EP0213532A2 - Dispositif pour sécher des tables de verre nettoyées - Google Patents
Dispositif pour sécher des tables de verre nettoyées Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0213532A2 EP0213532A2 EP86111414A EP86111414A EP0213532A2 EP 0213532 A2 EP0213532 A2 EP 0213532A2 EP 86111414 A EP86111414 A EP 86111414A EP 86111414 A EP86111414 A EP 86111414A EP 0213532 A2 EP0213532 A2 EP 0213532A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- housing
- exhaust air
- wall
- glass
- conveyor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
- E06B3/673—Assembling the units
- E06B3/67365—Transporting or handling panes, spacer frames or units during assembly
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B15/00—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form
- F26B15/10—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form with movement in a path composed of one or more straight lines, e.g. compound, the movement being in alternate horizontal and vertical directions
- F26B15/12—Machines or apparatus for drying objects with progressive movement; Machines or apparatus with progressive movement for drying batches of material in compact form with movement in a path composed of one or more straight lines, e.g. compound, the movement being in alternate horizontal and vertical directions the lines being all horizontal or slightly inclined
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
- F26B3/02—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air
- F26B3/04—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air the gas or vapour circulating over or surrounding the materials or objects to be dried
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device with the features specified in the preamble of claim 1.
- a device is required in an insulating glass assembly line.
- the device connects to a washing machine in which the glass sheets are washed in a continuous process. They then run into the drying device, in which they are also dried continuously.
- the drying device and the washing machine are often combined to form one structural unit.
- the known drying devices have a horizontal conveyor, on which the glazed sheets are moved standing through the device.
- the glass panels are supported over one of their two large areas; the supporting elements used for this purpose are generally free-running rollers with axes arranged transversely to the running direction of the horizontal conveyor. Together with their running surface, these rollers define a level, which is referred to below as the glass panel running level; it is the level in which the large-area glass panels on which the rollers engage lie.
- the glass panel running level is a level predetermined by the support elements in the drying device.
- the horizontal conveyor and the support elements are housed in one housing, with the barrel in the two Direction of the horizontal conveyor crossing end walls for the supply and removal of the glass sheets, an inlet slot and an outlet slot are provided, which are in alignment with the glass sheet running level.
- blowing nozzles there are two elongated blowing nozzles in the housing, namely one in front of the glass panel running level and one behind.
- the air outlet slots of the blower nozzle run essentially parallel to the glass sheet running plane and, starting from the installation conveyor on which the glass sheets are placed, extend obliquely upwards at an angle to the conveying direction.
- the blow nozzles are aligned in such a way that they direct their air flow against the direction of conveyance at an angle against the glass panel running level.
- the blowing nozzles first act on the glass panels in the area of the front upper corner and then progressively over the glass surface along an inclined front, which is determined by the inclination of the blowing nozzles, up to the rear lower corner of the glass panel, which is dried last .
- water droplets on the glass sheet are blown obliquely downwards by the air flow against the direction of travel of the glass sheet.
- a shield is provided between the blowing nozzles and the adjacent front and rear walls of the housing, for example a rubber lip, which is attached to the blowing nozzle on the one hand and with it the other longitudinal edge of the housing front wall or the rear wall of the housing.
- the air emerging from the blow nozzles must be able to leave the housing of the device again. This is not possible on the underside of the housing, because the installation conveyor and a collecting tray for the water are located there.
- the exhaust air In the conveying direction, the exhaust air must not and cannot leave the housing because it would moisten the dried glass panels there again. Contrary to the conveying direction, the exhaust air cannot leave the housing because the washing machine is located there.
- the exhaust air does not want to be led out to the front of the housing because the operating personnel would be blown there and because the front side should be glazed over a large area, so that the drying process can be monitored and controlled at any time.
- the exhaust air cannot be passed through the upper housing wall because there is no possibility of providing an exhaust air opening;
- the blowing nozzles end precisely in front of the inlet-side housing wall, so that there is practically no space between the upper end of the two blowing nozzles and the inlet-side end wall for an exhaust air opening, especially since the air supply pipes for the two blowing nozzles, which take up a lot of space, at this point Open into the blow nozzles from above.
- an exhaust air opening cannot be provided because of the underneath lying part of the interior of the housing is the dry area of the device which is separated from the inlet-side wet area by the shields and into which the air flow does not penetrate and should not penetrate.
- an exhaust air chimney running from bottom to top has been formed by bulging the rear wall. The air emerging from the rear blowing nozzle can enter this exhaust air chimney without difficulty.
- a disadvantage of the known devices is that the air emerging from the front blow nozzle has a difficult access to the exhaust air chimney, because this air, which initially emerges obliquely downward from the blow nozzle, must be deflected and over the upper edge of the glass panel into the rear area of the Housing are directed. This is all the more difficult the higher the glass sheets to be dried, because as the glass sheet height increases, the passage cross-section for those from the room in front of the glass sheet into the room behind the glass sheet increases due to the inlet end wall, the top of the housing, the blowing nozzles and the upper edge of the glass sheet flowing air becomes increasingly smaller. The consequence of this is that tall glass panels are much more difficult to dry than small glass panels, so that significantly longer drying times are required for tall glass panels.
- the invention has for its object to provide an improved device of the type mentioned, which Especially tall glass panels can dry faster and more thoroughly.
- the first solution according to the invention differs from the prior art in that the upper end of the blowing nozzles is not guided close to the inlet-side end wall of the housing, but is arranged at a distance therefrom which is considerably larger than that for installation and assembly minimum distance required in the housing.
- This enlarged spacing which is preferably at least 20 cm, in particular 30 to 50 cm, is used according to the invention to provide the exhaust air opening between the upper end of the nozzles and the inlet-side end wall in the top of the housing, which preferably covers the entire area between the inlet-side housing end wall and the upper end of the blowing nozzles covered in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
- the air emerging from the front blowing nozzle is as light as that from the Air emerging from the rear blowing nozzle can reach the exhaust air opening at the top and no longer has to take a path over the upper edge of the glass panels into the rear space of the housing, which, in the prior art, was almost blocked by large panes.
- the / known drying devices during the drying of tall glass panels largely avoid strong vortex formation in the room on the glass panel front side, because the exhaust air is given the opportunity to escape unhindered from the room on the glass panel front.
- the result of the first solution according to the invention is that the drying device is enlarged compared to known drying devices in accordance with the dimensioning of the exhaust air opening arranged at the top.
- the resulting additional effort is more than offset by the improved drying effect and the resulting reduction in drying times.
- the second inventive solution to the problem does not require an extension of the drying device compared to known devices, because it provides an exhaust duct which is advanced in the conveying direction relative to the upper end of the blowing nozzles. So that it is still ensured that the moist exhaust air does not sweep along that part of the glass panels which the two blowing nozzles has already passed, it is provided according to the invention that the shielding extending from the blowing nozzles and extending to the adjacent housing walls only touches the respective adjacent housing wall up to a predetermined height along a line approximately parallel to the blowing nozzle, as is also the case with known ones Devices are the case, from this predetermined height - unlike in the prior art - but touches the housing wall along a steeper, in particular along a vertical line and thereby delimits an upwardly leading shaft through which the exhaust air from both sides of the glass panels is equally unhindered an exhaust air opening provided in the top of the housing can escape and escape.
- the opening cross section of the exhaust air opening is preferably approximately as large as the cross section of the exhaust air duct formed in this way; in particular, the exhaust air opening preferably extends over the entire width of the housing;
- the same principle applies as for the first solution according to the invention, namely it should be at least 20 cm, preferably 30 to 50 cm. If - which is preferred - the air supply pipes leading into the upper end of the blow nozzles lead through the exhaust air opening into the housing, then the exhaust air opening is to be dimensioned correspondingly larger, it is approximately to be extended by the diameter of the air supply pipes.
- Both of the solutions given have in common that they form an adequately dimensioned exhaust duct in the upper, inlet-side area of the housing of the drying device, which opens into an exhaust air opening in the top of the housing and enables equally good removal of the exhaust air from both sides of the glass panels.
- the drying effect is significantly improved compared to known drying devices and enables a significant reduction in drying times.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show a glass sheet washing machine 10 and a drying device 11 arranged in succession in the conveying direction 7.
- the washing machine there are two rows of shafts 1 and 1a parallel to one another and with approximately perpendicular axes which are inclined slightly to the rear.
- the shafts 1 and 1a carry a number of rollers 2 and 2a distributed over their length, which are arranged in a rotationally fixed manner on the shafts 1 and 1a.
- the running surfaces of the rollers 2a of the rear shafts are arranged such that they have a common tangential plane 6 on their front side, which is referred to here as the glass sheet running plane.
- the washing machine is equipped with pairs of brushing rollers 8 and 8a, 9 and 9a, the axes of which run parallel to the shafts 1 and 1a and which are separate from the shafts 1 and 1a and separated can be driven individually by the support rollers 4 by motors 19, which are arranged fixed to the frame above the brush rollers.
- the shafts 1 and 1a and the support rollers 4 can be driven synchronously with one another; together they form a horizontal conveyor through which the glass sheets 5 are conveyed through the washing machine 10.
- the horizontal conveyor continues in the area of the drying device 11, which also has a horizontal line of support rollers 4, the axes of rotation of which run perpendicular to the glass plate running plane 6 and which are arranged at the same height as the corresponding support rollers 4 in the washing machine 10 and can be driven synchronously with them are.
- a support roller field is provided in the drying device 11 above the stand-up conveyor formed by the support rollers 4, which consists of free-running rollers 25 arranged fixed to the frame, the axes of rotation of which run parallel to the direction of conveyance 7 parallel to the glass panel running plane 6.
- the rollers 25 are attached partly to horizontal struts 26, partly to a vertical strut 27 and partly to an oblique strut 28.
- the oblique strut 28 is attached to the body of the rear of two elongated blow nozzles 29 and 30, of which the front blow nozzle 29 in front of the glass panel running plane and the rear blow nozzle 30 behind the glass table running level 6 is arranged.
- the two blowing nozzles 29 and 30 run parallel to one another and to the glass sheet running plane 6, extend from the support rollers 4 up to a height which is somewhat larger than the largest glass sheet to be dried; In practical terms, this means that the upper end of the blowing nozzles 29 and 30 is slightly higher than the upper end of the brushing rollers 8 and 9 in the previous washing machine 10.
- the upper side of the housing 31 does not run far above the upper end of the blowing nozzles.
- the blowing nozzles are against the
- the conveying direction 7 is arranged at an incline and its air outlet openings 29a and 30a are oriented such that the air flow does not hit the glass panels perpendicularly, but rather in an opposite direction to the conveying direction 7.
- a shield 32 and 33 is attached, which extends over the full length of the nozzles and extends to the adjacent housing walls, namely to the rear wall 34 and to the front wall 35.
- the shields 32 and 33 are wide rubber lips which are convexly curved in the conveying direction 7 and which bear against the rear wall 34 and the front wall 35 due to the rubber elasticity with slight pressure.
- the rubber lips divide the interior of the housing of the drying device into a first area 36, into which the blowing air enters, and into a second area 37, which is shielded from it.
- the air blown in creates an overpressure in the first region 36. through which the rubber lips 32 and 33 are pressed with additional pressure against the rear wall 34 and the front wall 35 of the housing.
- the rubber lips prevent the moisture-laden air from the first region 36 from reaching the second region 37 and moistening the part of the glass sheet 5 which has already passed through the blowing nozzles 29 and 30.
- the air flowing out of the blowing nozzles is initially directed obliquely downward and in doing so drives water droplets located on the glass sheet 5 downward; it is then deflected upwards and passes through an exhaust air opening 38 provided in the upper side 31 of the housing to the outside.
- the exhaust air opening extends on the one hand practically over the entire width of the housing top 31 and on the other hand in the conveying direction 7 from the inlet-side housing end wall 39 approximately to the upper end of the blowing nozzles 29 and 30, strictly speaking until they escape, preferably over a length between 30 and 50 cm . This ensures that the exhaust air can escape quickly from the front as well as from the back of a glass sheet 5, even with very high glass sheets, and without major eddy formation.
- an inlet slot 40 is provided in the inlet-side housing wall 39 and an outlet slot 42 in the outlet-side housing end wall 41; both slots run in the Escape the glass panel running level 6.
- the air supply to the blowing nozzles 29 and 30 takes place via two pipes 43 and 44, which lead from above into the area (seen in the conveying direction 7) immediately after the exhaust air opening 38 through the housing top 31 into the housing and into the upper end of the respective Open the blow nozzle 29 or 30.
- the housing . front wall is mainly formed by a large, glazed door, which enables control of the drying process.
- the second exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 corresponds in many parts to the first exemplary embodiment.
- the same or corresponding components are therefore designated by the same reference numerals.
- the following description is essentially limited to the differences between the second exemplary embodiment and the first exemplary embodiment.
- a first difference which is of no importance for the invention, lies in the fact that the washing machine 10 and the drying device / are combined in a common housing.
- exemplary embodiments consist in the fact that the drying device in the second exemplary embodiment is shorter than in the first exemplary embodiment. This is achieved in that the upper end of the blowing nozzles 29 and 30 ends at a much smaller distance in front of the inlet-side housing wall 39 than in the first exemplary embodiment. However, because then the space between the upper end of the blow nozzles and the inlet-side housing wall 39 is no longer sufficient to provide a sufficiently large exhaust air opening in the upper side 31 of the housing, the exhaust air opening 38 in the second exemplary embodiment is seen in the conveying direction 7 over the upper end of the Blow nozzles 29 and 30 also extended.
- the shields 33 and 34 are still arranged and performed as in the first embodiment. From this predetermined height H, however, the rubber lips run vertically upward on the housing rear wall 34 and on the front housing wall 35 and are fastened with their longitudinal edge further in the center of the housing to a triangular-shaped intermediate wall 45 in the view according to FIG its inlet-side edge 46 is attached to the outside of the respective nozzle, extends in the conveying direction 7 - preferably parallel to the glass panel running plane 6 - and is connected to the rubber lip on its outlet-side edge 47.
- an exhaust duct with a constant cross-section is formed from height H, through which the exhaust air can easily escape upwards with any size of glass sheet. Since the blowing nozzles 29 and 30 lie with their upper end in the area of this exhaust duct, the pipes 43 and 44 for the air supply to the blowing nozzles are guided through the exhaust air opening 38 into the housing.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT86111414T ATE55291T1 (de) | 1985-08-28 | 1986-08-18 | Vorrichtung zum trocknen von gewaschenen glastafeln. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE8524541U DE8524541U1 (de) | 1985-08-28 | 1985-08-28 | Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von gewaschenen Glastafeln |
DE8524541U | 1985-08-28 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0213532A2 true EP0213532A2 (fr) | 1987-03-11 |
EP0213532A3 EP0213532A3 (en) | 1988-07-27 |
EP0213532B1 EP0213532B1 (fr) | 1990-08-08 |
Family
ID=6784631
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86111414A Expired - Lifetime EP0213532B1 (fr) | 1985-08-28 | 1986-08-18 | Dispositif pour sécher des tables de verre nettoyées |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4702017A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0213532B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE55291T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA1282237C (fr) |
DE (2) | DE8524541U1 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2629572A1 (fr) * | 1988-04-05 | 1989-10-06 | Siraga Ind | Dispositif pour l'essorage de produits divers, et plus particulierement de bouteilles de gaz |
EP0393008A2 (fr) * | 1989-04-11 | 1990-10-17 | Peter Lisec | Appareil pour le nettoyage et séchage des plaques de verre |
EP0426373A2 (fr) * | 1989-10-28 | 1991-05-08 | Peter Philip Andrew Lymn | Sécheur de panneaux |
EP1092934A1 (fr) | 1999-10-12 | 2001-04-18 | Lenhardt Maschinenbau GmbH | Dispositif pour sécher des panneaux en verre nettoyés |
CN112958571A (zh) * | 2021-02-05 | 2021-06-15 | 常山亮 | 一种钢化玻璃深加工用清洁装置 |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5005250A (en) * | 1989-06-05 | 1991-04-09 | Billco Manufacturing, Inc. | Glass sheet cleaning apparatus |
JPH0613230Y2 (ja) * | 1989-07-31 | 1994-04-06 | セントラル硝子株式会社 | 曲げ板ガラスの水切装置 |
US5517214A (en) * | 1993-07-20 | 1996-05-14 | A.B. Dick Company | Ink jet image drier |
US6018842A (en) * | 1997-08-13 | 2000-02-01 | Billco Manufacturing, Inc. | Glass washing machine |
US7232493B2 (en) * | 2003-09-11 | 2007-06-19 | Ged Integrated Solutions, Inc. | Glass washing machine with conveyor and brush speed control |
EP1733232A1 (fr) * | 2004-03-23 | 2006-12-20 | Quidel Corporation | Chromatographie sur membrane a phase hybride |
US7794656B2 (en) | 2006-01-23 | 2010-09-14 | Quidel Corporation | Device for handling and analysis of a biological sample |
US7871568B2 (en) | 2006-01-23 | 2011-01-18 | Quidel Corporation | Rapid test apparatus |
CN102172595A (zh) * | 2011-03-09 | 2011-09-07 | 上海子创镀膜技术有限公司 | 一种镀膜玻璃清洗机风刀 |
US11383936B1 (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2022-07-12 | Alliance Manufacturing, Inc. | Automatic height adjusting manifold |
CN110076169A (zh) * | 2019-04-08 | 2019-08-02 | 深圳市华星光电技术有限公司 | 一种玻璃基板清洁装置及其清洁方法 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3390413A (en) * | 1966-12-15 | 1968-07-02 | Sommer & Maca Glass Machinery | Glass washing apparatus |
US3497897A (en) * | 1968-03-08 | 1970-03-03 | Billco | Vertical glass washer |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US30436A (en) * | 1860-10-16 | Drying-chamber | ||
US1692812A (en) * | 1921-01-17 | 1928-11-27 | George R Blakeslee | Machine for washing and drying sheet-metal boxes or cans |
US2706344A (en) * | 1953-03-11 | 1955-04-19 | Southern Wood Preserving Co | Method of controlled air seasoning of wood |
US3062520A (en) * | 1957-08-19 | 1962-11-06 | Sunbeam Corp | Conveying apparatus for sheet material employing fluid support means |
-
1985
- 1985-08-28 DE DE8524541U patent/DE8524541U1/de not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-08-18 AT AT86111414T patent/ATE55291T1/de active
- 1986-08-18 DE DE8686111414T patent/DE3673287D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-18 EP EP86111414A patent/EP0213532B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-27 CA CA000516936A patent/CA1282237C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-08-27 US US06/900,673 patent/US4702017A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3390413A (en) * | 1966-12-15 | 1968-07-02 | Sommer & Maca Glass Machinery | Glass washing apparatus |
US3497897A (en) * | 1968-03-08 | 1970-03-03 | Billco | