EP0225299A2 - Stab für flache Strukturen aus räumlichen Fachwerken ohne Knotenpunkte - Google Patents

Stab für flache Strukturen aus räumlichen Fachwerken ohne Knotenpunkte Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0225299A2
EP0225299A2 EP86830363A EP86830363A EP0225299A2 EP 0225299 A2 EP0225299 A2 EP 0225299A2 EP 86830363 A EP86830363 A EP 86830363A EP 86830363 A EP86830363 A EP 86830363A EP 0225299 A2 EP0225299 A2 EP 0225299A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flanges
bar
bars
shank
planes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP86830363A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0225299A3 (en
EP0225299B1 (de
Inventor
Saverio Bono
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bongiorni Annabella
Buratti Maria Maddalena
Mori Lamberto
Original Assignee
Bongiorni Annabella
Buratti Maria Maddalena
Mori Lamberto
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bongiorni Annabella, Buratti Maria Maddalena, Mori Lamberto filed Critical Bongiorni Annabella
Publication of EP0225299A2 publication Critical patent/EP0225299A2/de
Publication of EP0225299A3 publication Critical patent/EP0225299A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0225299B1 publication Critical patent/EP0225299B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/1933—Struts specially adapted therefor of polygonal, e.g. square, cross section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/1936—Winged profiles, e.g. with a L-, T-, U- or X-shaped cross section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1975—Frameworks where the struts are directly connected to each other, i.e. without interposed connecting nodes or plates

