EP0232351A1 - Appareil pour le nettoyage automatique notamment du fond d'une piscine. - Google Patents
Appareil pour le nettoyage automatique notamment du fond d'une piscine.Info
- Publication number
- EP0232351A1 EP0232351A1 EP86904846A EP86904846A EP0232351A1 EP 0232351 A1 EP0232351 A1 EP 0232351A1 EP 86904846 A EP86904846 A EP 86904846A EP 86904846 A EP86904846 A EP 86904846A EP 0232351 A1 EP0232351 A1 EP 0232351A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- casing
- suction
- water
- nozzle
- pool
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H4/00—Swimming or splash baths or pools
- E04H4/14—Parts, details or accessories not otherwise provided for
- E04H4/16—Parts, details or accessories not otherwise provided for specially adapted for cleaning
- E04H4/1654—Self-propelled cleaners
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H4/00—Swimming or splash baths or pools
- E04H4/14—Parts, details or accessories not otherwise provided for
- E04H4/16—Parts, details or accessories not otherwise provided for specially adapted for cleaning
- E04H4/1654—Self-propelled cleaners
- E04H4/1672—Connections to the pool water circulation system
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an automatic displacement device capable of cleaning by suction, in particular the bottom of a swimming pool or the like.
- the cleaning of a swimming pool consists in removing the deposits which occur mainly on the bottom.
- This operation is carried out, most often, manually thanks to a broom connected to the general suction of the pool.
- the agitators are a kind of octopus which are animated by a backflow of pressurized water.
- Vacuums are automatic displacement devices on the bottom and possibly the walls of the pool, which are either connected to the general suction by a floating hose or to a booster, or electrically controlled by an on-board propulsion unit possibly programmed.
- the present invention aims to remedy these drawbacks and its object is to provide an automatic device, of simple design and using the hydraulic energy of the pool discharge to ensure the suction of deposits and the propulsion of the device.
- the subject of the invention is an apparatus for automatic cleaning, in particular of the bottom of a swimming pool or the like, characterized in that it comprises a suction casing in the general form of a flattened cylinder with a vertical axis provided with '' a removable bottom defining therewith an orifice or suction mouth situated in a plane substantially parallel to the surface to be cleaned and at a short distance therefrom, and from a suction water outlet orifice, a filter disposed in the casing between said suction orifice and said water outlet orifice, a means integral with the casing capable of sucking water from the casing and sending it into a nozzle carried by the casing and oriented substantially parallel to the plane of the surface to be cleaned and a deflector fin secured to the casing, the axis of the propellant jet of
- Such an apparatus is capable of moving over the bottom of a swimming pool by reaction along a straight line determined by the result of the propelling force of the jet of the nozzle and the braking force of the deflector fin, then, at contact with a side wall of the pool, pivot to start again in another direction and repeat the same pivoting against a new wall, the device thus moving in the manner of a billiard ball returned by the bands and finally passing over the entire surface of the bottom and therefore completely clean it.
- the water and the various impurities and debris covering the bottom are thus sucked into the casing, the impurities and debris are filtered and the sucked water is discharged through the propellant nozzle.
- the device rests on the bottom by means of orientable rollers and / or a brush arranged in a cord in the vicinity of said water suction orifice.
- the propulsion means of the casing can be a device known as a hydro-injector and comprising an injection water inlet orifice connected by a flexible pipe to a discharge mouth or the like of the swimming pool, an orifice of water suction connected to the water outlet orifice of the casing and a delivery nozzle constituting said propellant nozzle.
- This device has the merit of using traditional swimming pool equipment and of consuming practically no energy since the system for recycling the water in the swimming pool is almost always in action.
- the propulsion means can also be constituted by an electric pump incorporated in the casing and driving a turbine housed in a conduit connecting the water outlet orifice of the casing to said propellant nozzle.
- Electricity is supplied either from a floating electrical cable connected to a shore power source, or from an on-board accumulator.
- This second means of propulsion lends itself particularly to the production of an apparatus capable also of moving on the surface of the water, "head” down, and of cleaning the surface by suction of the film of water from area.
- one or more removable floats are attached to the bottom and the housing of the device.
