EP0254727A1 - Transformator, insbesondere für eine treiberstufe. - Google Patents
Transformator, insbesondere für eine treiberstufe.Info
- Publication number
- EP0254727A1 EP0254727A1 EP87900068A EP87900068A EP0254727A1 EP 0254727 A1 EP0254727 A1 EP 0254727A1 EP 87900068 A EP87900068 A EP 87900068A EP 87900068 A EP87900068 A EP 87900068A EP 0254727 A1 EP0254727 A1 EP 0254727A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- winding
- transformer
- primary
- windings
- core
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F19/00—Fixed transformers or mutual inductances of the signal type
- H01F19/04—Transformers or mutual inductances suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range
- H01F19/08—Transformers having magnetic bias, e.g. for handling pulses
Definitions
- the invention relates to a driver stage, in particular for a power switching transistor with an auxiliary voltage supply, a current regulator for the base current of the switching transistor and a switch-on override element.
- the invention further relates to a transformer in jacket design, with a core made of ferromagnetic material and at least one primary and secondary winding, and to a method for producing such a transformer for the driver stage.
- transistors are and will remain the only inexpensive and fast switches for applications up to approx. 1000 V, for example in the field of control of electrical machines and energy technology.
- the low current amplification and the high sensitivity of the transistors against thermal destruction or short circuit are disadvantageous.
- power electronics eg up to 1000 V with switching times of less than 1 ⁇ s.
- thermal losses due to the voltage drop in the power switch and due to the switching. It has to be cooled and the circuit breaker cannot be fully controlled on the current characteristic.
- the circuit breakers are often used in floating operation, and in many cases a potential separation between the signal potential and the potential of the energy conversion path must be ensured.
- An auxiliary voltage supply 202 is used to supply the required voltage, the secondary side of a transformer with a downstream rectifier circuit, not shown, being indicated schematically.
- a positive and a negative auxiliary voltage + u. or -U are generated with a common reference potential GND at a connection on the secondary side of the transformer.
- the positive base current for a switching transistor 210 to be controlled is taken from this potential-free DC voltage source.
- Reference voltages for level detectors are also generated via the auxiliary voltage supply, since this results in better stability.
- a VMOS serves as a switch 204, ie a component with high current gain.
- switching times of approximately 200 ns were realized, for example, at a current flow of 16 A, with a parallel connection of these VMOS allowing a fast switching of even higher currents.
- a switch-on override element 206 connected downstream of the switch 204, which is formed by connecting a resistor 207 and a capacitor 208 in parallel, causes the base current to be increased via the capacitor 208 during the switch-on phase, ie filling the base zone of the switching transistor 210 with charge carriers.
- a current regulator 212 connected to the switch 204 serves to regulate the positive base current of the switching transistor 210 in the region of its characteristic curve and to limit the base current.
- a switch 216 for the negative base current which also comprises a VMOS component, is connected to the connection for the negative auxiliary voltage -U, and via the current regulator to the collector of the switching transistor. This switch 216 serves for the potential-free transmission of a negative bias voltage to the switching transistor 210, as a result of which the switching transistor can be operated at higher collector voltages.
- a minimum level of the negative base current is provided for long pause times in the control, so that higher collector voltage values can be used in the case of downstream power transistors.
- the negative bias must be present before the collector voltage is applied and must also be present longer than the collector voltage even in the event of a fault.
- the switch 216 allows the base zone of the switching transistor 210 to be quickly cleared out at the optimal switch-off point.
- a control signal conditioning 214 is provided for conditioning a control input signal (e.g. 1 mA).
- the input of the control signal processing can be controlled either potential-free via a transformer or an optocoupler or without potential isolation via a constant current source which can be switched on.
- signal processing e.g. a current / voltage conversion of the input signal when activated by a switchable constant current source.
- a logic processor 218 connected to the auxiliary voltage supply 202 is connected to the control signal conditioning 214, the switch 204 for. the positive base current, the switch 216 for the negative base current and the collector of the switching transistor 210.
- the operating point on the collector-emitter residual voltage characteristic of the switching transistor 210 becomes permanent by means of the logic processor 218 supervised. If limit values are exceeded, a quick pulse is given to switch off.
- the positive base current is regulated automatically and the negative base current is switched on at the optimum point on the working characteristic. Furthermore, the signal transit time between the input of the signal conditioning 214 and the base of the hold transistor 210 is shortened.
- a load current delay device 220 connected upstream of the switching transistor 210, which comprises a choke coil 222 and a diode 224 and a resistor 226 connected in parallel.
- the inductance of the inductor 222 causes a reduction in the load current during the switch-on phase until saturation is reached.
- the energy stored in the inductance is released with a delay via the parallel series circuit comprising resistor 226 and diode 224, so that voltage peaks superimposed on the collector voltage are avoided.
- the driver stage described above enables fast, low-delay switching on and off of the positive base current at very high switching speeds and currents as well as extremely short access times when switching the switching transistor on and off.
- the delay time of the driver stage is therefore determined by:
- the delay time of the switching transistor vorgeschalte- te ⁇ driver stage is therefore negligible compared with that of the switching transistor.
- the known driver stage With the known driver stage base currents up - " ⁇ * 50 A and up to about 50 kHz controlled directly Restricting not results from themaschineerstu ⁇ fe, but from the currently available switching transistors, the known driver stage also has the advantage.. that only one semiconductor is present at the operating voltage, that there is a very low residual voltage on the switching transistor in the conductive state and that the collector-emitter voltage resistance and the EMP resistance are particularly high.
- a disadvantage of the known driver stage is the complex wiring.
- a potential-free DC voltage source must be provided, the DC voltage of which must be chopped up by the special, relatively expensive VMOS component in order to maintain the control voltage.
- VMOS a very high base voltage has to be generated, which in turn means more complex voltage generation and requires a large control power.
- resistance-related (e.g. VMOS) heat losses which are disadvantageous and may require cooling measures.
- GTO thyristors switchable or gate turn-off thyristors
- these special thyristors are not suitable for use with high currents and high frequencies at the same time.
- VMOS e.g. a component called Supertex, Inc. called SUPERFET, which represents a Darlington arrangement of a power MOSFET and a bipolar transistor, in which the collectors of both components are connected to one another and to the operating voltage. For the latter reason, the voltage is limited to 400 V, but 800 to 1000 V are required. No information is given about the saturation voltage of the collector-emitter path (U réellec_tiS ,, at.). As with the use of a Darlington transistor, at least two components are exposed in parallel to the high operating voltage.
- TEA 1001 SP or UAA components
- the power transistor can be directly base-controlled, but only with a current of max. + 3 A.
- An automatic adaptation of the base current to the respective collector current is provided, as well as a monitoring of the saturation voltage of the power transistor .
- the requirements mentioned at the outset cannot be met with this known driver stage, and in particular there is no freedom from potential.
- the invention has for its object to provide a driver stage which allows the low-delay transmission of control pulses and auxiliary voltages, wherein the stage to be supplied can perform voltage jumps of up to approximately 1000 V in times of less than 1.
