EP0231303B1 - Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation - Google Patents

Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0231303B1
EP0231303B1 EP86904802A EP86904802A EP0231303B1 EP 0231303 B1 EP0231303 B1 EP 0231303B1 EP 86904802 A EP86904802 A EP 86904802A EP 86904802 A EP86904802 A EP 86904802A EP 0231303 B1 EP0231303 B1 EP 0231303B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anode
fluorescent lamp
discharge
cathode
lamp
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86904802A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0231303A1 (en
Inventor
Helmut M. Loy
Armin Eich
Sigurd Kohler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GTE Licht GmbH
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GTE Licht GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by GTE Licht GmbH filed Critical GTE Licht GmbH
Priority to AT86904802T priority Critical patent/ATE46985T1/en
Publication of EP0231303A1 publication Critical patent/EP0231303A1/en
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Publication of EP0231303B1 publication Critical patent/EP0231303B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/067—Main electrodes for low-pressure discharge lamps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/70—Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure < 400 Torr
    • H01J61/72—Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure < 400 Torr having a main light-emitting filling of easily vaporisable metal vapour, e.g. mercury
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/067—Main electrodes for low-pressure discharge lamps
    • H01J61/0672—Main electrodes for low-pressure discharge lamps characterised by the construction of the electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H01J61/32—Special longitudinal shape, e.g. for advertising purposes
    • H01J61/325—U-shaped lamps

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation, as described in "Lichttechnik", 30th year No. 3, pages 106 to 108, 1978.
  • Such a fluorescent lamp is primarily filled with mercury vapor and the inside surface of its glass bulb is coated with fluorescent material.
  • the unipolar operation is a supply with direct current or with a clocked direct voltage, namely a voltage pulsating only with one polarity, such as a sine half-wave voltage, a rectangular pulse train, etc.
  • Ohmic stabilization resistances can be avoided, a light yield improved by 20% and more compared to conventional AC operation.
  • a mercury low-pressure discharge lamp for direct current operation is known, in which separation of the gas-steam filling is avoided by coating on the anode or on a support body adjacent to the anode and heated by it during operation with mercury amalgamated tin, copper, silver, lead or alloys of these metals.
  • Ais FR-A-1 322 083 discloses a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp for direct current operation, in which the problem of cataphoresis is solved in that the discharge vessel has connecting channels between the anode and cathode for the recycling of mercury vapor from the cathode to the anode.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation, in which the effect of cataphoresis can be largely reduced with simple means.
  • the invention is based on the finding that the cataphoresis can be largely reduced by producing a larger temperature gradient between the cathode and anode of the fluorescent lamp. Therefore, the invention will be dimensioned in accordance with the anode as large as possible so that they have a low current density, and only up to 10 5 A / cm 2 at rated power, is only slightly heated whereby the anode in spite of sufficient electron current.
  • the arrangement of heat dissipators supports the desired low temperature of the anode, which otherwise prevents blackening of the electrode material on the anode side.
  • the large anode results in a smaller anode drop, a smaller anode power loss and a higher efficiency.
  • the small anode current density also leads to a reduction in the amplitude of the relaxation vibrations in the anode region, which means that less high-frequency interference occurs.
  • a permanently heated cathode not only serves to prevent cataphoresis, but also increases the controllability of the fluorescent lamp and reduces the cathode drop.
  • external heating of the cathode is absolutely necessary when the lamp is regulated by varying the anode current and / or by pulse modulation. With a small effective lamp current, this is not sufficient to heat the cathode to full emission temperature.
  • the external cathode heating to constant emission temperature can be done with direct or alternating current. If several lamps are operated, the heaters can be connected in parallel and supplied with only one constant voltage source. The result of this is that external and, in addition, permanent heating of the cathode is particularly advantageous in the case of fluorescent lamps which are used for the reproduction of alphanumeric characters and images in the context of a display matrix, a display or the like.
  • the fluorescent lamp contains a U-shaped discharge vessel 5 made of glass, the inner wall of which is coated with a fluorescent substance.
  • the tube ends are seated in two uniform bases 11.
  • One base carries the cathode 4 in the form of a over the pump stem 3 oxide-coated tungsten filament, which is continuously heated via the cathode heating connections 1 and 2 by the supply of energy from the outside and thereby emits electrons.
  • the other base carries the anode 7 in the form of a disk or circular blank, the effective surface of which is 73% of the cross-sectional area of the discharge vessel 5.
  • the anode is advantageously provided with a mercury dispenser in the form of a circular bead 8 which is filled with mercury.
  • Two heat dissipators 9 'and 9 are attached to the anode 7 and serve simultaneously as an anode holder.
  • the two heat dissipators 9' and 9" are connected to two outwardly leading lamp connecting pins 10 for dissipating the heat from the lamp to the outside.
  • the anode designed as a metal body with a relatively large surface area can also have the shape of a hollow cylinder, a hemisphere or a truncated cone.
  • the anodic current density at rated power is preferably 10- 5 to about 10- 7 A / cm 2. More than 10- 5 A / cm 2 are not appropriate.
  • discharge vessel can of course differ from the embodiment described.
  • elongated, also rectangular or cuboidal discharge vessels can be used, which have discharge paths for the three colors red, green and blue.