- FIG. 1 shows a vertical section of a swimming pool with its equipment and an apparatus according to the invention in action on the bottom;
- - Figure 3 is a top view of a first embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention
- - Figure 4 is a vertical section along line IV-IV of the device of Figure 3;
- FIG. 5 is an axial vertical section of a variant embodiment of the apparatus of Figure 4;
- FIG. 6 is a vertical section of another embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a swimming pool 1 with its water suction pump 2, its filter 3 and a mouth 4 for discharging the filtered water into the swimming pool.
- a self-propelled machine 5 propelled by reaction and connected by a flexible pipe 6 to the discharge mouth 4.
- FIGS 3 and 4 show schematically an embodiment of the machine 5 shown schematically in Figure 1.
- the apparatus shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 consists of a casing 7 in the form of a circular wafer or flattened cylinder with a vertical axis open at its lower part and having at its upper part a circular orifice 8 coaxial with the casing 7, called water outlet port.
- the lower orifice is almost completely closed off by a removable bottom 9 delimiting only with the lower edge of the casing a so-called orifice 10 of suction in the form of a narrow arched window, extending over approximately 120 ° from the circumference of the casing 7.
- the bottom 9 On the side opposite to the suction mouth 10, the bottom 9 is provided with orientable rollers 11, however, in line with said mouth, the lower edge of the casing 7 is provided with a brush 12 in the form of a cord of the same shape and length. .
- the arched brush 12 and the rollers 11 keep the device at a sufficient distance from the bottom of the pool to allow sound. displacement and suitable suction of the impurities and various debris strewn on the bottom, after a preliminary brushing of the surface to be cleaned.
- annular filter F of the washable cartridge type for example, interposed between the suction mouth 10 and the water outlet orifice 8.
- This orifice communicates the casing 7 with a hydraulic propulsion device by reaction 13 commonly called hydro-injector.
- Such a device is well known and does not need to be described in detail. It comprises a propellant nozzle 14 the inlet of which is connected to the water outlet orifice 8 and an injector 15 opening into the axis of the nozzle 14 and connected to an orifice 16 known as an injection coaxial with the orifice 8 and connected by a rotary connector 17 with the flexible pipe 6.
- the body of the hydro-injector 13 has a general shape of a T, the nozzle 14 being arranged horizontally. Furthermore, the outlet 14a of the nozzle (FIG. 3) is directed to the side so that the axis 18 of thrust of the ejected water does not cut the vertical axis of the device but is offset so as to cut a vertical plane deflector fin 19 fixedly mounted on the casing-hydro-injector assembly.
- the angular position ( Figure 3) of the nozzle 14 and the fin 19 relative to the opening of the suction mouth 10 is determined so that in water the combination of the propelling force 18 with the reaction to the advancement operated by the fin 19 generates a resultant force moving the device in a direction 20 in the axis of the suction mouth 10.
- the trajectory of the device in motion on the bottom of the pool is shown on Figure 2. It is roughly similar to that of a billiard ball which successively strikes the billiard strips and leaves so that it practically never passes in the same place and therefore arrives, after a certain number successive changes of direction, to "cover" the entire surface on which it moves.
- the apparatus 5 moves in a rectilinear manner. Arrived in abutment (A) against the wall of the pool, the resistance to advancement provided by the fin 19 disappears and the rotational movement that tends to apply the offset propulsive force 18 on the device 5 is more compensated so that the device 5 will substantially pivot on itself (B) around its vertical axis until that the reaction of the wall disappears (C) and that the fin 19 resumes its full compensating effect. At this time the device 5 is oriented in the direction 21 and moves practically in a straight line. In FIG. 2, for the sake of clarity, three offset positions A, B, C of the apparatus have been shown during the encounter with the wall. In reality the three positions are approximately superimposed.
- the apparatus will turn again from edge and set off again in direction 22, to turn again at E and set off again according to direction 23; and so on so as to "sweep" the entire surface of the bottom of the pool after a certain time.
- FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the deflector fin 19 - hydro-injector 13 assembly is rotatably mounted on the casing 7 'in the manner of a wind vane.
- the suction mouth 10 ' is therefore completely circular and the removable attached base 9' is provided with a brush 12 'in the form of a circular bead fixed to the periphery of the bottom.
- the latter comprises, like the bottom 9 of the embodiment of FIG. 4, an internal rim 24 over the entire length of the mouth 10 ′, in order to keep prisoners the debris and impurities in the apparatus during the exit from the water from the appliance, in particular to empty it and change the filter.
- the device rests on the bottom of the pool only via the brush cord 12 '.
