EP0231303A1 - Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation. - Google Patents

Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation.

Info

Publication number
EP0231303A1
EP0231303A1 EP86904802A EP86904802A EP0231303A1 EP 0231303 A1 EP0231303 A1 EP 0231303A1 EP 86904802 A EP86904802 A EP 86904802A EP 86904802 A EP86904802 A EP 86904802A EP 0231303 A1 EP0231303 A1 EP 0231303A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anode
fluorescent lamp
discharge
cathode
unipolar operation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP86904802A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0231303B1 (en
Inventor
Helmut M Loy
Armin Eich
Sigurd Kohler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GTE Licht GmbH
Original Assignee
GTE Licht GmbH
GTE Sylvania Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by GTE Licht GmbH, GTE Sylvania Inc filed Critical GTE Licht GmbH
Priority to AT86904802T priority Critical patent/ATE46985T1/en
Publication of EP0231303A1 publication Critical patent/EP0231303A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0231303B1 publication Critical patent/EP0231303B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/067—Main electrodes for low-pressure discharge lamps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/70—Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure < 400 Torr
    • H01J61/72—Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure < 400 Torr having a main light-emitting filling of easily vaporisable metal vapour, e.g. mercury
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/067—Main electrodes for low-pressure discharge lamps
    • H01J61/0672—Main electrodes for low-pressure discharge lamps characterised by the construction of the electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H01J61/32—Special longitudinal shape, e.g. for advertising purposes
    • H01J61/325—U-shaped lamps

Definitions

  • Such a fluorescent lamp is primarily filled with mercury vapor and the inner surface of its glass bulb is coated with fluorescent material.
  • the unipolar operation is a supply with direct current or with a clocked direct voltage, namely a voltage pulsating only with one polarity, such as a sine half-wave voltage, a rectangular pulse train, etc.
  • Direct current operation in particular of low-pressure gas discharge lamps, is provided for physically plausible and experimentally proven reasons Provided that ohmic stabilization resistances can be avoided, a luminous efficacy that is improved by 20% and more compared to conventional AC operation.
  • Heat sink 9 'and 9' 1 attached, which also serve as an anode holder.
  • the two heat dissipators 9 'and 9 1 ' are connected to two outwardly leading lamp connection pins 10 for dissipating the heat from the lamp to the outside.

Abstract

Afin de diminuer sensiblement la cataphorèse d'un tube fluorescent à fonctionnement unipolaire, l'anode du tube comprend une surface utile de formation du champ électrique de décharge comprise entre 60% et 100% de la surface maximale de la section transversale de l'enceinte de décharge, mesurée perpendiculairement à l'axe de décharge. Cette surface sert à diminuer la densité du courant de l'anode. L'anode est pourvue avec avantage de dissipateurs de chaleurs qui permettent d'obtenir un gradient de température encore plus élevé. Un chauffage extérieur constant de la cathode permet d'obtenir un allumage particulièrement bon et un réglage aisé de la luminosité, ce qui est avantageux pour la reproduction de signes et images alphanumériques, par exemple dans une matrice, un écran d'affichage ou similaire.In order to significantly reduce the cataphoresis of a fluorescent tube with unipolar operation, the anode of the tube comprises a useful surface for forming the electric discharge field of between 60% and 100% of the maximum surface of the cross section of the enclosure. of discharge, measured perpendicular to the axis of discharge. This surface is used to decrease the current density of the anode. The anode is advantageously provided with heat sinks which make it possible to obtain an even higher temperature gradient. Constant external heating of the cathode makes it possible to obtain a particularly good ignition and easy adjustment of the brightness, which is advantageous for the reproduction of alphanumeric signs and images, for example in a matrix, a display screen or the like.

