an elliptical shape at the end which abuts the third passageway.
• each of the ends of abutting passageways must have the same cross-sectional shape and area.
• this pas ⁇ sageway is sometimes also referred to herein as a dough reformer.
• the passageway in which the elongated dough is heat set i.e. in the third passageway, may change cross-sectional shapes, for example, from a sub ⁇ stantially circular cross-sectional shape to a substantially square cross-sectional shape without affecting the fiber cross-sectional shape (i.e. in this example the fiber retains its circular cross-sectional shape) .
• aligned fibers, fibrils and myofibrils are fixed after the elongation step but before the mixing tension of the aligned bundles of fibers is relaxed.
• the length of time required to relax the mixing tension at this stage varies. It has been noted that prod ⁇ ucts in passageways having a greater surface area per unit volume of dough retain the mixing tension longer and can therefore be held for a longer period of time before fixing. Nonetheless, it is preferred that the aligned fibers, fibrils and myofibrils are fixed within about 60 minutes after the dough is elongated.
• the elongated dough is then fixed by applying sufficient heat to the dough to elevate the temperature of dough to a temperature sufficient to prevent the dough structure from relaxing into a nonfibrous condition.
• the source of the heat used to fix the dough may be any type of heat such as convection heating, conduction heating, infra-red radiation, microwave radiation, steam injection or a combination thereof. It is preferred that the dough is heated to between about 85 and about 130°C for between about 10 and about 90 minutes to fix said dough.
• the fibers in a dough will not revert into a " non-fibrous dough mass when allowed to stand.
• the fibers in the elongated dough are not necessarily readily apparent.
• the process produces "imma ⁇ ture" fibers, which are capable of becoming pronounced or apparent fibers upon storage in a manner effective to develop the "immature” fibers such as in frozen storage.
• the elongated fibrous dough is heated in two stages; a first heating step and a subsequent second heating step.
• the second heating step is referred to herein as a baking step.
• the heating step includes the baking step and this single heating step is alternatively referred to herein as a baking step.
• the baking temperature is above that necessary to plasticize the starch present in the dough and below that effective to rupture the starch granules.
• the dough may be baked.
• the dough is heated to a temperature between about 80 and about 110°C for between about 10 and about 150 minutes, more preferably, the cough is baked at a temperature at about 85 and about 104 e C for between about 15 to about 120 minutes and most preferably the dough is heated at a temperature between about 87 and about 95°C for between about 30 and about 110 minutes.
• the oven air temperature is between about 4 and 25°C higher than the dough temperature during baking.
• the source of the elevated heat applied to the dough to bake it may be provided by any conventional heating means including convection heating, conduction heating, infra-red radiation, microwave radiation, steam injection or any combination thereof.
• an oven that part of the apparatus in which the baking step is carried out in is referred to herein as an oven.
• the oven may be in-line with the elongating and fixing parts of the apparatus and thus a continuous step, or the oven may be separate. If the oven is not in-line, then the passageway containing the elongated dough is removed and transferred to an oven. After baking, the product is removed from the passageway and the empty passageway is returned to concentric alignment with the elongating section of the apparatus.
• the removable pas ⁇ sageway is a segment of the third passageway, and in some embodiments, substantially all of the third passageway.
• the removable passageway section is located a sufficient distance from the begining of the third passageway so that the removable passageway section begins after the "differential shear" flow phase has begun.
• the removable passageway substantially abuts the second pas ⁇ sageway, but for the means to connect the second and the removable passageways.
• a semi-continuous embodiment of the present invention comprises the use of a plurality of such post-elongation passageways wherein, as one such passageway is completely filled with elongated dough, the filled passageway is removed from alignment with the elongating section and another empty passageway is placed in alignment with the elongating section. The removed, removable passageway is then transferred to an oven and the dough is baked.
• the product After baking, the product is removed from the removable pas ⁇ sageway. Some time after the next removable passageway has been removed in a manner analogous to the removal of the first removable passageway, the first removable passageway is returned to concentric alignment with the elongating sec ⁇ tion of the apparatus.