- the driver stage should be space-saving and have a favorable cost / benefit ratio.
- transformers are used to generate the necessary supply voltages, while at the same time galvanic isolation from the network is achieved. It is used in the
- Transformer operation results in an unbalanced load over time. While there is a load on the transformer in the course of the positive half-wave, it runs free during the negative half-wave. In the push-pull converter, zones with an exponential course of the internal consumer resistance develop over time, which correspondingly means an increase in current.
- a circuit with two transformers is known from Unitrode, each of which operates during a half-wave, and thus never with a primary voltage of zero. The performance data is 350 W, the control current is 500-600 mA.
- the core cross section is selected from the point of view of the power to be transmitted.
- the transmission performance of conventional transformers decreases with increasing frequency, as illustrated in FIG. This decrease in power, which places limits on energy transmission with increasing frequency, is based on an increasing deviation of the actual effective transmission power from the theoretical transmission power of the transformers with increasing frequency. The deviations are extremely large. If, for example, a theoretical transmission power of 4 kW is calculated on the basis of the core mass and other transformer data at a transmission frequency of 25 kHz, a practical embodiment of a transformer results in an actually achievable transmission power of 1 kW. If, therefore, certain transmission powers are to be realized with conventional transformers, this leads to power ratios (power / weight, W / kg) which have to be increased by factors.
- Transformers are known from television reception technology which are used as kickback converters in line output stages in the power range from approximately 50 to 100 W.
- the transformer core is designed with an air gap of approximately 2 mm.
- the line transformers serve for current transformation and deflection of the electron beam.
- the magnetic field is then abruptly reduced and converted into a high voltage during the return by means of a special winding, the high-voltage winding, a high storage inductance being aimed at in order to generate the highest possible return pulse.
- the coil ie the winding, is arranged as close as possible to the core, so that on the one hand the degree of conversion of the electrical to magnetic energy is good and on the other hand little space is taken up.
- Transformers in which the primary and secondary windings are interleaved have been known for a long time for use in audio frequency output transformers and modulation transformers for transmitter output stages. are wound into each other (see e.g. DE-PS 18 02 830). The alternately wound primary and secondary part windings are each connected in series. These transformers have been developed for resistance transformation and adaptation, the frequency response in particular in audio frequency transmissions being intended to be improved by output stages. That is, they are essential
- Welding transformers have also become known (cf. DE-OS 29 37 711), in which the primary and secondary coils are separated and spaced apart on a common magnetic web. Simple transformer sheet metal has been used as the core material in these transformers. The welding transformers are operated at an operating frequency of 50 Hz. By pulling apart the winding chambers for With these welding transformers, the primary and secondary coils can be limited to 2.5 times the normal value during welding without further measures. Prevention of the transmission of energy via the winding arrangement is used to limit the current. No justification for the effect has been given.
- the invention provides a transformer with improved transmission properties for the medium-frequency range (above the hearing range up to the 100 kHz range) and a method for producing such a transformer has been specified.
- the transformer to be developed should in particular be used for transmission with operating frequencies in the range of approximately 20 to 100 kHz and rise times of approximately 100 to 200 ns (corresponding to a transmission range of 5 to 10 MHz for sinusoidal alternating voltages) and for the transmission of high-power pulses be suitable and ensure a galvanic separation between two circuits and enable both a voltage transformation and a current transformation.
- the transformer should have the best possible power-to-weight ratio and the smallest possible dimensions, and be inexpensive and easy to manufacture.
- the generator 26 was used to generate control pulses with a steep slope, the rise and fall times of which were between approximately 200 and 500 ns and which were, for example, sine or rectangular pulses.
- the output voltage of the generator 26 was variable, its inner resistance was R. small (R.> 0).
- the winding of the secondary coil 10 was completed by a purely ohmic resistor 30.
- a completed by a resistor 24 fast current converter 22 was used for potential-free measurement of the primary current i.
- the primary voltage U .. and the secondary voltage U_ were measured.
- a fast multi-channel oscilloscope 28 was used to display the measured variables.
- the investigated transformer was controlled on the dynamic magnetization curve up to the saturation range while increasing the generator output power.
- B-H characteristic the hysteresis behavior of the core material
- no current control was permitted which would only lead to the winding being heated.
- care was taken to ensure that the proportion of the direct coupling via the winding was very small in relation to the energy transmission via the magnetic path.
- the measured variables were examined in particular with regard to their temporal behavior.
- a magnetic material such as Fe-Ni sheets or FeMn ferrites.
- the generator was also preferably operated with sine or rectangular pulses in order to obtain the simplest possible behavior in the area of the pulse rising and falling edges.
- the subject of the entire investigation was that the time required for the magnetization of the core material to the period of the working frequency is in a relationship that can no longer be neglected.
- FIG. 5 shows the time profile (a) of the primary voltage, (b) of the primary current and (c) of the secondary voltage in the test measurements.
- the illustration of FIG. 5 (a) is shown enlarged in FIG. 6, the illustration of the rising and falling edges being shown flatter for illustration than this corresponds to the actual circumstances.
- a primary voltage pulse (U,) seen in terms of time, is composed of three time periods for a half-period t, namely the rise time t, the pulse duration t_ and the fall time t ,.
- 5 (b) and (c) illustrate, the pulses of the primary current i and that determined by the transmission properties of the transformer
- P Secondary voltage U_ is different in its time behavior from the time behavior of the control pulses U.
- the pulse durations are shortened.
- the temporal behavior during the rise time t. and the fall time t is only determined by the switching speeds etc. of downstream components.
- the secondary voltage was pulse width modulated when current flowed in the primary winding, and it was found that during the time t * there was a significant change in flux in the , 5
- the time t * increases with the modulation on the dynamic hysteresis curve and depends on the magnetic material.
- the pulse roof of the primary current signal is shown horizontally in FIG. 5 for simplification. In reality it is clearly increasing and shows e.g. before the rise from the roof of the negative half-wave to the positive half-wave a negative pulse peak.
- the components to be designed for the maximum load can only be used effectively in a part of their operating range.
- a warming was found in the central web of the magnetic core between the primary and secondary windings, which was explained by relaxation.
- test results were attributed to processes in the magnetic core material.
- the energy conversion in a transformer takes place in two ways: a) on the magnetic path, via which the electrical energy is converted into electromagnetic, magnetic, electromagnetic and again into electrical energy (preferred path in the experiments ) and b) on the path of direct coupling via the coils, in which the electrical energy is converted into electromagnetic energy and back into electrical energy.
- the path through the magnetic material was examined during the tests.
- the time duration * which is greater than the rise time of the primary voltage pulse, represents a dead time during which no effective energy transfer to the secondary winding can take place, since microscopic dynamic effects take place in the core material, which are associated with increasing frequency noticeable.
- these effects occur to different extents. These are displacement processes in the Bloch walls, a gyromagnetic effect, eddy current losses, fluctuation or Jordan after-effects and diffusion after-effects (cf. WvMünch, Materials of Electrical Engineering, 4th edition, p. 16 , 1983, Teubner publishing house).
- the last three effects are essentially material-related.
- the inductance X_ of the magnetic circuit filled with substances can be represented as follows:
- X L X L0 + X L (t) (2) -
- X _ is a constant term (reactance of an ideal inductance; air coil portion)
- X (t) is a time-dependent term for the flux build-up.
- the resistance R of the magnetic circuit filled with substances is composed of a constant term R_ and a time-dependent term R (t), which is caused by relaxation phenomena:
- the impedance Z is therefore:
- the total impedance Z (t) effective on the secondary side is made up of a portion from the direct coupling tion between the primary and the secondary coil (Z ") and from the impedance of the magnetic core material or the coupling above (Z M ), ie from a winding-dependent and a material-dependent term together.
- the material-dependent term Z M can be represented as follows:
- R M represents an equivalent resistance for the behavior of the magnetic core.
- the impedance Z "changes into:
- Equation (6) is the classic impedance representation, where R_ M describes the normal conductance of the core and X r ⁇ M describes the capacitive behavior of the core materials. However, the equation describes the winding-dependent term in the transformer arrangement:
- the total impedance Z - (t) can be represented by a winding-dependent, essentially constant term and a time-dependent, essentially material-dependent term:
- u is the permeability constant
- / u o u (t) is the relative time-dependent permeability
- H d is the magnetic field strength
- the permeability can be represented as follows:
- a jacket-type transformer has a core made of ferromagnetic material that is as gap-free as possible and at least one primary and secondary winding. At least one winding is designed as a foil winding, and the primary and secondary windings are wound on one another with an insulating layer in between as cylinder windings. A current-carrying part winding of the primary winding is adjacent to a current-carrying part winding of the secondary winding.
- the power is advantageously transmitted via both paths, ie via the direct coupling of the windings and via the magnetic path through the core material.
- An equivalent circuit for the transformer function is a parallel connection of two resistors Z ⁇ W ⁇ and Z ,. (T), one of which (Z M ) changes with time. Accordingly, the energy transfer, ie the energy throughput, is time-dependent on both parallel paths.
- the equivalent circuit is illustrated in Fig.10. On the first path with direct coupling via the windings (Z w ), the energy transfer takes place electrically, then electromagnetically and again electrically. This path is fully available without any time delay.
- the active surface of a winding has been enlarged in that this winding is designed as a foil winding. Furthermore, the extent of the energy transmission has been increased by the spatial assignment of the windings to one another, the proximity of which is advantageous for the efficiency of the electromagnetic energy transmission.
- the adjacent arrangement of current-carrying partial windings of the primary and secondary windings also serves this purpose.
- the energy transfer via the second path, i.e. via the magnetic material is delayed due to the grain orientations, the current increase dl / dt during the reorientations, i.e. is complex during time t *, which is approximately 65% of the half-period for clock frequencies up to approximately 100 kHz.
- the time-linear current increase of the inductance is retained after a step function has been applied. Furthermore, parasitic inductivities are damped and the tendency to oscillate is suppressed.
- the magnetic core For the magnetic lines of force, a preferred path outside the coil winding area is provided by the magnetic core. Due to the slow grain orientation, there is no regression of the flux change into a voltage at high frequencies in the secondary coil. This means that there is no longer any induction; the phase difference increases with increasing clock frequency, and the secondary voltage remains, so to speak.
- the processes in the core are similar to the processes in the switched transistor. Overall, the energy transfer Transmission via the second path is electrical, electromagnetic, magnetic, electromagnetic and again electrical.
- the transformer according to the invention can be dimensioned in a conventional manner according to equation (1). The determination of the induction changes ⁇ on the hysteresis curve and the roof slope of the pulses of the magnetizing current are also determined in the usual way. With the transformer according to the invention, high powers (several kW) and currents of over 100 A can be transmitted.
- the transmission behavior of the transformer according to the invention is improved by the combination of the two energy transmission paths.
- the pulse duration is extended so that the effective energy transfer duration is longer.
- the switchover time from Umax to Umin and vice versa is greatly reduced, down to less than 1 ⁇ s. This is based on the fact that the energy transfer takes place first via the winding coupling (path 1) and then also via the magnetic coupling (path 2).
- a time offset of the output signals of the transformer according to the invention is essentially based only on the switching times of transistors used in the associated circuit, etc.
- the transformer according to the invention therefore enables curve shapes with extremely steep flanks down to the ns range.
- the pulse roof of the output signals of the transformer is very flat, essentially horizontal.
- the roof slope that is still present is based on the magnetizing reactive current. The lower it is, the better the transformer. Due to the absence of current or voltage peaks in the transformer output signal, the components of the associated circuit can be better utilized since they have to be designed for the maximum load.
- Another advantage of the transformer according to the invention is that, owing to its better energy transmission capacity, its power-to-weight ratio is significantly improved compared to conventional transformers. Furthermore, when the transformer according to the invention is operated, there is much less heating, for example, despite the lower power input of a conventional transformer (output power 0.5 kW) at 65 ° C, but only with the transformer according to the invention (2.6 kW) 32 ° C temperature measured at the core. Cooling is therefore not necessary.
- the core of the transformer according to the invention is designed to be as gap-free as possible, with gaps also being understood to mean the cavities filled with adhesive and only inevitably being used for production-related sizes. This is done to increase the permeability U.
- a magnetic core material is preferably used, the hysteresis curve of which is Z-shaped. A steep B-H curve is favorable for the push-pull flow change according to the invention.
- the core material is ferrite, which is very inexpensive.
- a core of the winding tape core type which can be used for a larger ambient temperature range and satisfies higher requirements on the material properties, has also proven to be advantageous in use.
- the Curie temperature and the induction are larger with this type of core, the magnetic field strength H is smaller.
- a advantageous design for the core is the EE design.
- the selection of the shapes and materials of the magnetic core and the Technical implementation and implementation of the magnetic path are crucial for the later use of the transformer.
- a secondary part winding is advantageously always arranged between a primary part winding and the core central web, as a result of which the winding coupling is favored. It is expedient for the insulation between adjacent windings to be in film form, as a result of which it is possible for the primary and secondary windings to be arranged close to one another. This in turn improves the coupling.
- a secondary (partial) winding is arranged between the primary winding and the outer web of the core in another exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- the secondary winding is advantageously divided into two partial windings which surround the primary winding. In this way, a symmetrical field line course of the electromagnetic field in the winding area is achieved, which is preferred for core-free transmission. It is particularly favorable if the winding distance from the central web is approximately equal to the winding distance from the outer web of the core. This winding arrangement ensures that the maximum force line density is in the area of the winding and not in the core material.
- a particularly simple design of the transformer with only one primary winding and only one secondary winding is obtained when the primary winding is wound on the secondary winding.
- a particularly safe embodiment of the transformer according to the invention is obtained by arranging a single-layer metal foil which is insulated on both sides and with a lead out, in each case between the primary and secondary windings, the connection being connected to the protective conductor. This improves contact protection against network potential and radio interference immunity.
