EP0224522B1 - Method for metal forming without cutting - Google Patents

Abstract

Method for non-cutting forming of metals using polymerizates in the form of homo- and copolymerizates of 1-olefins, oxidants of said homo- or copolymerizates, or saponification or esterification products of said oxidants as lubricants. The polymerizates are solids and have preferably melting points higher than 100oC and melting viscosities higher than 100 mPa.s at 170oC, the acid index of the oxidants being higher than 5. Said lubricants are used in the form of pure solid or in the form of compositions wherein they are mixed with additives and/or suspension agents, dispersion agents or solvents known per se.

Description

Metallic molded parts are often produced by non-cutting shaping, whereby the workpiece is given the desired shape without or with preheating due to the action of high external forces. Types of non-cutting metal forming are e.g. wire, bar, tube, profile, deep drawing and ironing, as well as cold extrusion, cold upsetting, pilgrimage, cold and hot rolling or forging.

It is known to use lubricants in non-cutting metal forming to improve results by reducing the friction between the workpiece and the mold. Mineral oils with or without high-pressure additives, animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes and metal soaps based on fatty acids, in particular based on stearic acid, are used as lubricants.

When using the known lubricants, the non-cutting shaping of metals leads to unsatisfactory results in many respects. The desired high degrees of forming and forming speeds are often not achieved. The desired dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the workpieces as well as a sufficiently long service life of the tools are also not achieved as a result of cold welding and drawing groove formation. In addition, in order to achieve a noticeable lubricating effect, conventional lubricants often require additives containing chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus, which discolour or corrode the metal surfaces and heavily pollute the environment. The disadvantages mentioned occur in particular in more difficult cases of metal forming, for example in wire drawing, tube drawing, profile drawing, cold extrusion or die forging of steels, especially of higher-alloy steels. In more difficult cases, metal forming using conventional lubricants is generally only possible if additional separating or lubricant carrier layers are applied to the workpiece surface before the forming. The application of the separating or lubricant carrier layers generally has to be chemically complex by reaction of mostly certain salt solutions with the workpiece surface with the formation of corresponding coatings on the workpiece surface follow (eg "phosphating", "oxalating"). A physical application by letting salt solutions dry on the surface of the workpiece is only sufficient in less difficult cases, although the physical application often gives completely inadequate results. The separating layers also often impair the surface quality of the workpieces and require a great deal of effort to remove them before the workpieces are further processed, and waste water that requires reprocessing also occurs. In addition, the effect of the separating or carrier layers in difficult cases of metal forming is often insufficient to achieve acceptable forming results.

From EP-A-0 028 384 it is known that products for the aerial oxidation of polymers of ethylene with 0.5 to 50% by weight of other olefinic, oxygen-containing comonomers provide waxy products which are used as household floor care products or as lubricants for the Plastic processing are suitable. They have the advantages of drying out their emulsions with a high degree of self-gloss and forming non-slip films or, when used as a lubricant for plastics processing, of ensuring high transparency and high output rates.

From DE-OS 30 47 915 it is also known that bright, hard, oxygen-containing wax products are formed by oxidation of powdered or molten polyolefins with sulfuric acid chromic acid solution.

In addition to the preferred use in the cleaning agent field, both of the publications mentioned mention, obviously in a purely speculative manner, numerous other possibilities of use, without containing any further details or making the actual suitability of these products believable for all these uses.

This applies in particular to the mention of a use as a lubricant for metalworking, this general term encompassing machining as well as non-cutting machining. However, it is the skilled person It is well known that the requirements for a lubricant for non-cutting metal processing are very different from those for metal cutting. In particular, the obviously purely speculative mention of a suitability as a lubricant for metalworking does not give a person skilled in the art who wants to improve a process for the non-cutting shaping of metals, in particular also a process which is known to be difficult to carry out, such as wire drawing, tube drawing, profile drawing, cold extrusion or die forging of steels Reason to expect the desired solution to his problem from the products of the above publications which are clearly different from one another, and such a specialist does not receive any reworkable teaching on technical action from the casual comments of the publications mentioned.

The invention has for its object to improve a method for the non-cutting forming of metals using a synthetic lubricant, which may be used in conjunction with separating and / or lubricant carrier layers, so that higher degrees of forming and higher forming speeds can be achieved with such methods and Workpieces can be obtained that have higher dimensional accuracy and better surface quality, while longer tool life is achieved.