Description

Beschreibung description
Leuchtstofflampe für unipolaren BetriebFluorescent lamp for unipolar operation
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Leuchtstofflampe für unipolaren Betrieb, wie sie in "Lichttechnik"- 30. Jahrg. Nr. 3, 1978, Seiten 106 bis 108 beschrieben ist.The invention relates to a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation, as described in "Lichttechnik" - 30th year no. 3, 1978, pages 106 to 108.
Eine solche Leuchtstofflampe ist vornehmlich mit Quecksilberdampf gefüllt und die Innenfläche ihres Glaskolbens ist mit Leuchtstoff beschichtet. Der unipolare Betrieb ist eine Speisung mit Gleichstrom oder mit einer getakteten Gleichspannung, nämlich einer nur mit einer Polarität pulsierenden Spannung, wie einer Sinushalbwellenspannung, einem Rechteckimpulszug, usw. Gleichstrombetrieb, insbesondere von Niederdruck-Gasent¬ ladungslampen, erbringt aus physikalisch plausiblen und experimentell nachgewiesenen Gründen, sofern ohmsche Stabilisierungswiderstände umgangen werden können, eine um 20 % und mehr verbesserte Lichtausbeute gegenüber konventionellem Wechselstrombetrieb.Such a fluorescent lamp is primarily filled with mercury vapor and the inner surface of its glass bulb is coated with fluorescent material. The unipolar operation is a supply with direct current or with a clocked direct voltage, namely a voltage pulsating only with one polarity, such as a sine half-wave voltage, a rectangular pulse train, etc. Direct current operation, in particular of low-pressure gas discharge lamps, is provided for physically plausible and experimentally proven reasons Provided that ohmic stabilization resistances can be avoided, a luminous efficacy that is improved by 20% and more compared to conventional AC operation.
Bei Gleichstrombetrieb wandern jedoch Quecksilberionen von der Anode zur Kathode, weshalb der Anodenbereich nachteiligerweise eine Quecksilberverarmung erfährt, womit die Lichtausbeute im Anodenbereich verringert wird. Diese Erscheinung wird auch als Kataphorese bezeichnet.In direct current operation, however, mercury ions migrate from the anode to the cathode, which is why the anode area disadvantageously experiences a mercury depletion, which reduces the light yield in the anode region. This phenomenon is also called cataphoresis.
Zur Verringerung der Kataphorese ist nun bei der eingangs genannten, als Doppelrohrlampe aufgebauten Leuchtstofflampe die Verwendung eines besonderen Diaphragmas, das quecksilberdampfdurchlässig, jedoch gasentladungsdicht ist, vorgeschlagen worden. Die Verwendung eines solchenIn order to reduce the cataphoresis, the use of a special diaphragm which is permeable to mercury vapor, but gas-tight, has now been proposed for the fluorescent lamp constructed at the outset as a double-tube lamp. The use of such
Diaphragmas und der Aufbau einer Doppelrohrlampe stellenjedoch einen erheblichen Aufwand dar.Diaphragm and the construction of a double tube lamp, however, represent a considerable effort.
Aus "Technical Newsletter", Dezember 1984, Vol. 6, Nr. 6,From "Technical Newsletter", December 1984, Vol. 6, No. 6,
Seiten 1 und 2 ist eine Leuchtstofflampe bekannt, derenPages 1 and 2 a fluorescent lamp is known, the
Kathode dauernd beheizt ist, um ideale Bedingungen für die Zündung der Bogenentladung und derenCathode is continuously heated to provide ideal conditions for the ignition of the arc discharge and its
Aufrechterhaltung, sowie einen genügend hohenMaintenance, as well as a sufficiently high
Hg-Dampfdruck zu schaffen, was bei hoher Schalthäufigkeit von Vorteil ist.To create mercury vapor pressure, which is an advantage with a high switching frequency.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Leuchtstofflampe für unipolaren Betrieb zu schaffen, bei der mit einfachen Mitteln der Effekt der Kataphorese weitgehend verringert werden kann.The invention has for its object to provide a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation, in which the effect of cataphoresis can be largely reduced with simple means.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1. Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. Further developments of the invention are specified in the subclaims.
Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, daß die Kataphorese dadurch weitgehend verringert werden kann, daß zwischen Kathode und Anode der Leuchtstofflampe ein größerer Temperaturgradient erzeugt wird. Deshalb wird gemäß der Erfindung die Anode möglichst großflächig bemessen, damit sie bei Nennleistung eine geringe Stromdichte, und zwar nur bis 10 —5 A/cm2 , hat, wodurch dieThe invention is based on the finding that the cataphoresis can be largely reduced by generating a larger temperature gradient between the cathode and anode of the fluorescent lamp. That is why According to the invention, the anode is dimensioned as large as possible so that it has a low current density at nominal power, namely only up to 10 -5 A / cm 2 , so that the
Anode trotz ausreichendem Elektronenstrom nur wenig erwärmt wird. Die Anordnung von Wärmeableitern unterstützt die gewünschte niedrige Temperatur der Anode, die im übrigen ein Abschwärzen von Elektrodenmaterial auf der Anodenseite verhindert. Die großfläche Anode ergibt einen kleineren Anodenfall, eine kleinereAnode is only slightly heated despite sufficient electron current. The arrangement of heat dissipators supports the desired low temperature of the anode, which otherwise prevents blackening of the electrode material on the anode side. The large anode results in a smaller anode case, a smaller one
Anodenverlustleistung und einen höheren Wirkungsgrad.Anode power loss and higher efficiency.
Die kleine Anodenstromdichte führt auch zu einer Verringerung der Amplitude der Relaxationsschwingungen im Anodenbereich, womit geringere Hochfrequenzstörungen auftreten.The small anode current density also leads to a reduction in the amplitude of the relaxation vibrations in the anode region, which means that less high-frequency interference occurs.
Weitere, vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche. Dabei dient die Verwendung einer dauernd beheizten Kathode nicht nur der Verhinderung der Kataphorese, sondern sie erhöht auch die Steuerbarkeit der Leuchtstofflampe und vermindert den Kathodenfall. Ganz allgemein ist eine externe Heizung der Kathode zwingend erforderlich bei Helligkeitsregelung der Lampe durch Variation des Anodenstromes und/oder durch Impulsmodulation. Bei kleinem effektivem Lampenstrom reicht dieser nämlich nicht aus, um die Kathode auf volle Emissionstemperatur zu heizen. Die externe Kathodenheizung auf konstante Emissionstemperatur kann mit Gleich- oder Wechselstrom erfolgen. Bei Betrieb mehrerer Lampen können die Heizer parallel geschaltet werden und mit lediglich einer Konstant-Spannungsquelle versorgt werden. Daraus ergibt sich, daß eine externe und darüber hinaus auch dauernde Beheizung der Kathode vor allem bei Leuchtstofflampen vorteilhaft ist, die für die Wiedergabe von alphanumerischen Zeichen und Bildern im Rahmen einer Anzeigematrix, eines Displays oder dergleichen Verwendung finden.Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims. The use of a permanently heated cathode not only serves to prevent cataphoresis, but also increases the controllability of the fluorescent lamp and reduces the cathode drop. In general, external heating of the cathode is absolutely necessary when the lamp is regulated by varying the anode current and / or by pulse modulation. With a small effective lamp current, this is not sufficient to heat the cathode to full emission temperature. The external cathode heating to constant emission temperature can be done with direct or alternating current. If several lamps are operated, the heaters can be connected in parallel and supplied with only one constant voltage source. It follows from this that an external and also permanent Heating the cathode is particularly advantageous in the case of fluorescent lamps which are used for the reproduction of alphanumeric characters and images in the context of a display matrix, a display or the like.
Die Erfindung wird beispielhaft anhand einer in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsform beschrieben, in der sindThe invention is described by way of example with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing, in which are
Fig. 1 eine Draufsicht einer Leuchtstofflampe undFig. 1 is a plan view of a fluorescent lamp and
Fig. 2 ein Schnitt durch die Leuchtstofflampe längs der Linie A-A in Fig. 1.FIG. 2 shows a section through the fluorescent lamp along the line A-A in FIG. 1.