- a single-layer, externally short-circuitable winding (preferably made of thin wires) is expediently arranged as an auxiliary winding between the primary and secondary windings.
- the arrangement of the short-circuitable winding can also be next to the primary winding if it is designed as a wire winding and does not extend over the entire winding width, so that the associated external secondary (partial) winding is wound onto both windings together.
- the additional winding is short-circuited when both switches are open, ie when neither of the two primary part windings is current-flow.
- the targeted short circuit in the secondary winding becomes more effective than the influence of the core material.
- the electromagnetic processes in the winding are decoupled from those in the magnetic core material when there is no external energy supply. Magnetic interactions and interactions are blocked in this way.
- the reaction of the coil inductance is greatly reduced. Therefore, there is no induction due to the changing magnetic field during this time held in the winding.
- the decoupling described is an alternative to decoupling by external wiring of the primary and secondary windings.
- the operating properties of the transformer are thus greatly improved; in particular, the properties between no-load operation and load operation no longer change significantly. They hardly change as the duty cycle changes.
- a short-circuitable auxiliary winding enables advantageous activation of transistors in floating operation. It is also expedient to use it for the potential-free transmission of rapid voltage increases.
- a suitably formed winding ⁇ tubular body of insulating material and between the winding and the outer body is disposed an insulating body between the central web and the winding.
- These insulating bodies prevent corona effects and create insulation protection and a constant dielectric.
- the winding body serves not only to hold the winding, but also as a spacer body in order to ensure a sufficient distance between the winding and the central web. This makes the work of the transformer reproducible.
- Insulating foils are advantageously arranged between the windings. This also ensures that the distance between the secondary and primary windings is as small as possible, which improves the coupling.
- the foil-shaped insulation is expediently wider than the foil winding.
- a protrusion of about 1 mm, for example, has proven to be suitable. If the overhang is too low, the considerable charge shifts at the high working frequencies (MHz) lead to rollovers and ionizations in the edge area, in particular on sharp edges of the film, etc., and there is a risk of layer short-circuits, for example. However, if the protrusion is too large, the effective coupling area is disadvantageously small. Plastic is advantageously used for the material of the film-shaped insulation. The material hostaphan (PETP), which has a very low dielectric constant, has proven to be cheap.
- PETP material hostaphan
- the use of the film winding according to the invention is particularly advantageous with higher current densities and a low number of turns. Due to the film surface, the coupling efficiency is significantly increased with respect to known transformers. Due to the large surface area, a larger active conductor cross-section (skin effect) with current densities of 15 A / mm and more can be used. That is, although the cross-section is smaller per se than with conventional windings, the effective cross-section is larger. As a result of the larger active conductor mass, the conductor material is heated less strongly in spite of higher current densities, since the heat can be dissipated better from the winding space. In addition, the dynamic internal resistance of the film winding is very small.
- the mass of the transformer according to the invention is significantly reduced compared to conventional transformers, which means a saving in weight and material costs. Furthermore, the manufacturing costs are lower, since foils are much easier to wind than other types of windings. For example, Copper rails are hammered.
- the transformer according to the invention is suitable as a pure power pulse transformer, in particular with clock frequencies between approximately 20 and 100 kHz, pulse duty factor 1: 1, both for current and voltage transformation. It reliably creates electrical isolation. Its use is advantageous for the control of power transistors in floating mode (switching regulator power supplies).
- transformer according to the invention in the form of an externally short-circuitable Winding is used as a fast energy pulse transmitter. This is due to the extremely short delay time between the input / output signal at higher energies.
- the transformer according to the invention can also advantageously be used for keying or pulse group transmission if an extremely short pulse delay between the input and output signals is important.
- a further application of the transformer according to the invention is the feedback transformer.
- the transformer can be quickly switched off by external wiring, i.e. the feedback is interruptible. There is a sharp interruption due to a short-circuitable winding between the primary winding and the secondary winding.
- the quality of the transformer results from the differentiation of the primary voltage at the primary winding with a short-circuited auxiliary winding and a high-resistance generator.
- transformer according to the invention are e.g. Power pulse transformer, current measuring transformer, modulation transformer.
- the invention also provides a method for producing a transformer in which a film winding is used for at least one winding.
- the secondary and primary windings are wound on one another as cylinder windings and a secondary winding is always between a primary winding and the winding body. (partial) winding arranged.
- the windings are wound in such a way that a current-carrying primary part winding is adjacent to a current-carrying secondary part winding.
- a secondary part winding is advantageously always arranged between a primary winding and the outer web, as a result of which the coupling efficiency is increased.
- a possibly single-layer, externally short-circuitable winding is arranged between adjacent current-carrying partial windings of the primary and secondary windings, which winding can be interrupted in a controlled manner.
- the transmission properties of the transformer can also be significantly improved by suitable wiring.
- the secondary (partial) windings are used as
- Foil windings carried out It has proven to be expedient here to wind a winding film and an insulating film together.
- this embodiment makes it possible to achieve a high degree of coupling between the windings by increasing the winding area and thus the coupling area, and on the other hand the distance between the windings is reduced. Therefore, insulating film is preferably used for the insulation between the (partial) windings.
- a transformer with a primary and a secondary winding is produced in accordance with the method according to the invention by winding a first secondary part winding and applying a first insulation thereon. Then the primary winding is wound up and provided with a second outer insulation.
- a transformer according to the invention with two primary and two secondary windings is produced in that after the first secondary and primary windings and their insulation have been applied, the second primary winding and a third insulation and the second secondary winding and a fourth insulation are applied to the winding former become.
- the winding arrangement is then mounted on the transformer core.
- the third secondary part winding and a fourth insulation are applied to the third insulation, then the second primary and fourth secondary part windings with one fifth and sixth insulation are applied and then the winding arrangement is mounted on the transformer core.
- the current-carrying secondary part windings always sheath the current-carrying primary winding in this arrangement.
- the transformer is preferably manufactured in a jacket construction. It has proven to be advantageous to impregnate or impregnate the winding arrangement before mounting on the transformer core.
- a driver stage according to the invention is designed in accordance with the features of claim 40.
- An essential element of the driver stage according to the invention is the transformer for fast power pulse transmission.
- the positive base current for the switching transistor is switched on and off by the bidirectional current switching in the primary circuit of the transformer.
- the transformer according to the invention outperforms all known solutions in terms of the steepness of the rising edges and the short delay between the input and output signals. In particular, its small size, high transmission speed and cost-effective production are particularly advantageous.
- the system is electrically isolated.
- the simpler structure is advantageous in the driver stage according to the invention. This eliminates the additional auxiliary voltage source for the positive base current, and the signal and the power supply for the power transistor can be transmitted with the same component.
- the driver stage preferably comprises a logic processor.
- the greatest requirements are imposed by pulse-width-modulated energy pulse transmission, for example in the case of high-performance switching regulators in network operation.
- the pulse width-modulated right transmitted by the driver transformer is used. corner voltage rectified by means of fast diodes.
- the slope of the pulse width modulated pulse is the dominant variable for the on and off speed of the base current.