• the baking step has its greatest utility with doughs which have between about 15 and about 70 percent, on a dry basis, carbohydrates. Furthermore, it is preferred that the SPF, after baking, has a final moisture product of between about 75 and about 98 percent of the moisture initally pres ⁇ ent in the dough.
• the dough is heated prior to elonga ⁇ tion at a temperature sufficient to plasticize said dough.
• the dough may be plasticized by raising the temperature of the dough before elongation to between about 60 and about 85°C.
• the dough is heated to between about 25 and about 15°C less than the final baking temperature.
• the dough is pushed through the third passageway with a "differential shear" flow.
• the dough is heated.
• a convectional means at the point along the path of travel of the ⁇ dough in the third passageway where substantially all of the dough, e.g.
• this dough flow change transi ⁇ tional temperature generally corresponds to the gelation temperature range of the dough.
• this dough flow change temperature range is between about 85 and about 130 °C.
• the dough does not comprise a sufficient lubricating component at the point where the dough flow becomes a "plug flow"
• the friction between the inner sur ⁇ faces of the third passageway and the dough disrupt the formation of a product with aligned fibers.
• the injection of a lubricating component onto the surface of the dough before, or at about the point where the dough flow becomes “plug flow” can overcome this friction and permit the production of the aligned fiber product.
• a lubricating component is injected prior to the begining of "plug" flow.
• the dough has a viscosity in the range of about 10 4 to about 10 6 centipoise.
• the minimum vis ⁇ cosity of the dough in the process of the present invention is at least about 10 4 centipoise.
• the Reynolds number is between approxi ⁇ mately 10 ⁇ 7 and approximately 10 ⁇ 5 .
• the Reynolds number is significantly less than about 1.
• the several passageways through which the dough travels are sub ⁇ stantially concentric during the dough's travel through said passageways. This dough flow path through concentric pas ⁇ sageways is in contradistinction to a helical or other type of dough path.
• the path the dough travels may be a converg ⁇ ing linear path as the dough travels through the passageway having a decreasing cross-sectional area or is otherwise reformed and/or elongated.
• the force differential across the process is less than about 10 p.s.i.g. and more preferably that the force differential across the process is less than about 8 p.s.i.g. It is believed that it is rela ⁇ tively unimportant as to whether the driving force applied is a directly pushing force, such as a piston or a screw feeder positioned before the first passageway, or alterna ⁇ tively the force is a pulling force such as that exerted by a reduced pressure created at the end of the process by a vacuum pump.
• a pushing force any force used to move the dough in the process of the present invention shall be referred to herein as a pushing force.
• a piston type force is perferred over a screw feed device to reduce the forces, including the shear forces, which are imparted to the dough as it is believed that the preferred processes imparts the least energy to the dough .
• the SPF may be further processed.
• the further processing may be to enhance the products' taste, nutritional value, both or for other purposes.
• Further processing steps may comprise enrobing the SPF with food approved material, frying, injecting the SPF with material approved for use in foods or a combination thereof.
• the SPF or another texturized protein prod ⁇ uct having a protein content in excess of about 20%, espe ⁇ cially a texturized protein which is fibrous or cellular, and preferably a texturized protein which is fibrous can form the "center" of a confectionary product.
• the SPF or a texturized protein product is used as the "center" of a confectionary product, it is preferred that if the SPF or texturized protein contains a flavoring that the SPF or tex- turized protein contains a lipophylic flavoring.
• the SPF or texturized protein when used as the "center" of a confectionary product that the SPF or the texturized protein is coated with a moisture barrier (which is approved for use in food products) prior to its incor ⁇ poration in to the confection as a "center".
• a moisture barrier which is approved for use in food products
• confectionary “center” is meant both the core of a confection such as the “filling” of a Milky Way candy bar or as the inclusions of a confection such as the almonds of an almond milk chocolate bar.
• FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment of the apparatus and process of the present invention.