This object is achieved according to the present invention by a process for the non-cutting shaping of metals using a synthetic lubricant, which is optionally used in conjunction with separating and / or lubricant carrier layers, which is characterized in that the lubricant is selected from the products of Air oxidation of polymers of 1-olefins with acid numbers between 5 and 150 mg KOH / g, melt viscosities between 5 and 100000 mPa s at 160 ° C and melting points above 90 ° C as well

Esterification and saponification products of these oxidation products and mixtures of the substances mentioned, this lubricant being used in pure form or in a mixture with other mixture components of lubricants known per se.

The advantages achieved by the invention compared to known methods are, in particular, that higher degrees of forming and higher forming speeds, higher dimensional accuracy and better surface qualities of the workpieces as well as longer tool life are achieved. The reshaping can also be carried out with significantly reduced energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. In addition, in many cases the application of additional separating or lubricant carrier layers can be simplified or eliminated entirely.

The oxidants of polymers of 1-olefins used as lubricants in the process according to the invention are oxidates of homopolymers of C₂-C ₁₈ -alkenes with a terminal double bond, preferably the C₂-C ₁₂ -alkenes, especially of ethene, propene and 1-butene , 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene and 1-octene, and copolymers of these 1-olefins with one another and also from copolymers of these 1-olefins with up to 50, preferably up to 30, in particular up to 20, but above all up to 15% by weight of oxygen-containing 1-olefins.

Polymers used in the luff oxidation are, for example, the commercially available polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, etc., as are obtained by known processes, for example by high, medium or low pressure polymerization. Copolymers of 1-olefins contain at least two different 1-olefin building blocks at the same time. These include, for example, polyethylenes with a content of up to 30, preferably up to 20, in particular up to 10,% by weight of other 1-olefins such as propene, 1-butene, etc. Also the copolymers of ethylene which have recently become available under the name LLDPE higher 1-olefins are to be expected here. Copolymers of 1-olefins with oxygen-containing olefins are, for example, copolymers of ethylene with vinyl esters of carboxylic acids such as vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate, furthermore with vinyl ethers or 1,2-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic acid, maleic acid Itaconic acid mesaconic acid or the esters of these acids. It is possible to use low molecular weight wax-like polymers with molecular weights between 200 and 20,000 (melt viscosities approx. 5 to 100,000 mPas at 160 ° C) and higher molecular weight, plastic-like polymers with molecular weights between 20,000 and 5000000 (melt index MFI 190/2, 16 approx. 1000 to 0 , 001 g / 10 min.).

The oxidation products of the polymers are understood to mean products which are formed by air oxidation of the polymers. They can be produced by known processes, e.g. from low molecular weight polymers by mixing the polymers in the molten state with air or particularly advantageously from higher molecular weight polymers by treating the polymers at elevated temperatures with air in the solid state or in the molten state, finely divided in an inert dispersion medium. Such a method is described in DE-OS 20 35 706. The oxidates have acid numbers between 5 and 150, preferably between 10 and 70, advantageously between 15 and 50, in particular between 20 and 45 mg KOH / g, and melt viscosities between 5 and 100,000, preferably between 50 and 50,000, advantageously between 100 and 30,000, in particular between 500 and 20,000, especially between 1,000 and 15,000 mPas at 160 ° C. Their melting points are above 90, preferably above 100, in particular above 110, especially above 115 ° C. The melting points of the oxidates of copolymers are rather in the lower of the ranges specified. In particular, oxidates with a high content of dicarboxylic acids (> 10, preferably> 20, advantageously> 40, in particular> 60, in particular> 80% by weight), such as those formed in the oxidation of higher molecular weight polymers (molecular weights> 5000, preferably> 10000) , and oxidates with comparatively high melting points, high melt viscosities, high crystallinities and high polarities have excellent properties as lubricants in metal forming, even in difficult cases.

The esterification and / or saponification products of the oxidates are obtained by partially or completely esterifying or saponifying or partially esterifying the oxidates with mono- or polyhydric alcohols or with mono- or trihydric metal ions or with ammonium ions, and then partially or esterifying the still free carboxyl groups completely saponified.