- Figures 6 and 7 show another embodiment in which the propellant reaction is constituted by a turbine 25 disposed in an elbow conduit 26 serving as a nozzle and mounted, rotatable on the water outlet orifice 8 of the casing 7 "of the device.
- the turbine 25, with an axis coaxial with the axis of the casing 7" is driven by an electric motor 27 fixed to the bottom 9 "inside the annular filter F.
- the mouth of suction 10 is circular and provided with a brush bead 12 'as in the device of FIG. 5.
- the rotating nozzle 26 has its end also oriented in an offset from the vertical axis of the device and is also fitted with a 19 "deflector fin.
- the apparatus moves exactly like those of the preceding figures.
- the power supply to the motor 27 is ensured, either by a floating cord 28 connected to a grounded electrical source (sector or other), either from a storage battery ators on board as symbolically represented in 29.
- the device can be used to clean the surface of the water 30 (figure 7) of the pool by putting it “head” down and making it float thanks to a or several removable floats 31 fixed under the bottom 9 "and on the casing 7" so that the mouth 10 "sucks the film of surface water from the pool. In the inverted position the device moves just as easily by reaction and will pivot and leave in another direction by touching the edge of the pool.
- the invention is obviously not limited to the embodiments shown and described above, but on the contrary covers all variants thereof, in particular as regards the shapes and arrangements of the propellant nozzle and also the deflector fin. well with respect to each other than with respect to the casing of the device.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8512183A FR2586054B1 (fr) | 1985-08-06 | 1985-08-06 | Appareil pour le nettoyage automatique notamment du fond d'une piscine |
FR8512183 | 1985-08-06 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0232351A1 true EP0232351A1 (fr) | 1987-08-19 |
EP0232351B1 EP0232351B1 (fr) | 1990-07-04 |
Family
ID=9322125
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86904846A Expired - Lifetime EP0232351B1 (fr) | 1985-08-06 | 1986-08-05 | Appareil pour le nettoyage automatique notamment du fond d'une piscine |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4835809A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0232351B1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU584736B2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3672478D1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2586054B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1987000883A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2413186R1 (es) * | 2011-12-16 | 2014-07-11 | Aqua Products, Inc. | Un aparato de limpieza rob�tico autopropulsado para la limpieza de la superficie sumergida de una piscina o un depósito |
Families Citing this family (57)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE1002831A6 (fr) * | 1989-02-15 | 1991-06-25 | Sunnen Jean Albert Francois | Procede et dispositif pour le nettoyage de cuves et piscines. |
US5428854A (en) * | 1990-09-21 | 1995-07-04 | Sta-Rite Industries, Inc. | Replaceable brush rings for pool cleaners |
US5799351A (en) * | 1990-09-21 | 1998-09-01 | Rief; Dieter J. | Swimming pool cleaner with vibratory power |
US5379473A (en) * | 1990-09-21 | 1995-01-10 | Sta-Rite Industries, Inc. | Automatic swimming pool cleaner |
US5469596A (en) * | 1993-11-03 | 1995-11-28 | Sta-Rite Industries, Inc. | Dual-use and manual pool cleaning apparatus |
US5546982A (en) * | 1994-10-28 | 1996-08-20 | Baracuda International Corp. | Automatic swimming pool cleaners and associated components |
FR2733779B1 (fr) * | 1995-05-04 | 1997-07-18 | Roumagnac Max | Appareil de nettoyage automatique, notamment du fond et des parois d'une piscine |
EP1695770A1 (fr) * | 1996-06-26 | 2006-08-30 | Melvyn L. Henkin | Système automatique de nettoyage d'une piscine à pression positive |
US5725761A (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-03-10 | Phillips; Harold L. | Modular filter / circulation system and traveling main drain for in-ground swimming pools |
US5930856A (en) | 1997-04-08 | 1999-08-03 | Baracuda International Corp. | Automatic swimming pool cleaners and associated components |
US6090219A (en) * | 1997-05-06 | 2000-07-18 | Henkin; Melvyn L. | Positive pressure automatic swimming poor cleaning system |
WO1999034077A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-26 | 1999-07-08 | Henkin Melvyn Lane | Appareil mecanique d'epuration automatique par succion d'eau pour piscine |
US6039886A (en) * | 1997-06-25 | 2000-03-21 | Henkin; Melvyn L. | Water suction powered automatic swimming pool cleaning system |
US5882512A (en) | 1997-11-05 | 1999-03-16 | Baracuda International Corporation | Automatic swimming pool cleaners and associated components and systems |
US6200487B1 (en) | 1997-11-05 | 2001-03-13 | Zodiac Pool Care, Inc. | In-line, in-pool water purification system |
US6086759A (en) * | 1997-11-11 | 2000-07-11 | Bisseker; Robin | Portable pool skimmer |
US6294084B1 (en) * | 1997-12-25 | 2001-09-25 | Melvyn L. Henkin | Electric powered automatic swimming pool cleaning system |
ES2221276T3 (es) * | 1998-09-23 | 2004-12-16 | 3S Systemtechnik Ag | Aparato de limpieza de piscinas. |
US6502269B1 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2003-01-07 | John A. Balchan | Electric powered portable pool cleaner |
US6485638B2 (en) * | 1999-11-15 | 2002-11-26 | Melvyn L. Henkin | Electric powered automatic swimming pool cleaning system |
US6652742B2 (en) | 2000-11-14 | 2003-11-25 | Melvyn L. Henkin | Automatic pool cleaner system utilizing electric and suction power |
EP1407100B1 (fr) * | 2001-07-11 | 2015-05-20 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe SAS | Nettoyage d'une surface submergee |
ATE362570T1 (de) * | 2001-09-21 | 2007-06-15 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe Sas | Reinigung einer unter wasser liegenden fläche |
US20040050407A1 (en) * | 2002-07-19 | 2004-03-18 | Royal Jones | Apparatus for the automatic cleaning of liquid storage tanks |
US8241430B2 (en) * | 2003-11-04 | 2012-08-14 | Aqua Products, Inc. | Directional control method for dual brush robotic pool cleaners |
US7537691B2 (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2009-05-26 | Reid Worrell A | Pool cleaning apparatus |
US20060032801A1 (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2006-02-16 | Reid Worrell A | Pool cleaning apparatus |
FR2881161B1 (fr) * | 2005-01-21 | 2007-04-13 | Claude Brenot | Robot de nettoyage automotique du fond d'une piscine |
EP1879705A4 (fr) * | 2005-05-05 | 2013-01-23 | Henkin Laby Llc | Sous-systeme de commande de nettoyeur de piscine |
US20070089228A1 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2007-04-26 | Sidler Steven R | Apparatus and Methods for Removing Insects From Swimming Pools and the Like |
FR2896005B1 (fr) * | 2006-01-11 | 2008-04-04 | Max Roumagnac | Robot nettoyeur de piscine |
US7945981B2 (en) * | 2006-06-21 | 2011-05-24 | Harold Lapping | Automatic pool cleaner with flexible scrubbing panel |
FR2925553B1 (fr) * | 2007-12-21 | 2010-03-12 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Appareil nettoyeur de surface immergee a helice de pompage inclinee |
FR2925554B1 (fr) * | 2007-12-21 | 2010-03-12 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Appareil nettoyeur de surface immergee a moteur de pompage hors du circuit hydraulique |
NO20083079L (no) | 2008-07-11 | 2010-01-12 | Mpi Trond Sivertsen | Renseapparat for fjerning av marin begroning og anvendelse av apparat. |
FR2934630B1 (fr) * | 2008-08-04 | 2010-08-13 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Appareil roulant nettoyeur de surface immergee a flux d'entrainement orientable. |
FR2951485B1 (fr) | 2009-10-15 | 2011-12-09 | Kokido Dev Ltd | Dispositif de guidage pour dispositif de nettoyage automatique d'une surface submergee dans un liquide |
US9593502B2 (en) | 2009-10-19 | 2017-03-14 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Swimming pool cleaner |
FR2954379B1 (fr) | 2009-12-18 | 2012-04-13 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Appareil nettoyeur de surface immergee a giration par au moins un organe roulant non moteur decale lateralement |
FR2954377B1 (fr) | 2009-12-18 | 2015-03-13 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Appareil nettoyeur de surface immergee a moteur electrique unique reversible d'entrainement et de pompage |
WO2012001471A2 (fr) * | 2010-06-28 | 2012-01-05 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Nettoyeurs automatiques de piscine et composants associés |
US8869337B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 | 2014-10-28 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaning device with adjustable buoyant element |
FR2989596B1 (fr) * | 2012-04-24 | 2014-04-25 | Zodiac Pool Care Europe | Appareil nettoyeur de surface immergee a filtration centripete |
FR2990975B1 (fr) * | 2012-05-28 | 2014-05-09 | Cavagnol Michel | Appareil nettoyeur de surface immergee a jet d’eau propulsif |
EP3031651B1 (fr) | 2012-12-22 | 2018-04-25 | Maytronics Ltd. | Station subaquatique pour robot de nettoyage de piscine autonome |
EP2967268A1 (fr) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-01-20 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Système de nettoyage pour piscine avec des éléments de nettoyage articulés |
WO2014151086A2 (fr) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Nettoyeur de piscines à haute pression doté d'un mécanisme de décompte automatique du temps |
US9745767B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-08-29 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Swimming pool pressure cleaner including automatic timing mechanism |
US9920498B2 (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2018-03-20 | Crystal Lagoons (Curacao) B.V. | Floating lake system and methods of treating water within a floating lake |
EP3012386B1 (fr) * | 2014-09-03 | 2023-06-07 | Maytronics Ltd. | Robot de nettoyage de piscine |
USD789003S1 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2017-06-06 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner |
USD787761S1 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2017-05-23 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner |
USD789624S1 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2017-06-13 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner |
USD787760S1 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2017-05-23 | Hayward Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner |
CN106145405B (zh) * | 2014-11-27 | 2021-06-15 | 杜也兵 | 用于净水器控制部件的维修模块与过滤通道的连接方法 |
EP3274523B1 (fr) | 2015-03-23 | 2019-11-13 | Aqua Products Inc. | Dispositif de nettoyage de piscine robotisé automoteur avec ensemble de lavage de puissance pour soulever les débris à partir d'une surface située en dessous du dispositif de nettoyage de piscine |
FR3041982B1 (fr) | 2015-10-05 | 2017-11-24 | Max Roumagnac | Robot de nettoyage de piscine autonome |
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US3008159A (en) * | 1958-07-07 | 1961-11-14 | Vecchio Guy W Del | Fluid operated sweeper |
US2988762A (en) * | 1960-02-08 | 1961-06-20 | Hugh H Babcock | Self-steering submarine suction cleaner |
US3108298A (en) * | 1963-04-03 | 1963-10-29 | Ralph J Gelinas | Swimming pool cleaner |
US3229315A (en) * | 1963-12-05 | 1966-01-18 | Swimline Inc | Pool-cleaning device |
DE2529183C2 (de) * | 1974-07-05 | 1984-10-04 | Benedikt Burgdorf Bern Strausak | Fahrbare Maschine zum Reinigen eines Schwimmbeckens |
US4023581A (en) * | 1975-11-10 | 1977-05-17 | Andrew L. Pansini | Automatic swimming pool cleaner |
US4100641A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1978-07-18 | Pansini Andrew L | Swimming pool cleaners |
JPS543376A (en) * | 1977-06-09 | 1979-01-11 | Shin Meiwa Ind Co Ltd | Cleaner for water bottom of pool etc. |
US4141101A (en) * | 1978-01-09 | 1979-02-27 | Gibellina Michael C | Self propelled drivehead for automatic swimming pool cleaner |
US4558479A (en) * | 1984-01-26 | 1985-12-17 | Alopex Industries, Inc. | Pool cleaner |
-
1985
- 1985-08-06 FR FR8512183A patent/FR2586054B1/fr not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-08-05 WO PCT/FR1986/000279 patent/WO1987000883A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1986-08-05 AU AU61937/86A patent/AU584736B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-08-05 EP EP86904846A patent/EP0232351B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-05 DE DE8686904846T patent/DE3672478D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-05 US US07/046,883 patent/US4835809A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO8700883A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2413186R1 (es) * | 2011-12-16 | 2014-07-11 | Aqua Products, Inc. | Un aparato de limpieza rob�tico autopropulsado para la limpieza de la superficie sumergida de una piscina o un depósito |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU584736B2 (en) | 1989-06-01 |
FR2586054A1 (fr) | 1987-02-13 |
EP0232351B1 (fr) | 1990-07-04 |
FR2586054B1 (fr) | 1987-12-04 |
AU6193786A (en) | 1987-03-05 |
WO1987000883A1 (fr) | 1987-02-12 |
US4835809A (en) | 1989-06-06 |
DE3672478D1 (de) | 1990-08-09 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
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AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BE CH DE GB IT LI NL |
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17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19870731 |
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17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19881122 |
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