Die Leuchtstofflampe enthält ein U-förmig gebogenesThe fluorescent lamp contains a U-shaped one
Entladungsgefäß 5 aus Glas, dessen Innenwand mit einemDischarge vessel 5 made of glass, the inner wall with a
Leuchtstoff beschichtet ist. Die Rohrenden sitzen in zwei gleichförmigen Sockeln 11. Der eine Sockel trägt über den Pumpstengel 3 die Kathode 4 in Form einer oxidbeschichteten Wolframwende1, die über diePhosphor is coated. The tube ends are seated in two uniform bases 11. One base carries the cathode 4 over the pump stem 3 in the form of an oxide-coated tungsten turn 1, which over the
Kathodenheizungsanschlüsse 1 und 2 durch Energiezufuhr von außen dauernd beheizt wird und dadurch Elektronen emittiert. Der andere Sockel trägt die Anode 7 inCathode heating connections 1 and 2 are continuously heated by supplying energy from the outside and thereby emitting electrons. The other base carries the anode 7 in
Form einer Scheibe oder Ronde, deren wirksame OberflächeShape of a disc or disc, the effective surface
73 % der Querschnittsfläche des Entladungsgefäßes 5 beträgt.73% of the cross-sectional area of the discharge vessel 5.
Die Anode ist vorteilhaft mit einem Hg-Dispenser inThe anode is advantageous with a mercury dispenser in
Form einer kreisförmigen Sicke 8 versehen, die mitForm a circular bead 8 provided with
Quecksilber gefüllt ist. An der Anode 7 sind zweiMercury is filled. There are two at anode 7
Wärmeableiter 9' und 9'1 angebracht, die gleichzeitig als Anodenhalterung dienen. Die beiden Wärmeableiter 9' und 91' sind mit zwei nach außen führenden Lampenanschlußstiften 10 zur Abführung der Wärme aus der Lampe nach außen verbunden.Heat sink 9 'and 9' 1 attached, which also serve as an anode holder. The two heat dissipators 9 'and 9 1 ' are connected to two outwardly leading lamp connection pins 10 for dissipating the heat from the lamp to the outside.
Die als Metallkörper mit relativ großer Oberfläche ausgebildete Anode kann auch die Form eines Hohlzylinders, einer Halbkugel oder eines Kegelstumpfs haben.The metal body with a relatively large surface trained anode can also have the shape of a hollow cylinder, a hemisphere or a truncated cone.
Die Anodenstromdichte bei Nennleistung beträgtThe anode current density at nominal power is
-5 -7 -5 vvoorrzzuuggsswweeiissee 1100 -5 bbiiss <etwa 10 A/cm2. Mehr als 10 A/cm2 sind nicht zweckmäßig.-5 -7 -5 vvoorrzzuuggsswweeiissee 1100 -5 bbiiss <about 10 A / cm 2 . More than 10 A / cm 2 are not appropriate.
Bei einem Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem ein sogenanntes Penninggemisch verwendet wurde, z.B. Ar-Hg (angeregte Ar-Atome des metastabilen Niveaus von 11,5 eV ionisieren Hg-Atome der Ionisationsenergie 10,4 eV) , ergaben sich folgende Werte:In an embodiment in which a so-called Penning mixture was used, e.g. Ar-Hg (excited Ar atoms of the metastable level of 11.5 eV ionize Hg atoms of the ionization energy 10.4 eV), the following values resulted:
Gasdruck Ar: ca. 1 bis 10 mbarGas pressure Ar: approx. 1 to 10 mbar
Gasdruck Hg: ca. 10 -3 bis 10-2 mbarGas pressure Hg: approx. 10 -3 to 10-2 mbar
Menge Hg: 10 mg (0,7 mg/cm3)Quantity Hg: 10 mg (0.7 mg / cm 3 )
Brennspannung: ca. 25 bis 30 VBurning voltage: approx. 25 to 30 V.
Lampenstrom: 1 bis 200 mALamp current: 1 to 200 mA
Lampenleistung: 3-5 W maxLamp power: 3-5 W max
Heizleistung: ca. 0,5 bis 1 WHeating output: approx. 0.5 to 1 W.
Zündimpuls: ca. 300 bis 400 V, 2 bis 20 μsecIgnition pulse: approx. 300 to 400 V, 2 to 20 μsec
Anodenstromdichte: ca. 1 mA/mrrt2 Anode current density: approx. 1 mA / mrt 2
Lichtstrom:Luminous flux:
(Farbe Grün) ca. 250 Im (Color green) approx. 250 im
Es ist zu betonen, daß die Form des Entladungsgefäßes natürlich von der geschilderten Ausführungsform abweichen kann. Insbesondere bei der Herstellung sogenannter Pixel können langgestreckte, auch rechteckige bzw. quaderförmige Entladungsgefäße verwendet werden, welche Entladungsstrecken für die drei Farben Rot, Grün und Blau aufweisen. It should be emphasized that the shape of the discharge vessel can of course differ from the embodiment described. In particular in the production of so-called pixels, elongated, also rectangular or cuboidal discharge vessels can be used, which have discharge paths for the three colors red, green and blue.