The following are mainly considered as esterification components: monovalent C 1 -C ₂₂ -alkanols, dihydric alcohols such as 1, 2-ethanediol, 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 4-butanediol or ether alcohols such as diethylene glycol and higher polyalkylene glycols, further higher alcohols such as trimethylol propane or Pentaerythritol, optionally in a mixture with one another. As saponification components are usually Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Pb ²⁺ , Al ³⁺ , NH₄⁺ and ammonium ions of organic amines in the form of their hydroxides, Carbonates, acetates, stearates and other salts used, optionally in a mixture with one another. The esterification or saponification is carried out generally in a known manner by stirring the molten oxidates with the esterification or saponification components, if appropriate in the presence of suitable catalysts, to the desired degree of esterification or saponification. Such an ancestor is described in DE-OS 22 01 862. The esterification or saponification can also be carried out by intimately mixing the solid powdered, suspended, dispersed or dissolved oxidates with the solid, suspended, dispersed or dissolved reactants. When using suspended, dispersed or dissolved reaction partners, the resulting product can be used for the process according to the invention in moist, optionally in suspended or dispersed form, or after drying in powder form. In another embodiment, the saponification products can be prepared by stirring the oxidation products or the partially pre-esterified oxidation products in the molten state, optionally with the addition of emulsifiers, with the saponification component dissolved or dispersed in water. This results in aqueous solutions or dispersions of the saponification products, which as such can also be used advantageously for the process according to the invention.

The saponification products, less the esterification products, generally have higher melting points and melt viscosities than the underlying oxidates. In the case of the saponification products, the melting points are above 100, preferably above 110, in particular above 120, advantageously above 130, especially above 140 ° C., the melt viscosities above 100, preferably above 500, in particular above 1000, advantageously above 3000, especially above 5000 mPas at 180 ° C. The lower of the ranges specified apply to the esterification products. The esterification and / or saponification products have, in certain respects, further optimized lubrication properties compared to the oxidates due to a specially given combination of comparatively high melting points, high melt viscosities, high crystallinities as well as a special balance between polar and non-polar components. The saponification products in particular have proven to be particularly advantageous, as they form lubricating films with particularly excellent sliding, adhesive and separating properties and increased tear resistance and maintain these properties even under extreme pressure and temperature loads. The esterified and especially the saponified oxidation products are therefore particularly suitable for use as a lubricant in difficult metal forming processes, e.g. tube drawing, profile drawing, wire drawing, pilgrimage, rolling, cold extrusion, upsetting or Forging, preferably in the case of difficult-to-deform metals such as steels, especially high-alloy steels, also stainless steels, for example acid-proof chrome and chrome-nickel steels.

The oxidates or the esterification and / or saponification products can be used for the process according to the invention on their own, in a mixture with one another or in a mixture with other substances as lubricants for the shaping of metals. Other mixture components that can be considered are, for example, mineral oils, vegetable or animal oils, fats, waxes or resins and also fatty acids, fatty alcohols, soaps, synthetic resins or oils, preferably polyalkylene glycols and their derivatives, very low molecular weight polyethylenes or esters. In addition, customary additives such as high-pressure active substances (for example chlorine, sulfur or phosphorus-containing substances), pigments and fillers (for example lime, chalk, talc, borax, soda, mica, graphite, molybdenum disulphide, tungsten disulphide, boron nitride, iodine), Glass) emulsifiers, surfactants, wetting agents, thickeners (eg montmorillonite), adhesion improvers, binders, corrosion inhibitors and antioxidants are added to round off the properties.

The oxidates or the esterification and / or saponification products of the oxidates can be used as lubricants in the form of powders, suspensions, dispersions or solutions for the process according to the invention. In powder form, the lubricants have good free-flowing properties which are advantageous for use and which, in contrast to conventional lubricants, are retained even at higher atmospheric humidity. In the case of suspensions, dispersions and solutions, water, mineral oils, natural or synthetic oils and chlorinated hydrocarbons, optionally in a mixture with one another, preferably serve as suspension, dispersion or solvent. Polyalkylene glycols have proven to be particularly advantageous due to their solution-mediating effect both in the preparation of the lubricants according to the invention and in their removal from the metal surface. The suspensions and dispersions can be prepared with the addition of known ionic or nonionic emulsifiers and wetting agents. The lubricants are applied to the workpieces by known methods, for example by powdering, brushing, dipping, flooding, spraying or in a continuous process, if appropriate at elevated temperatures and while drying the workpiece.