- the dead time of the signal transmission path is shorter than the time in which a transistor with a subsequent short circuit would be thermally destroyed in continuous operation.
- the components and switching groups arranged between the transformer and the base of the downstream switching transistor have no influence on the turn-off speed of the switching transistor, the slope and delay time of the signals of the positive base current being determined solely by the transfer function of the transformer.
- the system thus has an extremely short delay time for signal transmission, which, as mentioned, is due in particular to the combination of the functions of the transmission of switching commands and the transmission of the basic control power for the switching transistor.
- Current signals and auxiliary energy for downstream stages can be transmitted in floating mode.
- the advantages described above allow the use of the driver stage according to the invention in the military area when using "MIL-SPEC" components which meet the requirements for the manufacture, testing and approval requirements in the military area.
- a driver stage equipped in this way can also be used in the civilian sector with increased requirements.
- the driver stage according to the invention can advantageously also be embodied as a hybrid module, as a result of which the production costs are still due to the lower assembly effort become cheaper.
- the space requirement is also significantly reduced and the operational reliability is further increased.
- the function of the driver stage according to the invention essentially consists in that the positive base voltage is switched on and off at extremely high speed.
- the delay time between the control of the control electronics via a potential-free transmission path in the subsequent amplifier and the base input of the switching transistor is kept extremely short.
- the delay times can be significantly less than 1 microsecond. It is advantageous that the transmitted pulse is transmitted directly from the current transformation via the upstream transformer. It follows that a lower gain is required. The higher voltage requires smaller currents. For example, a switching current of 10 A can be obtained with 70 V and a current transformation factor of 12, and switching times of 100 ns can be achieved.
- the driver stage according to the invention is distinguished by special operational reliability. It enables the switching transistor to be monitored as a function of its operating states, as well as an emergency shutdown.
- the driver stage according to the invention is switched in such a way that all circuits with respect to the positive base current preferred position have the position zero (currentless), while this is reversed with respect to the negative base current, so that the switching transistor can be clamped to a negative base bias.
- the switching times it is pointed out here that they relate to the voltage level O or 100%, instead of conventionally 10 or 90%.
- the actual information which is comparable with the usual information, is • much better.
- the use of a transformer with auxiliary winding has proven to be particularly favorable in the driver stage according to the invention. This enables a particularly good functional separation of the winding system from the core system, so that the inertia of the time sequences in the magnetic material does not affect the transmission behavior of the transformer.
- An external circuit provides the possibility of a time-locked locking. The faster the logic operation works, the faster the transformer works. In the case of large modulation along the B-H curve, for example in the range of 500 to 1000 gauss, the use of an externally short-circuitable auxiliary winding is absolutely necessary. If the core is driven to a lesser extent, so that the properties of the magnetic material become less noticeable, measures in the external circuitry are sufficient, for example hard activation by a generator.
- the functions of the driver stage according to the invention can be expanded without changing their essential properties.
- the switching commands for the negative base voltage are generated from the positive base current.
- an external supply with a negative base voltage can be provided. This is used in particular with long clock-off times, for example when the switching transistor is switched off, as a result of which an external auxiliary supply is required.
- the driver stage according to the invention is advantageously supplemented by a load current delay device which improves the switching behavior of the switching transistor. It is not required at low voltages, but it is very useful for high-voltage transistors.
- a preferred load current delay device comprises a choke coil and a diode connected in parallel in the reverse direction to the load current.
- the winding of the choke coil is expediently arranged very close to the magnetic core, as a result of which the proportion of the complex inductance in the desired manner is as large as possible in accordance with the processes in the core material of the transformer. Grain orientations and similar processes described above cause a signal delay.
- This arrangement of the choke coil shows that it is not the special magnetic material that is essential, but rather the inertia of the magnetic material. The selection of the core material can therefore be made according to economic considerations, which lowers the cost of the choke coil.
- a preferred design of the inductor core is a small ferrite toroid.
- the base current controller is expediently constructed from a two-stage switching amplifier and a power actuator.
- the power actuator consists of a transistor and an anti-saturation element designed as a diode, which are connected in such a way that the voltage drop of the base-emitter path of the transistor and the base-emitter path of the switching transistor is equal to that Voltage drop of the anti-saturation element and the collector-emitter path of the switching transistor is.
- the function of this current control element is that the anti-saturation element designed as a diode causes the excess base current to be conducted to the collector.
- the driver stage according to the invention is advantageously provided with a switching amplifier, by means of which the base current regulator can be switched off at any time.
- the energy requirement for the negative base current is considerably reduced, and the energy supply for the negative base current can be dimensioned significantly smaller.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the driver stage according to the invention consists in that a desaturation monitoring element in the logic processor comprises a level sensor and a flip-flop, in which the switching command is stored when a predetermined level of the base current is exceeded.
- the flip-flop is advantageously switched such that it is switched off in the stationary state. This ensures increased safety, particularly when switching on, since there are no incorrect switching of the switching transistor.
- FIG. 2 shows a diagram which schematically illustrates the transmission power as a function of the frequency and the use of different transformer core materials and manufacturing techniques in the different frequency ranges
- FIG. 3 shows a measuring arrangement for determining the transmission properties of transformers with respect to the core design and the core material
- FIG. 4 shows a measuring circuit used in tests with the measuring arrangement shown in FIG. 3
- FIG. 3 shows a measuring arrangement for determining the transmission properties of transformers with respect to the core design and the core material
- FIG. 5 shows the time profile (a) of the primary voltage, (b) the primary current and (c) the secondary voltage in the test measurements
- FIG. 6 shows the time profile of the primary voltage according to FIG. 5 (a) in an enlarged view
- FIG. 8 shows a vector diagram of the total impedance of the core
- FIG. 9 shows a vector diagram of the permeability of the magnetic material
- FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view through a first exemplary embodiment of the transformer according to the invention
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of the transformer shown in FIG. 11,
- FIG. 13 shows a side view of a second exemplary embodiment of the transformer according to the invention
- FIG. 14 is an enlarged detail of the transformer shown in FIG. 13 in a sectional view along line A in FIG. 13,
- FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of the transformer shown in FIG. 13, 16a is a side view of a third exemplary embodiment of the transformer according to the invention.
- FIG. 16b is a sectional view taken along the line A-B in Fig. 16a,
- FIG. 17 shows an enlarged detail according to lines C, C 'in FIG. 16b,
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram of the transformer shown in FIG. 16,
- FIG. 20 shows a side view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a transformer according to the invention with auxiliary winding
- FIG. 21 shows a sectional view of a section A of a first variant of the transformer shown in FIG. 13,
- FIG. 22 shows a sectional view of a section A of a second variant of the transformer shown in FIG. 20,
- FIG. 23 is a circuit diagram of the transformer shown in FIG. 20,
- FIG. 24 shows a measuring arrangement for determining the transmission properties of transformers with an externally short-circuitable auxiliary winding
- FIG. 25 shows time diagrams for a circuit used in the measuring arrangement shown in FIG. 24,
- FIG. 27 shows a schematic diagram of a driver stage according to the invention.