Abstract

To reduce significantly the cataphoresis of a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation and lower the anode current density the anode of the tube comprises a useful surface for the formation of the electric field of the discharge equal to 60-100% of the maximum cross-sectional area of the discharge enclosure, measured at right angles to the discharge axis. It is advantageous to equip the anode with heat sink conductors in order to achieve a still higher temperature gradient. A continual external heating of the cathode ensures particularly good ignition charateristics and easy brightness regulation. This is of advantage when using the lamp for the reproduction of alphanumeric signs and images, e.g. in a matrix, display or similar device.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Leuchtstofflampe für unipolaren Betrieb, wie sie in "Lichttechnik", 30. Jahrg. Nr. 3, Seiten 106 bis 108, 1978, beschrieben ist.The invention relates to a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation, as described in "Lichttechnik", 30th year No. 3, pages 106 to 108, 1978.

Eine solche Leuchtstofflampe ist vornehmlich mit Quecksilberdampf gefüllt und die Innenfläche ihres Glaskolbens ist mit Leuchtstoff beschichtet. Der unipolare Betrieb ist eine Speisung mit Gleichstrom oder mit einer getakteten Gleichspannung, nämlich einer nur mit einer Polarität pulsierenden Spannung, wie einer Sinushalbwellenspannung, einem Rechteckimpulszug, usw. Gleichstrombetrieb, insbesondere von Niederdruck-Gasentladungslampen, erbringt aus physikalisch plausiblen und experimentell nachgewiesenen Gründen, sofern ohmsche Stabilisierungswiderstände umgangen werden können, eine um 20 % und mehr verbesserte Lichtausbeute gegenüber konventionellem Wechselstrombetrieb.Such a fluorescent lamp is primarily filled with mercury vapor and the inside surface of its glass bulb is coated with fluorescent material. The unipolar operation is a supply with direct current or with a clocked direct voltage, namely a voltage pulsating only with one polarity, such as a sine half-wave voltage, a rectangular pulse train, etc. Ohmic stabilization resistances can be avoided, a light yield improved by 20% and more compared to conventional AC operation.

Bei Gleichstrombetrieb wandern jedoch Quecksilberionen von der Anode zur Kathode, weshalb der Anodenbereich nachteiligerweise eine Quecksilberverarmung erfährt, womit die Lichtausbeute im Anodenbereich verringert wird. Diese Erscheinung wird auch als Kataphorese bezeichnet.In direct current operation, however, mercury ions migrate from the anode to the cathode, which is why the anode region is disadvantageously subjected to mercury depletion, with the result that the light yield in the anode region is reduced. This phenomenon is also called cataphoresis.