• This batch process apparatus comprises a drive means 210 for screw feed 220 in passageway 200. Dough is fed into the apparatus batch-wise through hopper 230 and enters passageway 200 where the dough is driven forward by screw feed 220. Screw feed 220 terminates at point 240 which abuts quiesence zone 250, which is also located within passageway 200. The continued addition of dough to the quiesence zone 250 by the action of the screw feed mechanism 220 forces the dough through at least the section of the quiesence zone 250 distal to the screw feed 220 in a manner which resembles the flow produced by a piston.
• conical constriction passageway 260 and smooth bore cylindrical passageway 270 is situated a heating apparatus
• the flow of the dough in area 275 is "differential shear", in area 285 is transitional, and in area 295 is "plug".
• the mixing phase breaks down at least some of the high molecular weight proteins (e.g. glutenins and gliadins, proteins which have a molecular weight of at least about 40,000 Daltons) into lower "molecular weight” protein fragments (e.g. protein fragments with a "molecular weight” of less than about 10,000 Daltons, and preferredly less than about 5,000 Daltons).
• high molecular weight proteins e.g. glutenins and gliadins, proteins which have a molecular weight of at least about 40,000 Daltons
• lower "molecular weight” protein fragments e.g. protein fragments with a "molecular weight” of less than about 10,000 Daltons, and preferredly less than about 5,000 Daltons.
• the dough after this fracturing, comprises protein fragments which can be substantially aligned in a substantially linear fashion. Pushing the dough through the first passageway is believed to substantially align the protein fragments believed to be created during the mixing steps. It is further believed that when these protein fragments are substantially aligne
• This polymerization is believed to help stablize the new structure.
• the presence of a salt may also further stablize this structure by creating additional cross-links.
• Hydrogen bonding between the carbohydrate materials and the "new protein" polymer is also believed to contribute to the sta ⁇ bilization of the SPF.
• the starch present in the dough adsorbs water and becomes a plasticized "liquid starch".
• This plasticized "liquid starch” permits the protein fragments to move about, align themselves, and polymerize.
• the starch granules rupture which precludes the formation of the plasticized "liquid starch”.
• liquid starch facilitates the formation of the aligned protein fragments and therefore the structure of the SPF. Additionally, if the dough is not heated sufficiently, the "liquid starch" is not plastized.
• One part wheat gluten and 1.5 parts of wheat flour are dry blended.
• the wheat gluten and wheat flour dry blend is then mixed with one part water until a dough is formed.
• the dough is pushed by the use of a screw feed device through a constant internal diameter smooth bore chamber having a 2 inch internal diameter at a rate such that it takes the dough about 30 minutes to travel through the 8 inch length of the 2 inch diameter chamber, and the dough at the end of the 2 inch chamber flows in a piston-like manner.
• As the dough travels through the 2 inch diameter chamber it is gradually heated to an elevated temperature which is less than about 85°C.
• the dough travels through a conical section where the dough is heated to about 85°C.
• the dough is further heated to about 102°C in the dough center and the dough is pushed through about 20 inches of a smooth bore, cylindrical passageway with an internal diameter of about 1 inch. After the dough has traveled through about 15 inches of the 1 inch diameter passageway, an oil film is coated onto the dough surface.
• a wheat gluten containing about 77% protein, about 10% moisture, about 1% fat, and about 12 % starch was combined with a wheat flour containing about 78 % starch, about 10 % moisture and about 12 % protein in a ratio of 1 part wheat gluten to 1 part of wheat flour.
• the wheat gluten and wheat flour were blended in a Hobart C100 mixer for 5 minutes at approximately 60 r.p.m. with a branch paddle at approxi ⁇ mately 22°C.
• one part of a retail soy bean vegetable oil was added to 8 parts of water.
• the oil and water mixture was stirred to distribute the oil within the water in an oil-in-water dispersion.
• 9 parts of the water and vegetable oil mixture was added in one continuous pouring. Mixing was then continued in the Hobart mixer at a speed of about 120 r.p.m. for about 5 additional minutes. This mixing was also at about 22°C and produced a dough.
• the dough was placed in a Hobart screw feed Model 4612 meat grinder which pushed the dough along a 5 inch long helical path, with an internal diameter gradually decreasing from 2.25 inches to 2 inches, and into a 2.25 inch sectdiameter by 8 inch long, smooth bore, cylindrical, first passageway.
• the end of the first passageway furthest from the screw feed abutted a conically shaped constriction having a length of 3 inches.
• the diameter of the conically shaped constriction was 2.25 inches at the end abutting the first passageway and one inch at its other end.
• the coni cally shaped constriction also had a smooth internal sur ⁇ face.
• the end of the conically shaped constriction having a one inch diameter circular cross section abutted a 52 inch long, smooth bore cylinder having a 1 inch internal diameter.
• the first passageway, the conically shaped con ⁇ striction, and the 52 inch long cylinder were all con ⁇ centric.
• the Hobart meat grinder provided a pressure of less than about 15 p.s.i.g. which pushed the dough through the apparatus, i.e. through the first passageway, through the conically shaped constriction, and through the 52 inch cylinder at a rate of about 10 grams dough/minute.
• the temperature of the dough in the Hobart meat grinder and in the first passageway was about 22°C.
• the residence time of the dough in the first passageway was approximately 30 minutes.
• the conically shaped section On the exterior of the conically shaped section there was an electric heater which heated the surface of the dough to between about 85 and about 90°C by the time the dough reached the end of the conical section of the apparatus.
• the dough was heated throughout its about 30 minutes passage through the 52 inch long section by an external heating device which was set at about 102 ⁇ C.
• the resulting product had parallel cylindrical aligned fibers which were struc ⁇ tured in parallel aligned fiber bundles, with separations between said bundles. The separation between the bundles were spaces which were void of any solids. Additionally, the final product contained approximately 25% moisture.
• the wheat gluten and wheat flour of Example 1 were combined in a ratio of about 1 part wheat gluten to each part wheat flour.
• the wheat gluten and wheat flour were blended in a Hobart A200 mixer set at the second setting for 5 minutes.- The blended wheat gluten and wheat flour were then transfered to a Brabender lossin weight feeder.
• the blended wheat gluten and wheat flour was then fed into a Teledyne-Readco continous processor at a rate of 1680g per hour. Concurrently, both water, at the rate of 1200g per hour, and vegetable oil, at the rate of 15Og per hour, were added to the processor.
• the Teledyne-Readco formed a dough by the mixing the blended wheat gluten and wheat flour with the water and oil.
• 24.0 inch ' long smooth bore cylinder has a 2.0 inch internal diameter which gradually decreases with a constant taper to a 1.0 inch internal diameter end.
• the flow of the dough in the screw feed is substantially non-turbulent.
• the path traveled by the dough is substantially linear and substantially parallel to the long axis of the cylinder. Additionally, this path is substantialy non-helical.
• the drag created by the friction between the dough and the inner surface of the smooth bore cylinder produces a differential flow in the dough. In this differential flow, the dough closest to the inner surface of the smooth bore cylinder travels through the cylinder at a rate slower than the rate of travel of the dough in the center of the smooth bore cylinder.
• the dough While in the three inch conical constriction, the dough was heated to a temperature of between about 85 and 90°C. At this temperature, the presure in the system at this point increased by about 5 p.s.i.g.
• the product which exited the 72 inch long cylinder had parallel, aligned fibers which were structured in paral ⁇ lel, aligned bundles of fibers.
• the several bundles were not in continious contact with one another. Rather, there were voids between the several bundles of fibers.
• the product density (g/cc) can be increased by increas ⁇ ing the processing pressure in the fluid transition section.
• the more dense product produced by increasing the processing pressure has less void volume than a product prepared at a lower pressure.