- FIG. 28 shows a circuit diagram of a driver stage according to the invention.
- the core 102 of the transformer is an E-E core (E-E 65), the outer webs 104, 104 'and central web 106 of which half are shown in longitudinal section.
- the core material is ferrite (e.g. FX3C8 from Valvo).
- the winding arrangement 120 is arranged on the central web 106. It comprises a winding body 122 made of a plastic material, on which a primary winding 124 and two secondary part windings 126 and 128 are wound. The winding arrangement is such that the secondary part windings 126, 128 surround the primary winding 124. In the exemplary embodiment shown, all windings are foil windings.
- the film used is a 25, thick and 40 mm wide
- the connections of the windings are schematically designated E and A in FIG. 11.
- the number of turns is 22 (primary winding) and 32 (secondary part windings).
- Insulations 130, 132 and 134 are arranged between the windings and surrounding them. In the exemplary embodiment shown, they are designed in sheet form from hostaphan (PETP).
- PETP hostaphan
- the film used is 0.2 mm thick and 44 mm wide. The protrusion of the film-shaped insulation with respect to the film winding is therefore approximately 2 mm.
- This transformer is particularly suitable for special cases with controls with a duty cycle of 1: 1.
- a preferred use is for the driver stage according to the invention described later, without a logic processor.
- the circuit diagram of the winding arrangement results from FIG. 12.
- the transformer shown is designed for a power of 4 kW.
- the primary voltage is 220 V.
- the secondary voltage on the secondary windings each 320 V.
- the maximum primary and secondary current is 20 A.
- the winding voltage is therefore 10 V per winding.
- FIG. 13 shows a side view of the transformer, the core 102 of which is again in the E-E design and is made of ferrite.
- the outer webs 104, 104 'and the central web 106 of the core comprise a winding chamber 108.
- a winding body made of a plastic square tube, the inside diameter of which is approximately 0.5 mm larger than the outer diameter of the central web 106 of the core 102 formed without side walls and surrounds the central web.
- the two primary windings 124 and 138 and two secondary part windings 126, 128 and 136, 140 are wound onto the center body.
- the primary windings 124, 138 are made of stranded copper wire (CuL wire).
- the secondary part windings are made in the form of foils from Cu foils. The windings of the primary and secondary windings are such that a secondary part winding 126 or 136 lies between the assigned primary winding 124 or 138 and the winding body 122.
- Insulation is arranged between the windings, at which is a plastic film that preferably consists of hostaphan (PETP).
- PETP hostaphan
- the width of the insulating foil is approximately 1 mm less than the length of the central web 106 of the core 102 and it is approximately 2 mm larger than the width of the copper foil.
- FIG. 14 shows a sectional view along line A in FIG. 13.
- 15 shows the circuit diagram of the windings.
- the transformer is manufactured as follows: First, a first secondary part winding 126 is applied to the winding body 122, then an insulation 130. Then a first primary winding 124 is wound on this insulation using CuL winding technology, and an insulation 132 is then applied again. A second secondary part winding 128 is then wound up, which, like the first secondary part winding, is a winding film. Insulation 134 is then arranged thereon. Correspondingly, a third secondary part winding 136, a fourth insulation 142, a second primary winding 138, a fifth insulation 144, a fourth secondary part winding 140 and a sixth insulation 146 are applied. The beginning of the winding of the individual windings is marked and the conductor foil is provided with copper strands. The conductor film and the insulating film are advantageously wound at the same time to isolate the individual film turns. The finished wound bobbin is then mounted on the core 102. Then a mounting bracket for the core is attached.
- the transformer described above is simple and inexpensive to manufacture. It can be used for a temperature range between -40 ° C and + 120 ° C. Its dielectric strength is 4 kv DC in the exemplary embodiment shown.
- the Transformer works very reliably and offers the advantage of minimal delay times in the pulse transmission. It is particularly suitable for potential-free power pulse transmission, for example with a 1: 1 duty cycle.
- the transformer of the third exemplary embodiment has a winding arrangement comprising two primary windings 124, 138 and two secondary windings 148, 150.
- Fig. 16a shows a side view of the transformer
- Fig. 16b shows the transformer in cross section.
- the transformer differs in winding from the previous embodiment.
- the two primary windings are separated from one another by insulation 152. They are each surrounded on the other side by a secondary winding 148 or 150 assigned to them, each of which is shielding from the core in order to favor the winding coupling.
- the winding arrangement is illustrated in an enlarged detail from FIG. 16b in the area of the lines C, C in FIG. 17.
- the secondary winding 148 consisting of winding film is wound onto the winding body 122 and then insulation 130 is applied.
- the winding arrangement is then arranged on the core as in the previous exemplary embodiment.
- This transformer is inexpensive and easy to manufacture and works with high reliability in the temperature range between -40 ° C and + 120 ° C. Its dielectric strength is 4 kV DC. Due to the winding arrangement, the capacitive coupling between the primary and secondary windings is low. Power pulses with high edge steepness and short delay times with variable duty cycle can be transmitted.
- the temporal behavior of primary voltage, primary current and secondary voltage shown in FIGS. 19 a to c illustrates the advantages of the transformer according to the invention, which are essentially due to the spatial arrangement of the windings with respect to one another.
- the pulse duration is essentially equal to the respective half period of the primary voltage.
- the small time offset, i.e. The time delay t 'of the signal or pulse increases is based on the switching times of the transistors used in the circuit. Since the pulse roof is essentially horizontal, the performance of the circuit components can be exploited very well.
- the residual slope of the roof of the primary current signal is based on the magnetizing reactive current.
- FIG. 20 to 23 show a fourth exemplary embodiment of the transformer according to the invention, which is provided with an auxiliary winding.
- 20 shows a side view of the transformer, similar to FIG. 13. The same parts are identified by the same reference numerals and will not be described again.
- FIG. 21 shows a sectional view of the enlarged section of a first variant of the winding arrangement shown in FIG.
- a first secondary part winding 158 (with intermediate insulation 166) is wound, which is designed as a film winding.
- the secondary part winding 158 is surrounded by insulation 168.
- the primary winding 154, 156 is designed as a wire winding and does not extend over the entire winding width.
- an auxiliary winding 162, 164 is wound.
- the two windings are provided with intermediate insulation 172 and surrounded by insulation 174, and an associated outer secondary part winding 160 with intermediate insulation 180 and outer insulation 182 is wound together on the two windings.
- FIG. 22 shows a sectional view of the enlarged section of a second variant of the winding arrangement shown in FIG. 20.
- a first primary part winding 158 (with intermediate insulation 166) and an insulation 168 are wound onto a winding body 122 surrounding a core 102.
- the secondary part winding and the insulation are film-shaped.
- a first auxiliary part winding 162 is wound on the arrangement and is surrounded by an insulation 176.
- the primary winding is enclosed by insulation 174, and a second auxiliary part winding 164 with insulation 178 is arranged above it, on which in turn a second secondary part winding 160 with intermediate insulation 180 and outer insulation 182 is wound.