The method according to the invention can be used advantageously in all types of non-cutting forming of metals, for example in wire, bar, tube, profile, deep, stretching and ironing, or in cold extrusion, cold upsetting, stamping, reducing, pilgrimage, Rolling, cutting and forging. The process is not limited to the cold forming of metals, but includes the warm and hot forming of metals, e.g. hot rolling, drop forging or extrusion, especially for non-ferrous metals. The advantages of the method of operation according to the invention are particularly evident in the more difficult forming processes, e.g. tube drawing, profile drawing, wire drawing, pipe pilgrimage, rolling, cold extrusion, upsetting or forging.

The method according to the invention is advantageously suitable for the forming of all common metallic materials, e.g. of low-carbon or high-carbon steels, non-alloyed, low-alloyed or high-alloyed steels, stainless steels, galvanized, copper-plated or other metallic-coated steels, non-ferrous metals, such as magnesium, aluminum, copper, brass, bronze, zinc, lead, nickel, titanium, zirconium, tungsten and their alloys. In particular, the advantages of the method according to the invention come into play when shaping metals which are difficult to form, e.g. for austenitic and ferritic steels, especially for high-alloy, especially stainless steels, preferably stainless steels, e.g. acid-resistant chrome or chrome-nickel steels, also for galvanized steels. Because of the excellent lubricating effect of the lubricants used, several successive reshaping operations are generally possible in the method according to the invention without intermediate relubrication.

Due to the excellent sliding, adhesive, and separating ability as well as the excellent film strength of the lubricants used, the additional application of a separating or lubricant carrier layer to the workpieces prior to the forming can generally be omitted in the method according to the invention even in difficult forming processes. This results in reduced costs, reduced wastewater problems and improved surface qualities of the end products compared to known forming processes. In the method according to the invention, however, the lubricants used can also be used in combination with known separating or lubricant carrier layers. As a result, additional advantages can be achieved in some cases in the case of particularly difficult metal forming the, for example when pulling complex shaped profiles made of stainless steel or cold extrusion. In general, the simpler physical application of the separating or lubricant carrier layers by allowing appropriate solutions or dispersions to dry on the workpiece surface (for example liming, boraxing) is sufficient to achieve excellent results. The more complex chemical application of the separating or lubricant carrier layers by chemical reaction of corresponding solutions or dispersions with the workpiece surface (eg phosphating, oxalation, copper plating) brings additional advantages only in extreme cases.

Due to the excellent lubricating effect of the lubricants used, the method according to the invention generally achieves higher degrees of deformation and higher forming speeds, higher dimensional accuracy and better surface qualities of the workpieces, and longer tool life compared to known methods. Cold welding with the associated adverse effects on the workpiece surfaces due to drawing grooves and adverse effects on tool life due to welding do not occur or only to a greatly reduced extent. The method according to the invention further reduces the energy consumption and the amount of waste water.

The process according to the invention is also distinguished by the fact that lubricants are used which do not contain any harmful substances and also do not contain any substances such as chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus or boron which adversely affect the properties of the processed materials, for example as a result of discoloration and corrosion the environment is heavily polluted. The lubricants do not have a corrosive effect on metals, but have a protective effect against corrosion. After the shaping, they can be removed from the metal surface without residue using conventional means and methods, for example using conventional alkaline, neutral or acidic cleaners or else using organic solvents. A special advantage of the method according to the invention is that the lubricants used can also be removed from the workpiece surface by evaporation without residue by simple vacuum-heat treatment, for example in the preliminary stage of post-heat treatment of the workpiece.

Examples 1 to 8

Bare steel wire with a carbon content of 0.85% is drawn by using the oxidation products of polymers listed in the following table as lubricants.

The lubricants are used in the solid state by running the wire through the powdered lubricant in front of the tool. The wire is reduced in diameter to 1/4 of the original value in 15 passes. The forming results given in the table are achieved.

If the pull test is carried out with conventional lubricants, e.g. based on fatty acid soap, so consistently lower drawing speeds and less good wire surfaces are obtained. In addition, conventional die lubricants show higher die wear.

Examples 9 to 16

Stainless steel wire is drawn by using aqueous alkaline dispersions from oxidation products of polymers as lubricants.

The same oxidation products of polymers as in Examples 1 to 8 are assumed. The oxidation products are first converted into aqueous alkaline dispersions by being in the molten state together with the amounts of potassium calculated according to the acid number hydroxide and together with emulsifiers (5% by weight of ethoxylated fatty alcohol, based on oxidate) can be dispersed in hot water. Dispersions with the properties listed in the following table are obtained.

The stainless steel wire (Z 2 CN 18-10) is coated with the lubricant dispersions by immersion and subsequent drying and deformed in 15 passes from the initial diameter of 6.5 mm to the final diameter of 1.2 mm. The forming results given in the table are achieved. The results are consistently much better than those obtained with conventional lubricants under the same conditions. With conventional lubricants, the wire becomes thick and breaks partially.

Similar results are achieved with the lubricants listed above when they are used to pull stainless steel pipes. Almost equally good results can only be achieved with conventional lubricants if highly polluting and corrosive lubricants based on chlorinated paraffin are used or if the pipes are first pretreated by oxalation and then treated with special fatty acid soaps.

If the lubricants according to the invention are used with the addition of small amounts of polyalkylene glycols, they can be removed particularly easily from the metal surface after the reshaping.

Examples 17 to 24

Lubricants are produced by converting the oxidation products of polymers used in Examples 10 to 17 into saponification products. For this purpose, the powdered oxidation products are saponified by mixing with the equivalent amount of potassium hydroxide solution. The test products listed in the following table are obtained.

Four symmetrically arranged grooves, each 5 mm deep and 5 mm wide, are drawn into the round rods made of austenitic chrome-nickel steel with a diameter of 30 mm, whereby the saponification products of polymers listed in the table above are used as lubricants. The forming results given in the table are achieved. The workpiece surface still contains so much lubricant that further traction is possible without relubrication.

If the pulling tests are carried out with conventional lubricants, for example based on fatty acid soaps, the best possible results can only be achieved if a separating or lubricant carrier layer based on iron oxalate is applied to the workpieces by chemical treatment of the surface with appropriate solutions .

Examples 25 to 32

The lubricants from Examples 26 to 33 are dissolved together with 30% by mass of polyethylene glycol, based on the lubricant, in a paraffinic mineral oil with a viscosity of 168 mm² / s (20 ° C) at a temperature of 130 ° C. In this way, 8 lubricants are obtained in the oil phase, which are used to pull steel pipes of material quality St 35. The following results are achieved:

Comparable good results can only be achieved with conventional lubricants if a separating or carrier layer based on zinc phosphate is applied in a complex manner to the tubes before the lubricant is added.

Examples 33 to 40

The lubricants from Examples 17 to 24 are each suspended in a liquid polyglycol, which is composed of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units. The liquid lubricants thus obtained are used to pull stainless steel pipes (= Examples 33 to 40). With low drawing forces, high degrees of deformation (up to 51%) and excellent surface qualities are achieved. The same quality gradation results as in Examples 25 to 32 within the series of tests. The lubricants are also distinguished in particular by being easy to remove from the metal surface after the deformation has taken place.

Example 41

A cylindrical steel body of material quality St 35 is converted into a sleeve by cold extrusion. An aqueous dispersion of a polyethylene oxidate with the acid number 26, the saponification number 40, the melting point 118 ° C., the dicarboxylic acid content of 84% and the melt viscosity 1350 mPas at 160 ° C. is used as the lubricant. Forming takes place with a comparatively low stamping force and minimal ejection force and leads to a dimensionally accurate molded part with a high surface quality.If a lubricant carrier layer based on zinc phosphate is applied to the steel body before, only marginally better forming results are achieved.

With a conventional lubricant based on fatty acids, the cold extrusion process can only be carried out if the steel body has previously also been provided with a lubricant carrier layer based on zinc phosphate.

Example 42

A polyethylene oxidate with the acid number 68, the saponification number 99, the dropping point 110 ° C., the dicarboxylic acid content of 93% and the melt viscosity 150 mPas at 140 ° C. is saponified by stirring the oxidate melt with half the equivalent amount of calcium hydroxide. A saponification product with the acid number 32, the saponification number 72, the dropping point 107 ° C. and the melt viscosity 1500 mPas at 140 ° C. is obtained. The saponification product is used in powder form as a lubricant when asymmetrical edges are drawn into a square stainless steel rod. A dimensionally accurate profile with sharp edges and a bright surface is obtained.