Claims

P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e Patent claims
1. Leuchtstofflampe für unipolaren Betrieb mit einem Entladungsgefäß, mit einer Kathode und mit einer Anode, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, daß die Anode eine für die Ausbildung des elektrischen Feldes der Entladung wirksame Oberfläche von 60 - 100 % der maximalen Qüerschnittsfläche des Entladungsgefäßes, senkrecht zur Entladungsachse gemessen, besitzt.1. fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation with a discharge vessel, with a cathode and with an anode, characterized in that the anode has an effective surface for the formation of the electric field of the discharge of 60-100% of the maximum cross-sectional area of the discharge vessel, measured perpendicular to the discharge axis, owns.
2. Leuchtstofflampe nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Anode (8) mit mindestens zwei Wärmeableitern (91, 9'1) aus einem Material mit hoher thermischer Leitfähigkeit zum Abführen der Wärme aus der Lampe nach außen verbunden ist.2. Fluorescent lamp according to claim 1, characterized in that the anode (8) with at least two heat dissipators (9 1 , 9 ' 1 ) made of a material with high thermal conductivity for dissipating the heat from the lamp to the outside.
3. Leuchtstofflampe nach Anspruch 2 mit zwei Wärmeableitern, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Wärmeableiter (91, 9'*) in zwei Lampenanschlußstifte (10) übergehen.3. Fluorescent lamp according to claim 2 with two heat sinks, characterized in that the heat sinks (9 1 , 9 '*) merge into two lamp connecting pins (10).
4. Leuchtstofflampe nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, insbesondere für die Wiedergabe von alphanumerischen Zeichen und Bildern im Rahmen einer Anzeigematrix, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kathode extern und dauernd beheizt ist. 4. fluorescent lamp according to claim 1, 2 or 3, in particular for the reproduction of alphanumeric characters and images in the context of a display matrix, characterized in that the cathode is externally and continuously heated.
EP86904802A 1985-07-19 1986-07-21 Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation Expired EP0231303B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86904802T ATE46985T1 (en) 1985-07-19 1986-07-21 FLUORESCENT LAMP FOR UNIPOLAR OPERATION.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3525888A DE3525888C1 (en) 1985-07-19 1985-07-19 Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation
DE3525888 1985-07-19

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0231303A1 true EP0231303A1 (en) 1987-08-12
EP0231303B1 EP0231303B1 (en) 1989-10-04

Family

ID=6276245

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86904802A Expired EP0231303B1 (en) 1985-07-19 1986-07-21 Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4814663A (en)
EP (1) EP0231303B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS63500833A (en)
KR (1) KR910001418B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3525888C1 (en)
WO (1) WO1987000683A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63186046U (en) * 1987-05-25 1988-11-29
GB8802237D0 (en) * 1988-02-02 1988-03-02 Shell Int Research Detection of chemicals by immunoassay
US5498930A (en) * 1989-01-20 1996-03-12 Gte Products Corporation Method of dimensioning and operating a low pressure discharge lamp
DE29602733U1 (en) * 1996-02-20 1996-04-04 Holzer Walter Prof Dr H C Ing Energy-saving lamp with coiled gas discharge vessel and separable ballast
RU2010101676A (en) * 2007-06-20 2011-07-27 Конинклейке Филипс Электроникс Н.В. (Nl) CARBIDE-TANTALUM HEATING LAMP AND METHOD FOR ITS MANUFACTURE

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1990175A (en) * 1931-05-29 1935-02-05 Gen Electric Vapor Lamp Co Gaseous electric discharge device
DE617083C (en) * 1933-11-13 1935-08-12 Philips Nv Electric discharge lamp with gas filling and two glow cathodes, with an anode connected to this glow cathode being arranged in the vicinity of each glow cathode
DE923497C (en) * 1943-02-05 1955-02-14 Patra Patent Treuhand Mercury low pressure discharge lamp for direct current operation
FR1322083A (en) * 1962-05-18 1963-03-22 Lampes Sa Low pressure mercury discharge lamp for direct current operation
CH631575A5 (en) * 1978-04-28 1982-08-13 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie METHOD FOR INCREASING THE LIFE OF A GAS DISCHARGE VESSEL.
US4173730A (en) * 1978-07-11 1979-11-06 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Compact fluorescent lamp unit having integral circuit means for DC operation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO8700683A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3525888C1 (en) 1987-01-08
WO1987000683A1 (en) 1987-01-29
JPH0467744B2 (en) 1992-10-29
EP0231303B1 (en) 1989-10-04
KR910001418B1 (en) 1991-03-05
US4814663A (en) 1989-03-21
DE3666112D1 (en) 1989-11-09
KR880700448A (en) 1988-03-15
JPS63500833A (en) 1988-03-24

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