Zur Verringerung der Kataphorese ist nun bei der eingangs genannten, als Doppelrohrlampe aufgebauten Leuchtstofflampe die Verwendung eines besonderen Diaphragmas, das quecksilberdampfdurchlässig, jedoch gasentladungsdicht ist, vorgeschlagen worden. Die Verwendung eines solchen Diaphragmas und der Aufbau einer Doppelrohrlampe stellen jedoch einen erheblichen Aufwand dar.In order to reduce the cataphoresis, the use of a special diaphragm which is permeable to mercury vapor, but gas-tight, has now been proposed for the fluorescent lamp constructed at the outset as a double-tube lamp. However, the use of such a diaphragm and the construction of a double tube lamp represent a considerable effort.

Aus "Technical Newsletter", Dezember 1984, Vol. 6, Nr. 6, Seiten 1 und 2 ist eine Leuchtstofflampe bekannt, deren Kathode dauernd beheizt ist, um ideale Bedingungen für die Zündung der Bogenentladung und deren Aufrechterhaltung, sowie einen genügend hohen Hg-Dampfdruck zu schaffen, was bei hoher Schalthäufigkeit von Vorteil ist.From "Technical Newsletter", December 1984, Vol. 6, No. 6, pages 1 and 2, a fluorescent lamp is known, the cathode of which is continuously heated in order to provide ideal conditions for the ignition of the arc discharge and its maintenance, as well as a sufficiently high mercury To create steam pressure, which is an advantage with high switching frequency.

Aus DE-C-923 497 ist eine Quecksilber-Niederdruckentladungslampe für Gleichstrombetrieb bekannt, bei der eine Entmischung der Gas-Dampf-Füllung dadurch vermieden wird, daß auf der Anode oder auf einem der Anode benachbarten und im Betrieb von ihr erwärmten Trägerkörper ein Überzug aus mit Quecksilber amalgamiertem Zinn, Kupfer, Silber, Blei oder Legierungen dieser Metalle angebracht ist. Ais FR-A-1 322 083 ist eine Quecksilber-Niederdruckentladungslampe für Gleichstrombetrieb bekannt, bei der des Problem der Kataphorese dadurch gelöst wird, daß des Entladungsgefäß Verbindungskanäle zwischen Anode und Kathode für die Rückwenderung von Quecksilberdampf von der Kathode zur Anode aufweist.From DE-C-923 497 a mercury low-pressure discharge lamp for direct current operation is known, in which separation of the gas-steam filling is avoided by coating on the anode or on a support body adjacent to the anode and heated by it during operation with mercury amalgamated tin, copper, silver, lead or alloys of these metals. Ais FR-A-1 322 083 discloses a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp for direct current operation, in which the problem of cataphoresis is solved in that the discharge vessel has connecting channels between the anode and cathode for the recycling of mercury vapor from the cathode to the anode.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Leuchtstofflampe für unipolaren Betrieb zu schaffen, bei der mit einfachen Mitteln der Effekt der Kataphorese weitgehend verringert werden kann.The invention has for its object to provide a fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation, in which the effect of cataphoresis can be largely reduced with simple means.

Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1. Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. Further developments of the invention are specified in the subclaims.

Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, daß die Kataphorese dadurch weitgehend verringert werden kann, daß zwischen Kathode und Anode der Leuchtstofflampe ein größerer Temperaturgradient erzeugt wird. Deshalb wird gemäß der Erfindung die Anode möglichst großflächig bemessen, damit sie bei Nennleistung eine geringe Stromdichte, und zwar nur bis 10-5 A/cm2, hat, wodurch die Anode trotz ausreichendem Elektronenstrom nur wenig erwärmt wird. Die Anordnung von Wärmeableitern unterstützt die gewünschte niedrige Temperatur der Anode, die im übrigen ein Abschwärzen von Elektrodenmaterial auf der Anodenseite verhindert. Die großfläche Anode ergibt einen kleineren Anodenfall, eine kleinere Anodenverlustleistung und einen höheren Wirkungsgrad.The invention is based on the finding that the cataphoresis can be largely reduced by producing a larger temperature gradient between the cathode and anode of the fluorescent lamp. Therefore, the invention will be dimensioned in accordance with the anode as large as possible so that they have a low current density, and only up to 10 5 A / cm 2 at rated power, is only slightly heated whereby the anode in spite of sufficient electron current. The arrangement of heat dissipators supports the desired low temperature of the anode, which otherwise prevents blackening of the electrode material on the anode side. The large anode results in a smaller anode drop, a smaller anode power loss and a higher efficiency.

Die kleine Anodenstromdichte führt auch zu einer Verringerung der Amplitude der Relaxationsschwingungen im Anodenbereich, womit geringere Hochfrequenzstörungen auftreten.The small anode current density also leads to a reduction in the amplitude of the relaxation vibrations in the anode region, which means that less high-frequency interference occurs.

Weitere, vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche. Dabei dient die Verwendung einer dauernd beheizten Kathode nicht nur der Verhinderung der Kataphorese, sondern sie erhöht auch die Steuerbarkeit der Leuchtstofflampe und vermindert den Kathodenfall. Ganz allgemein ist eine externe Heizung der Kathode zwingend erforderlich bei Helligkeitsregelung der Lampe durch Variation des Anodenstromes und/oder durch Impulsmodulation. Bei kleinem effektivem Lampenstrom reicht dieser nämlich nicht aus, um die Kathode auf volle Emissionstemperatur zu heizen. Die externe Kathodenheizung auf konstante Emissionstemperatur kann mit Gleich- oder Wechselstrom erfolgen. Bei Betrieb mehrerer Lampen können die Heizer parallel geschaltet werden und mit lediglich einer KonstantSpannungsquelle versorgt werden. Daraus ergibt sich, daß eine externe und darüber hinaus auch dauernde Beheizung der Kathode vor allem bei Leuchtstofflampen vorteilhaft ist, die für die Wiedergabe von alphanumerischen Zeichen und Bildern im Rahmen einer Anzeigematrix, eines Displays oder dergleichen Verwendung finden.Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims. The use of a permanently heated cathode not only serves to prevent cataphoresis, but also increases the controllability of the fluorescent lamp and reduces the cathode drop. In general, external heating of the cathode is absolutely necessary when the lamp is regulated by varying the anode current and / or by pulse modulation. With a small effective lamp current, this is not sufficient to heat the cathode to full emission temperature. The external cathode heating to constant emission temperature can be done with direct or alternating current. If several lamps are operated, the heaters can be connected in parallel and supplied with only one constant voltage source. The result of this is that external and, in addition, permanent heating of the cathode is particularly advantageous in the case of fluorescent lamps which are used for the reproduction of alphanumeric characters and images in the context of a display matrix, a display or the like.

Die Erfindung wird beispielhaft anhand einer in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsform beschrieben, in der sind

  • Fig. 1 eine Draufsicht einer Leuchtstofflampe und
  • Fig. 2 ein Schnitt durch die Leuchtstofflampe längs der Linie A - A in Fig. 1.
The invention is described by way of example with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing, in which are
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view of a fluorescent lamp and
  • FIG. 2 shows a section through the fluorescent lamp along the line AA in FIG. 1.