The experiment is repeated, a separating or lubricant carrier layer based on iron oxalate being applied to the workpiece surface beforehand by chemical treatment with an appropriate solution. In comparison to the test without a separating or carrier layer, further improved results are achieved.

When using conventional fatty acid soap-based lubricants, pulling the profile without the prior application of a separating or carrier shift not possible. After a separating or carrier layer has been applied, drawing is possible in principle, but significantly worse results are achieved than in the method according to the invention, for example there are severe scoring and high tool wear.

Example 43

A polyethylene oxidate with the acid number 68, the saponification number 99, the dropping point 110 ° C., the melt viscosity 150 mPas at 140 ° C. and the molecular weight 1700 is esterified with the corresponding amount of stearyl alcohol to an acid number of 15. A product with the acid number 15, the saponification number 120, the dropping point 104 ° C. and the melt viscosity 250 mPas at 140 ° C. is obtained, which is used in powder form as a lubricant for cold-forming a square rod made of stainless steel into a hexagonal rod by drawing. An end product with excellent dimensional accuracy and high surface quality is obtained.

The experiment is repeated with the difference that the polyethylene oxidate is first esterified with the appropriate amount of stearyl alcohol to an acid number of 30 and then saponified with calcium hydroxide to an acid number of 15. A product with an acid number of 15, a saponification number of 105, a dropping point of 108 ° C. and a melt viscosity of 1700 mPas at 140 ° C. is obtained. When the product is subsequently used as a lubricant for cold-forming the square rod into the hexagonal rod, compared to the above, even better results are achieved in that the forming can be carried out with reduced effort. Equally good results are achieved if the only esterified lubricant used above is used with the addition of fillers (talc, lime).

Claims (9)

1. A method for the chipless forming of metals using a synthetic lubricant, if necessary in combination with separating and/or lubricant carrier layers, characterized in that the lubricant is selected from the group comprising: the products of the oxidation with air of polymers of 1-olefines with acid numbers between 5 and 150 mg KOH/g, fusion viscosities between 5 and 100, 000 mPas at 160°C and fusion points over 90°C, and the products of esterification and saponification of these products of oxidation and mixtures of the said substances, such lubricant being used in a pure form or mixed with other known mixture components of lubricants.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the products of oxidation with air are the products of oxidation of polymers which are selected from the group comprising:

- homopolymers of C₂-C₁₈ alkenes with a terminal double bond, preferably of C₂-C₁₂ alkenes and more particularly of ethene, propene, 1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene and 1-octene,

- copolymers of such 1-olefines with each other and

- copolymers of such 1-olefines with up to 50% by weight of acid containing 1-olefines.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the polymers used for the production of the products of oxidation are high molecular polymers with molecular masses of more than 5000 and preferably more than 10000.

4. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims 1 through 3, characterized in that the products of oxidation have acid numbers between 10 and 70 KOH/g, fusion viscosities between 50 and 50000 mPa s at 160°C, fusion points over 100°C and a dicarboxylic acid content of over 10% by weight.

5. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims 1 through 4, characterized in that the products of esterification of the products of oxidation are esterified with mono- or polyvalent alcohols and the products of saponification are products of saponification with mono- to trivalent metallic ions or with ammonium ions.

6. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims 1 through 5, characterized in that the products of esterification and saponification of the products of oxidation are produced by the mixing of pulverized solid, suspended, dispersed or dissolved products of oxidation with the solid, suspended, dispersed or dissolved esterification components or, respectively, saponification components in a solid, suspended, dispersed or dissolved form and are used in a solid, suspended, dispersed or dissolved form.

7. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims 1 through 6, characterized in that the products of esterification and saponification have fusion points over 100°C and fusion viscosities at 18O°C over 100 mPa s.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the lubricant is used mixed with mixture components selected from the group comprising mineral oils, vegetable or animal oils, fats, waxes or resins, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, soaps, synthetic resins or oils, polyalkyleneglycols or the derivatives thereof, high pressure active materials, pigments, fillers, emulsifiers, surface active materials, wetting agents, thickeners, adhesion promoters, binding agents, anti-corrosion materials and anti-oxidants, and mixtures of two or more of such mixture components.

9. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the lubricant is used mixed with a suspending, dispersing or, respectively, dissolving material, which is selected form the group consisting of water, mineral oils, natural or synthetic oils, polyalkyleneglycols or chlorinated hydrocarbons, and mixtures of two or more of these materials.