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved type bar, for junction planar three-dimensional Lattice or truss structures without junction knots, the structures formed in this way and a fastening device particularly adapted to Join said bars together in such a structure.
  • Three-dimensionaL Lattice structures are known, particularly for covering more or Less extended areas, which are assembled by connecting together metal rods or bars in various ways, being required in any case some kind of connecting knot elements at the joints, even in the istance of single or multi-layered planar truss structures.
  • the rods whose geometrical axes effectively converge in a single point are never directly joined to each other, but it was always been preferred to provide the mutual connections by means of an auxiliary element that materializes, so to speak, the geometrical knot.
  • a number of embodiments are known for said connecting knot eLements, of more or Less complex construction depending upon the type of structure to be obtained, and in particular upon the number of rods converging towards each knot, but, in any case, it is necessary that in addition to the rods, provision is also made for these usuaLLy expensive elements which require skiLLed labour for the assembly thereof. While this can aLL be justified, from a financial point of view, for important structures, designed to cover very Large size areas, it is not so for Less extended DCLings, where it would be desirabLe to use, as the only structural members, extruded material rods made for instance from aluminum alloy, and the related fastening means.
  • Said mechanical fastening obtained by means of ordinary bolts, rivets, pins and so on, or preferably, where justified, by means of an improved bolt particularly adapted to be inserted in the narrow areas between said rod flanges, provides the necessary stiffness to the three-dimensional structure thus assembled.
  • the bar or rod of the invention is characterized by comprising at Least three substantially radiaLLy extended fLanges, each flange having a first surface which defines a plane belonging to a sheaf of planes having its axis coincident with the LongitudinaL axis of said bar, the other surface or each rod fLange being offset from the associated plane of the sheaf, always directed to the same direction of rotation around said LongitudinaL axis or else, only in those cases where the flanges are an even number, being symmetrically arranged relative to a plane bisecting a pair of opposite angles defined by said planes, where these angles in any case, at Least at the bar ends, are such as to allow for the coupling of rods having at Least the same number of flanges with the same angles, by means of overlapping in a position of planar coincidence relationship of the flanges corresponding to conjugate connecting planes.
  • Figs. 1 and 1a show a planar three-dimensional Lattice structure, in particular a single-layered structure, that can be advantageously built by fastening the bars of the invention to each other without nodal connecting elements in the areas where several bars meet, which are shown here simply by the LongitudinaL axes thereof.
  • This kind of a structure which could of course comprise two or more Layers, one over the other, includes a certain number of square Loop elements 10 adjacent to each other, and forming the base of pyramidal elements 3 whose apex is Located in a geometrical knot point 0.
  • Rods or bars 1 form the sides and the diagonals of Loop elements 10 and of pyramidal elements 3.
  • a maximum of eight rods 1 can converge towards an apex 0, while in the instance where more Layers are provided the rods can be twelve in number.
  • bars 1 An essential requirement that has to be met by bars 1 according to this invention is that they must have substantially radial members, or suitably oriented "fLanges" 5, in order to define, about the bar Longitudinal axis, such angles as to aLLow for an overlapping in a position of geometrical planar coincidence of the conjugate flanges belonging to bars whose axes converge in the same joint point 0 which is the virtual center of the knot or, as it could be better defined, a "no-knot node”since the same point is not materialized in the space as an actual structure element.
  • the angular arrangement of flanges 5 of a certain bar 1 is then related according to the invention, to the angles mutually formed by the same bars to each other, or better by the LongitudinaL axes thereof.
  • Figs. 2 and 2a said concept is better described making reference to a purely geometricaL representation, respectively of a single pyramidal element 3, taken out of a square Looped Lattice structure, as shown in Figs. 1 and 1a, and of a node 0' taken as the origin of a set of three coordinate axes in order to determine the angle orientation of a diagonal rod having its origin in said node.
  • the subject diagonal rod is that designated 1' in Fig. 2 wherein there is also shown the three coordinate axes x, y, and z, then reproduced in Fig. 2a.
  • a unitary Length of rod 1' whose components along the three coordinate axes are a, b, and c, respectively, while the angles that said unitary Length form with the three coordinate axes in the planes marked by shading respectively with horizontal lines, sloping Lines and dots have been shown as ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ .
  • the foLLowing equations can be obtained: therefore a, b and c are those quantities usuaLLy defined as the diagonal rod 1' direction cosines referred to the three coordinate axes, two of which coincide with two bars of square Looped element 10, or base of the pyramidal element 3.
  • angular orientation of flanges 5 of each bar 1 has to be a function of said direction cosines in order to obtain a mutual planar direct flange connection in a point where the bars meet.
  • angLe ⁇ between these fLanges is simply given by the following equation: as can be verified starting from the equations given above.
  • the same and the supplement 180°- ⁇ thereof identify two X-oriented planes intersecting along the bar Longitudinal axis and providing the conjugate planes which must be mutuaLLy coincident at the node geometrical virtual center (or "no-knot node").
  • the LongitudinaL geometrical axis of the bars is considered as the axis of a sheaf of planes whose direction cosines coincide with those of the bars; among the planes belonging to said sheaf just those conjugate planes are determined, as shown in Figs. 3a and 3b, which provide the geometrical coupling planes, in particuLar by means of the above equation.
  • the contact surfaces between two matching flanges are determined in this way, as indicated on the drawing by a thicker dash-and-dot Line, but of course the flanges have a thickness, Limited only by the size of mechanical junction elements in addition to cost evaluations related to the weight of the overaLL structure. Due to said thickness the flanges cannot be defined as actuaLLy radial with respect to the bar geometrical axis as, if a surface thereof coincides with one of said planes, this is not true for the second one which wiLL be offset from said plane, for aLL the flanges of a same bar, in the same direction, clockwise or counterclockwise, when rotating around the bar geometrical axis as it is shown in Fig.
  • the values of the angles defined between the flange planes depend upon the geometrical properties of the modular Lattice structure, and therefore they depend for instance, upon the different height that is desired for the structural layer of Fig. 1, since the diagonal rod angles, and consequently the direction cosines thereof, are in fact a function of said height.
  • Figs. 4 and 4a there is shown the meeting area, about a nodal point 0, of only the rods visible in the foreground among the twelve that can converge with their geometrical axes in the point 0, of a two-Layered pyramidal Lattice structure.
  • Rods 5 have been shown here as X-shaped rods and bars, and in Fig. 4 without the central intersection area, whereby they are caused to be Lightened while of course an outer tubular element (not shown) is provided, which encircles and rigidLy restrains the flanges. In this way the connection surface and its efficiency are increased, but obviously other different embodiments are possible (as shown for instance in Fig.
  • the bar can have any desired shape, with any desired flange orientation, provided that, at Least at the ends thereof designed for connection to other bars, its flanges have the orientation necessary to ensure that the flanges can overlap at conjugate connection planes.
  • the diagonal rods provide the connecting element between the stringers.
  • Fig. 4 and 4a there is also schematically shown the fastening means 7 for mechanical connection of the overlapping flanges of bars converging towards the centre point 0, having only the function of withstanding shear stresses.
  • this invention provides for use of an expansion head type bolt which is described in the foLLowing referring to Fig. 5.
  • BoLt 11 is shown in a side view outside a rod 1 having fLanges 5 shaped as shown in Fig. 4 or, more completeLy, in Fig.
  • an expansion head bolt 11 which advantageously embodies a fastening device 7, according to the invention comprises a partially threaded shank 21 provided with a central through bore, a cyLindricaL pin 23 being housed in said through bore and having an end thereof shaped as a square tang 23a, whiLe the other end is shaped as a conical disc 25. Both ends 23a and 25 project from shank 21 and pin 23 is made integral therewith by means of a suitable bonding adhesive.
  • the size of the maximum diameter section of pin conical head 25 is equal, and in any case no Larger than the outer diameter of shank 21, in order to define, together with the associate end of shank 21, a cavity adapted to provide a seat for helical spring 20 whose inner end is attached to pin 23, said spring being normally held into position by a washer 27 whose inner diameter corresponds, irrespective of a smaLL clearance, to the outer diameter of shank 21.
  • a tightening nut 29 is screwed.
  • the bolt 11 can be inserted and tightened in any case operating from the same side, i.e. the side of tang 23a, no operation being necessary on the other side of the bolted connection, that side having been chosen that affords more room available, i.e. a larger angular opening, as it is apparent from Fig. 5.
  • shank 21 carrying the pin integral therewith is inserted in the aperture provided on the flanges to be joined, starting with end 25.
  • FIG. 6 to 13 some examples of four flanged rod cross-sections are shown, aLL of which can be circumscribed in a circle, among them those of Figs. 6, 7 and 8 having a continuous open X-shape, which in Figs. 7 and 8 is provided with dependent peripheral elements.
  • Figs. 9 and 10 show two additional examples of bars formed of enclosed tubular elements having inner or outer flanges; i.e. converging from the periphery towards the center of diverging towards the periphery, respectively.
  • WhiLe the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 6 has already been shown in Fig. 4a
  • the one of Fig. 9 has already been shown in Figs. 4 and 5, and in particular in Fig.
  • Fig. 11 is rather different, but always in accordance with the requirements of the invention, as it comprises a simple tubular element having LocaL flanges, only at each rod end, wherein the flanges are formed for instance by plastic deformation of the tube, or by addition of material.
  • the flanges have the required angular orientation to aLLow for coupling.with conjugate flanges of converging rods, even though at the ends only, for instance by means of material added. It is understood that where the necessary shape is provided at the ends only, the advantage of obtaining a constant cross-section bar by means of a simple extrusion process is Lost.
  • outer upper and Lower planes can be completed by using stub sections of the missing diagonals, or by means of wings made as Lengths of the missing diagonal rod flanges.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
EP86830363A 1985-12-05 1986-12-05 Stab für flache Strukturen aus räumlichen Fachwerken ohne Knotenpunkte Expired EP0225299B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT23108/85A IT1186403B (it) 1985-12-05 1985-12-05 Asta perfezionata per formare struttura reticolari spaziali piane senza nodi di connessione
IT2310885 1985-12-05

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0225299A2 true EP0225299A2 (de) 1987-06-10
EP0225299A3 EP0225299A3 (en) 1987-08-26
EP0225299B1 EP0225299B1 (de) 1990-10-10

Family

ID=11203861

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86830363A Expired EP0225299B1 (de) 1985-12-05 1986-12-05 Stab für flache Strukturen aus räumlichen Fachwerken ohne Knotenpunkte

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0225299B1 (de)
DE (1) DE3674889D1 (de)
IT (1) IT1186403B (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996025565A1 (en) * 1995-02-13 1996-08-22 Rautaruukki Oy Space truss structure without node pieces
ES2328201A1 (es) * 2007-03-30 2009-11-10 Jaime Alberto Sarmiento Ocampo Autoconstruccion industrializada modular y climatizada por autoventilacion natural.
EP2631378A1 (de) * 2010-10-21 2013-08-28 Europea de Construcciones Metalicas, S.A. Direkte verbindung zwischen einem rohr und einem flachen element
US11324322B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2022-05-10 Steelcase Inc. Compliant seating structure
US11324323B2 (en) 2019-09-18 2022-05-10 Steelcase Inc. Body support member with lattice structure

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU520837B2 (en) * 1977-05-17 1982-03-04 Hibble, R.M. Space frame

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU520837B2 (en) * 1977-05-17 1982-03-04 Hibble, R.M. Space frame

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996025565A1 (en) * 1995-02-13 1996-08-22 Rautaruukki Oy Space truss structure without node pieces
ES2328201A1 (es) * 2007-03-30 2009-11-10 Jaime Alberto Sarmiento Ocampo Autoconstruccion industrializada modular y climatizada por autoventilacion natural.
EP2631378A1 (de) * 2010-10-21 2013-08-28 Europea de Construcciones Metalicas, S.A. Direkte verbindung zwischen einem rohr und einem flachen element
EP2631378A4 (de) * 2010-10-21 2014-08-13 Europ De Construcciones Metalicas S A Direkte verbindung zwischen einem rohr und einem flachen element
US9291185B2 (en) 2010-10-21 2016-03-22 Europea De Construcciones Metalicas, S.A. Direct connection between a tube and a flat element
US11324322B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2022-05-10 Steelcase Inc. Compliant seating structure
US11771227B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2023-10-03 Steelcase Inc. Compliant seating structure
US11324323B2 (en) 2019-09-18 2022-05-10 Steelcase Inc. Body support member with lattice structure
US11974676B2 (en) 2019-09-18 2024-05-07 Steelcase Inc. Body support member with lattice structure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1186403B (it) 1987-11-26
IT8523108A0 (it) 1985-12-05
EP0225299A3 (en) 1987-08-26
DE3674889D1 (de) 1990-11-15
EP0225299B1 (de) 1990-10-10

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