Die Leuchtstofflampe enthält ein U-förmig gebogenes Entladungsgefäß 5 aus Glas, dessen Innenwand mit einem Leuchtstoff beschichtet ist. Die Rohrenden sitzen in zwei gleichförmigen Sockeln 11. Der eine Sockel trägt über den Pumpstengel 3 die Kathode 4 in Form einer oxidbeschichteten Wolframwendel, die über die Kathodenheizungsanschlüsse 1 und 2 durch Energiezufuhr von außen dauernd beheizt wird und dadurch Elektronen emittie t. Der andere Sockel trägt die Anode 7 in Form einer Scheibe oder Ronde, deren wirksame Oberfläche 73 % der Querschnittsfläche des Entladungsgefäßes 5 beträgt. Die Anode ist vorteilhaft mit einem Hg-Dispenser in Form einer kreisförmigen Sicke 8 versehen, die mit Quecksilber gefüllt ist. An der Anode 7 sind zwei Wärmeableiter 9' und 9" angebracht, die gleichzeitig als Anodenhalterung dienen. Die beiden Wärmeableiter 9' und 9" sind mit zwei nach außen führenden Lampenanschlußstiften 10 zur Abführung der Wärme aus der Lampe nach außen verbunden.The fluorescent lamp contains a U-shaped discharge vessel 5 made of glass, the inner wall of which is coated with a fluorescent substance. The tube ends are seated in two uniform bases 11. One base carries the cathode 4 in the form of a over the pump stem 3 oxide-coated tungsten filament, which is continuously heated via the cathode heating connections 1 and 2 by the supply of energy from the outside and thereby emits electrons. The other base carries the anode 7 in the form of a disk or circular blank, the effective surface of which is 73% of the cross-sectional area of the discharge vessel 5. The anode is advantageously provided with a mercury dispenser in the form of a circular bead 8 which is filled with mercury. Two heat dissipators 9 'and 9 "are attached to the anode 7 and serve simultaneously as an anode holder. The two heat dissipators 9' and 9" are connected to two outwardly leading lamp connecting pins 10 for dissipating the heat from the lamp to the outside.

Die als Metallkörper mit relativ großer Oberfläche ausgebildete Anode kann auch die Form eines Hohlzylinders, einer Halbkugel oder eines Kegelstumpfs haben.The anode designed as a metal body with a relatively large surface area can also have the shape of a hollow cylinder, a hemisphere or a truncated cone.

Die Anodenstromdichte bei Nennleistung beträgt vorzugsweise 10-5 bis etwa 10-7 A/cm2. Mehr als 10-5 A/cm2 sind nicht zweckmäßig.The anodic current density at rated power is preferably 10- 5 to about 10- 7 A / cm 2. More than 10- 5 A / cm 2 are not appropriate.

Bei einem Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem ein sogenanntes Penninggemisch verwendet wurde, z. B. Ar-Hg' (angeregte Ar-Atome des metastabilen Niveaus von 11,5 eV ionisieren Hg-Atome der lonisationsenergie 10,4 eV), ergaben sich folgende Werte:

  • Gasdruck Ar: ca. 1 bis 10 mbar
  • Gasdruck Hg: ca. 10-3 bis 10-2 mbar
  • Menge Hg: 10 mg (0,7 mg/cm3)
  • Brennspannung: ca. 25 bis 30 V
  • Lampenstrom: 1 bis 200 mA
  • Lampenleistung: 3 - 5 W max
  • Heizleistung: ca. 0,5 bis 1 W
  • Zündimpuls: ca. 300 bis 400 V,
    • 2 bis 20 llSec
  • Anodenstromdichte: ca. 1 mA/mm2
  • Lichtstrom:
  • (Farbe Grün) ca. 250 Im
In one embodiment in which a so-called Penning mixture was used, e.g. B. Ar-Hg '(excited Ar atoms of the metastable level of 11.5 eV ionize Hg atoms of the ionization energy 10.4 eV), the following values resulted:
  • Gas pressure Ar: approx. 1 to 10 mbar
  • Gas pressure Hg: approx. 10-3 to 10-2 mbar
  • Quantity Hg: 10 mg (0.7 mg / cm 3 )
  • Burning voltage: approx. 25 to 30 V.
  • Lamp current: 1 to 200 mA
  • Lamp power: 3 - 5 W max
  • Heating output: approx. 0.5 to 1 W.
  • Ignition pulse: approx. 300 to 400 V,
    • 2 to 20 l l S ec
  • Anode current density: approx. 1 mA / mm 2
  • Luminous flux:
  • (Color green) approx. 250 im

Es ist zu betonen, daß die Form des Entladungsgefäßes natürlich von der geschilderten Ausführungsform abweichen kann. Insbesondere bei der Herstellung sogenannter Pixel können langgestreckte, auch rechteckige bzw. quaderförmige Entladungsgefäße verwendet werden, welche Entladungsstrecken für die drei Farben Rot, Grün und Blau aufweisen.It should be emphasized that the shape of the discharge vessel can of course differ from the embodiment described. In particular in the production of so-called pixels, elongated, also rectangular or cuboidal discharge vessels can be used, which have discharge paths for the three colors red, green and blue.