• the products of Example 2 have an appearance gradient along their radius, wherein the fibers at the cen ⁇ ter of a product formed at a pressure in excess of 30 p.s.i.g. were more dense and flatter than the superficial fibers of the same product.
• FIG. 3 presents another embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.
• Dry ingredient reservoirs 300 con ⁇ tain the source of protein, the source of supplemental car- bohydrate and any other dry ingredients which might be added.
• Feed and metering means 305 deliver the dry ingredients to mixing means 310.
• Mixing means 310 blends the dry ingredients to produce a homogeneous dry ingredient admixture.
• an oil-in-water dispersion is con ⁇ tinuously added to the dry ingredient admixture.
• the dry and liquid ingredients are mixed at ambient temperature and under a pressure of less than about ambient to form a dough.
• Mixing means 310 comprises a screw conveyor which in addition to mixing the ingredients to form a dough, provides a force which pushes the material forward during mixing.
• screw conveyor 325 advances the dough.
• Screw conveyor 325 ends at screw feed terminus 330.
• Screw feed terminus 330 is located a distance from flange 345 sufficient to permit at least about piston-like mass flow which relaxed the dough's mixing tension.
• the continuous operation of screw conveyor 325 continues to add dough to the dough in the quiescence zone 340. In the por ⁇ tion of quiescence zone 340 abutting screw feed terminus 330, the continued addition of dough along a helical path perturbs the dough environment.
• FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention comprising a revolving apparatus contain ⁇ ing a plurality of concentric to smooth bore passageways which are alternatively, concentrically aligned with cylindrical passageway 365.
• the dough is pushed into the smooth bore passageway 410.
• the chamber 420 rotates to place another smooth bore passageway 410 in alignment with cylindrical passageway 365.
• smooth bore passageway 410 is moved to a heat ⁇ ing section 430 within tube exchanger/oven 360 wherein the dough in the passageway 410 is heated to about 102°C for a period of about 30 minutes.
• smooth bore passageway 410 is moved by chamber 420 back into alignment with cylindrical passageway 365. At that point, smooth bore passageway 410 is again filled with the dough of the present invention.
• FIG. 5 depicts an alternative embodiment of the tube exchanger/oven of Example 3.
• the tube exchanger/oven apparatus of Fig. 5 after smooth bore passageway 410 is filled with dough, it is automatically released from the head of the apparatus 355 and is carried by conveyor belt 510 into oven 520. While smooth bore passageway 410 is in the oven 520, the dough is heated to about 102°C for a period of about 30 minutes. Thereafter, the smooth bore passageway 410 moves into chamber 530 wherein the baked dough is further treated.
• smooth bore passageway 410 is moved to position 540 where the baked and treated dough product, 290 is removed from the smooth bore passageway 410 and deposited upon prod ⁇ uct conveyor belt 560 which transports the product to whatever further processing or pachaging the product receives. Thereafter smooth bore passageway 410 is moved into cleaning apparatus 570 which cleans the smooth bore passageway 410 for its reuse. Subsequently, conveyor belt 510 returns smooth bore passageway 410 back to its original alignment with the end 355 of cylindrical passageway 365 of the apparatus of the present invention, where smooth bore passageway 410 is again filled with dough.
• conical construction passageway 350 of Figure 3 is replaced with dough reformer 750 of Fig ⁇ ures 7, 8 and 9.
• Dough reformer 750 reforms the cross- sectional geometry of the dough that passes through flange 345 from a 4.5-inch radius round shape at end 700 of dough reformer 750 into an elliptical shape having a 4-inch major axis, 760, and a 1-inch minor axis,770, at exit 710 of dough reformer 750.
• Line 730, on the external surface of dough reformer 750 is normal to both the enterance 700 and the exit 710 of dough reformer 750 and runs through an end of the major axis 760 of eliptical end 710 of dough reformer
• Line 780 also on the external surface of dough reformer 750, is also normal to both enterance 700 and exit
• Example 4 illustrates how a chocolate confection may be prepared using SPF.
• An effective amount of a chocoate mint flavor was added to the dough ingredients of Example 2 prior to mixing.
• the dough was mixed and otherwise processed as set forth in Example 2, except that the cross-sectional shape of the 72 inch long, smooth bore cylinder with a 1.0 inch internal diameter changed from circular to square with one inch sides about 20 inches from the end of the 3 inch conical constriction. This change in the cross-sectional shape occured at a point where the dough flow was believed to be transitional.
• the chocolate mint flavored product was cut into approx ⁇ imately 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/4 inch cubes.
• the cubes are coated with a moisture barrier approved for use in food products and then coated with chocolate in a conventional chocolate coating process to produce a new confection.
• the insolubles from the gluten and the dough samples were gelled.
• the insolubles from the product samples were dry- appearing particulates.
• the starting material (the wheat gluten) had less dietary fiber according to the AOAC methodology than was found the insoluble fraction according to this analytical proceedure.
• SPF is produced in the form of a 3/4 inch wide, 1/4 inch thick bar containing a lipophylic chocolate flavoring.
• the SPF bar is sliced into 4 inch sections and each section is coated with a food approved moisture barrier. The coated sections are then enrobed with nuts, raisins and chocolate.
• FIG 11 presents another alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.
• Blended dry ingredients are metered into a low energy continuous mixer through a metering device 1100.
• Metered amounts of an atomized oleaginous material are sprayed onto the dry ingredient admixture as it enters the mixer.
• the added aqueous materials water plus any ingredients which are added in an aqueous carrier
• the entire com ⁇ bination is then mixed into a dough.
• the dough enters a dough hopper, 1130.
• a charge of dough is collected in the dough hopper 1130 and this dough charge, 1140, is discharged into a first passageway 1150 through a first passageway aperture 1145.
• piston 1160 driven by piston driver 1165, pushes the dough charge 1140 through the first passageway 1150 with a pressure less than about 10 p.s.i.g. through a second pas ⁇ sageway having a decreasing cross-sectional area 350, and into the third passageway 410.
• the dough in the smooth bore third passageway is then treated as described in Example 4.
• the smooth bore third passageway 410 is replaced by a removable third passageway comprising a smooth bore canister such as that depicted in Figure 12.
• Canister 1200 of Figure 12 is fabricated from stainless steel, preferably from unpolished stainless steel and is about 7.5 cm square by about 1.5 m. Canister 1200 is, when in-line with the converging section 350, mounted a short distance from the narrowest end of converging section 350 and canister orifice 1205 abuts the prior process apparatus a short distance from the narrowest part of converging sec ⁇ tion 350.
• canister 1200 As canister 1200 is filled with dough charge 1140, which enters canister through canister orifice 1205, the leading face of dough charge 1140 abuts diaphragm 1220, which is mounted within smooth bore canister 1200 in a man ⁇ ner that permits diaphragm 1220 to move substantially fric ⁇ tion free along the length of canister 1200.
• back pressure device 1230 e.g. a spring or a piston
• the back pres ⁇ sure device 1230 exerts a substantially constant back pres ⁇ sure of less than about 10 p.s.i.g.
• dough charge 1140 is adjusted so that dough charge 1140 occupies less than about 80 % of the internal volume of canister 1200 prior to the baking (fixing) step, thus providing for an expansion of dough charge 1140 during the baking step against a back pressure as exerted by back pressure device 1230 through diaphragm 1220.
• canister 1200 is filled with dough charge 1140 and sealed with gate 1210, canister 1200 is transferred to an about 104 to 110 ⁇ C air temperature convection where the dough charge 1140 is baked for about 90 minutes. After baking, the SPF product is removed from the canister and the canister is reused.

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• 1988
  • 1988-02-20 WO PCT/US1988/000509 patent/WO1988006001A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1988-02-20 AU AU13962/88A patent/AU1396288A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1988-02-20 EP EP19880902680 patent/EP0303679A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1988-02-20 JP JP50237288A patent/JPH02501262A/ja active Pending

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