- a generator 50 with a blocking capacitor 52 which is fed with an input voltage " __, comprises an oscillator 54, ie a pulse width modulator.
- Primary part windings 40a, 40b of a transformer to be examined are via two diodes 56, 58 and two Switches S 1 and S 2 can be controlled gently by the oscillator 54.
- Two secondary part windings 42, 44 of the transformer are shown, the connection of the secondary part windings being only indicated. Of course, there may also be more than two secondary part windings.
- An auxiliary winding 46 is arranged between the primary and secondary part windings The winding ends are connected via diodes 60, the auxiliary winding 46 being switchable by a switch S3, which is preferably designed as a transistor connected via diodes 62 and 64 connected in parallel with diodes 56 and 58 n.
- An amplification that is to say a power part, is connected to the decoding element 66 and is in turn connected to the switch S3.
- FIG. 25 shows timing diagrams of switches S1, S2 and S3. It illustrates that switch S3 is always actuated when the other two switches are not actuated, i.e. when the primary voltage is zero.
- the measuring arrangement shown in FIG. 24 operates as follows.
- the level "0" of the primary voltage, ie the generator voltage, is evaluated and used to control switch S3.
- the auxiliary winding 46 is by means of the fast circuit breaker S3 and clamping the winding during pauses in the primary voltage signal short-circuited.
- the drive signal is amplified by the amplifier 68.
- the output voltage of the auxiliary winding is rectified via diodes 60.
- Fig. 26 (a) to (g) show the voltage profile at the primary part windings 40a and 40b in accordance with the actuation of the switches S1 and S2.
- Fig. 26 (c) shows the theoretical, desired secondary voltage.
- Fig. 26 (d) shows the secondary voltage practically achieved without auxiliary winding in the case of an active load with a non-linear current rise (base-emitter path of a power transistor). This skewed load creates an asymmetrical voltage profile of the secondary voltage with respect to the zero axis, which was not shown to facilitate understanding. This curve is thus achieved when the switch S3 is not actuated and the auxiliary winding is free.
- the secondary voltage is not equal to zero when the primary voltage has the value zero, but rather has a value that is significantly greater than zero.
- the hatched areas illustrate the deviations in the signal curve between the primary and the secondary voltage, to which a falsification of the signals can be attributed.
- 26 (e . Illustrates the course of the secondary voltage signals which is practically achieved when the auxiliary winding is activated.
- the course essentially corresponds to the desired course of the secondary voltage pulses. Values of the secondary voltage which deviate from zero do not have any further disruptive effect on the further signal processing , but can still be reduced, this timing diagram as well all other time diagrams are based on the load on the transformer with a predominantly active component (non-linear current voltage characteristic).
- the secondary voltage pulses are out of phase by 180 ° in accordance with the profile shown in FIG. 22 (e), but for push-pull control.
- 26 (g) shows a further time diagram in which the positive pulses of the two secondary windings are shown and can be used, for example, to control transistors with a positive base current.
- a basic circuit diagram of the magnetic driver stage according to the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to FIG. 27.
- the same parts as are already contained in the electronic driver stage, which is shown in FIG. 1, are denoted by the same reference symbols and will not be described again.
- Auxiliary power supply 202 is provided to provide a minimum base level for the negative base current with long pauses in the drive. Reference voltages for level detectors are also generated via this auxiliary voltage supply.
- the heart of the magnetic driver stage is a transformer 230, to the secondary side of which a logic processor 218 is connected. Fast diodes 232 and 234 are connected on the secondary side.
- a switch-on override element 206 is connected to the transformer stage and is connected via a current regulator 212 to a switching transistor 210 via its base.
- a switch 216 is provided for switching the negative base current.
- the logic processor 218 is connected to the collector of the switching transistor 210, as well as to the current regulator 212 and the switch 216.
- a load current delay device 220 is connected to the collector of the switching transistor 210.
- the winding of the choke coil 222 is attached as close as possible to the magnetic material in order to achieve the greatest possible delay in the load signal due to the magnetic properties of the core material.
- FIG. 28 shows a detailed circuit diagram from which the structure of the logic processor 218 also emerges.
- the logic processor 218 has several tasks to perform. For example, it includes desaturation monitoring with a level sensor and a flip-flop with a mode of operation that differs significantly from that classical construction of such circuits deviates.
- the level sensor comprises a transistor 236 and a diode 242 connected to its emitter, which is connected on the collector side to the collector-emitter path of the switching transistor 210.
- a series circuit comprising a diode 244 and a resistor 246 is connected to the collector of the transistor 236, and a series circuit comprising a resistor 248 and a diode 250 is connected in parallel thereto.
- An adjustable resistor 240 the other of which is connected to the base of the transistor 236 End is connected to a GND, ie ground potential.
- the GND potential represents the reference potential for the positive and negative base voltage and also for the reference level.
- the emitter of the switching transistor 210 and the center tap of the transformers 230 and 202 also lie at this potential.
- the other end is the setting ⁇ Bare resistor 240 connected to a further resistor 238, which is connected via a further resistor 276 to a connection of the auxiliary voltage supply 202, while the other connection is connected via a capacitor 278 to a GND line 282.
- the flip-flop comprises two transistors 252 and 254.
- the emitter of transistor 254 is connected to one terminal of auxiliary voltage supply 202 and to capacitor 278.
- a resistor 260 is connected to the emitter, the other end of which is connected to the base of transistor 254 connected is.
- the input 253 of the stage, the main part of which is transistor 254, is simultaneously connected via diode 258 to the base of transistor 254 and via diode 256 to the collector of transistor 254.
- Input 253 is through diode 250 and resistor 248 to the collector of transistor 236 connected.
- the input is connected to the collector of the second transistor 236 of the flip-flop via a diode 270 and a resistor 268 and a zener diode 269.
- the collector of transistor 254 is connected via a resistor 262 to the second transistor 252 of the flip-flop, which is also connected to two diodes 264, 266 and a resistor 267, while one between the two collectors of transistors 252 and 254 Zener diode 269 and a series connection of a resistor 268 and diodes 270 and 256 are connected.
- the two diodes 250 and 270 form an OR gate.
- the level sensor for the positive base current and the desaturation monitoring are fed from an internal reference voltage (in the example shown: diode 292 and capacitor 296).
- the pulse emitted by the level sensor is very short and low in energy since its amount of charge is determined by the partial charge of a capacitor 272.
- the pulse is simultaneously applied to a two-stage amplifier consisting of transistors 298 and 274, and further to the set input of the flip-flop with transistors 252 and 254. In this way, the short voltage pulse of the level sensor is stored during a period until the level of the positive base current drops below a lower threshold.
- the self-holding voltage of the flip-flop falls below the Zener voltage of the diode 269, and the flip-flop tilts back to the original preferred stable state (off signal; zero).
- the flip-flop is switched in such a way that, due to the stable zero level when switched on, it ensures that the switching transistor 210 does not switch incorrectly. This ensures the safety of the driver level increased. Another advantage is that the current load can be kept low.
- the activation of the desaturation monitoring due to the charging process of the capacitor 272 via a resistor 273 is thus delayed for the duration of the switch-on delay of the downstream switching transistor and is restarted via the transistor 274 for each working cycle.
- desaturation base current no longer sufficient
- the following routine takes place.
- the desaturation command is evaluated and saved.
- the negative base current is switched on immediately and the current controller for the positive base current is switched off.
- the switching state is stored until a new switch-on is triggered by a pulse from the driver transformer. This ensures that the negative base current is switched on without delay. If the driver stage is switched off due to the control signal, however, a delay in the start of the negative base current is required.
- a switch-off command to the current regulator 212 for the positive base current is generated and issued and the switch-on of the negative base current is delayed.
- the desaturation level at the switching transistor connected downstream is monitored and evaluated. After reaching the predetermined saturation level, the above-described routine (desaturation occurring) is triggered again.
- the control for the positive base current comprises a level sensor, a memory stage and a switch-off delay in the logic processor 218.
- the level sensor comprises a transistor 294, the emitter of which is connected via a resistor.
- Stand 284 is connected to the diode 232b.
- the collector is connected via a resistor 286.
- the base is connected to line 282 via an adjustable resistor 290, the other end of which is connected to resistors 238 or via a further resistor 288.
- the memory stage comprises two transistors 274 and 298.
- the collector of transistor 298 is connected to the collector of transistor 274 via a series circuit comprising a diode 300, a resistor 302 and a further diode 304.
- the emitter of the Transis ⁇ gate 274 is connected to the diode 232b is connected via a 'resistor 306 to the base of transistor 274, connected to a diode 308 and through resistor 302 and diode 300 to the collector of Transistor 298 is connected.
- 'Prior to the diode 304 is a circuit branch, consisting of a diode 310, a diode 312, a Wider ⁇ stand 314 and a diode 316.
- the base of the gate 298 is closed Transis ⁇ ange ⁇ via two diodes 318 and 320, that forms the switch-off delay together with an RC element (resistor 322, capacitor 324).
- the diodes 316, 318 together form an anti-saturation circuit for the transistor 298.
- the diodes 312, 313 form an OR gate.
- the control for the positive base current works as follows.
- a transistor 332 which acts as a switching amplifier, is switched through via a series circuit of a resistor 326, which is connected to the line 282, a diode 328 and a diode 330 held, which is the preferred switching state. If a predetermined threshold is exceeded, the transistor 294 of the level sensor switches through the transistor 298, which in turn switches off the transistor 332 (switching amplifier) and switches on the transistor 274, which acts as an amplifier.
- a feedback network keeps the circuit in a stable state. This self-holding is interrupted by the energy pulse dropping to a lower threshold value in that the base voltage drops below the switch-on voltage of the transistor 298 by means of a divider consisting of a resistor 334 and the resistor 314.
- the transistor is kept switched on for a defined period of time via the RC element 322, 324.
- the activation of the negative base current is triggered by the desaturation monitoring device. If the triggering does not take place within the specified period of time, the switch-on takes place by switching off the transistor 298.
- the desaturation monitoring always has priority.
- the current regulator 212 for the base current comprises a switching amplifier in the logic processor 218 and a power actuator.
- the switching amplifier comprises two transistors 336 and 338.
- the power actuator comprises a transistor 340, the emitter of which is connected to the base electrode of the switching transistor 210 and the collector of which is connected to the switch-on override element 206.
- Diode 342 has one end at the potential of the base of transistor 340 and the other end held at the potential of the collector of the switching transistor 210. The current is controlled via voltage drops across diodes.
- the current at the base of transistor 340 is set such that the voltage drop of the two diode paths base-emitter in transistor 340 in series with the diode path base-emitter of switching transistor 210 is equal to the voltage drop across diode 342 and the collector Emitter path of the switching transistor 210 is. If the collector-emitter voltage drops, the base current at transistor 340 decreases until equilibrium is restored.
- the current regulator can also be switched off during operation by means of the transistor 332, which forms the switching amplifier, without the energy pulse having to become zero. As a result, the energy requirement for the negative base current is considerably reduced.
- the switch 216 for the negative base current consisting of transistors 344, 346, is controlled by the output of the logic processor 218 described above.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Discharge Heating (AREA)
- Replacement Of Web Rolls (AREA)
- Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT87900068T ATE61885T1 (de) | 1985-12-31 | 1986-12-31 | Transformator, insbesondere fuer eine treiberstufe. |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19853546410 DE3546410A1 (de) | 1985-12-31 | 1985-12-31 | Transformator |
| DE19853546377 DE3546377A1 (de) | 1985-12-31 | 1985-12-31 | Magnetische treiberstufe, insbesondere fuer einen leistungsschalttransistor, und transformator fuer die treiberstufe |
| DE3546410 | 1985-12-31 | ||
| DE3546377 | 1985-12-31 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0254727A1 true EP0254727A1 (de) | 1988-02-03 |
| EP0254727B1 EP0254727B1 (de) | 1991-03-20 |
Family
ID=25839439
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19870900068 Expired - Lifetime EP0254727B1 (de) | 1985-12-31 | 1986-12-31 | Transformator, insbesondere für eine treiberstufe |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0254727B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPS63501909A (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE61885T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE3678289D1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1987004297A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103594222A (zh) * | 2013-11-28 | 2014-02-19 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | 变压器预充磁装置及其预充磁方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2110276C3 (de) * | 1971-03-04 | 1974-02-14 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin U. 8000 Muenchen | Impulsübertrager zur Ansteuerung eines Thyristors |
| US3617854A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1971-11-02 | Raytheon Co | Pulse transformer |
| DE3215009A1 (de) * | 1982-04-22 | 1983-12-29 | Rudolf Prof. Dipl.-Phys. 7600 Offenburg Ranzinger | Treiberstufe fuer einen hochleistungsschalttransistor |
| CH662913A5 (de) * | 1982-06-25 | 1987-10-30 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Schaltverstaerker. |
| IT1195595B (it) * | 1983-05-09 | 1988-10-19 | Ducati Elettrotechnica Spa | Trasformatore smt per il pilotaggio proporzionale di alimentatori a commutazione statica |
| US4550364A (en) * | 1984-06-05 | 1985-10-29 | Shaw William S | Power transformer for use with very high speed integrated circuits |
-
1986
- 1986-12-31 WO PCT/DE1986/000526 patent/WO1987004297A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1986-12-31 DE DE8787900068T patent/DE3678289D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-12-31 JP JP87500547A patent/JPS63501909A/ja active Pending
- 1986-12-31 AT AT87900068T patent/ATE61885T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-12-31 EP EP19870900068 patent/EP0254727B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO8704297A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103594222A (zh) * | 2013-11-28 | 2014-02-19 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | 变压器预充磁装置及其预充磁方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1987004297A1 (fr) | 1987-07-16 |
| JPS63501909A (ja) | 1988-07-28 |
| ATE61885T1 (de) | 1991-04-15 |
| EP0254727B1 (de) | 1991-03-20 |
| DE3678289D1 (de) | 1991-04-25 |
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