Claims (4)

1. A mercury fluorescent lamp for unipolar mode of operation having a discharge envelope, a cathode and an anode, characterized in that the anode has for the reduction of the cataphoresis a surface effective for the formation of the electric field of the discharge which amounts to 60 to 100 % of the maximal cross-sectional area of the discharge envelope, measured vertically to the discharge axis.
2. The fluorescent lamp according to claim 1, characterized in that the anode (8) is connected to at least two heat dissipators (9', 9") of a material having a high thermal conductivity for carrying off of the heat from the lamp outwardly.
3. The fluorescent lamp according to claim 2 having two heat dissipators, characterized in that the heat dissipators (9', 9") merge into two lamp connection pins (10).
4. A fluorescent lamp according to claim 1, 2 or 3, in particular for the reproduction of alphanumeric characters (letters and numbers) and images within the scope of a display matrix, characterized in that the cathode is externally and permanently heated.
EP86904802A 1985-07-19 1986-07-21 Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation Expired EP0231303B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86904802T ATE46985T1 (en) 1985-07-19 1986-07-21 FLUORESCENT LAMP FOR UNIPOLAR OPERATION.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3525888A DE3525888C1 (en) 1985-07-19 1985-07-19 Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation
DE3525888 1985-07-19

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0231303A1 EP0231303A1 (en) 1987-08-12
EP0231303B1 true EP0231303B1 (en) 1989-10-04

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ID=6276245

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86904802A Expired EP0231303B1 (en) 1985-07-19 1986-07-21 Fluorescent lamp for unipolar operation

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4814663A (en)
EP (1) EP0231303B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS63500833A (en)
KR (1) KR910001418B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3525888C1 (en)
WO (1) WO1987000683A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63186046U (en) * 1987-05-25 1988-11-29
GB8802237D0 (en) * 1988-02-02 1988-03-02 Shell Int Research Detection of chemicals by immunoassay
US5498930A (en) * 1989-01-20 1996-03-12 Gte Products Corporation Method of dimensioning and operating a low pressure discharge lamp
DE29602733U1 (en) * 1996-02-20 1996-04-04 Holzer Walter Prof Dr H C Ing Energy-saving lamp with coiled gas discharge vessel and separable ballast
WO2008155687A2 (en) * 2007-06-20 2008-12-24 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Tantalum carbide filament lamp and process for the production thereof

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1990175A (en) * 1931-05-29 1935-02-05 Gen Electric Vapor Lamp Co Gaseous electric discharge device
DE617083C (en) * 1933-11-13 1935-08-12 Philips Nv Electric discharge lamp with gas filling and two glow cathodes, with an anode connected to this glow cathode being arranged in the vicinity of each glow cathode
DE923497C (en) * 1943-02-05 1955-02-14 Patra Patent Treuhand Mercury low pressure discharge lamp for direct current operation
FR1322083A (en) * 1962-05-18 1963-03-22 Lampes Sa Low pressure mercury discharge lamp for direct current operation
CH631575A5 (en) * 1978-04-28 1982-08-13 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie METHOD FOR INCREASING THE LIFE OF A GAS DISCHARGE VESSEL.
US4173730A (en) * 1978-07-11 1979-11-06 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Compact fluorescent lamp unit having integral circuit means for DC operation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3666112D1 (en) 1989-11-09
KR910001418B1 (en) 1991-03-05
EP0231303A1 (en) 1987-08-12
WO1987000683A1 (en) 1987-01-29
DE3525888C1 (en) 1987-01-08
JPH0467744B2 (en) 1992-10-29
KR880700448A (en) 1988-03-15
US4814663A (en) 1989-03-21
JPS63500833A (en) 1988-03-24

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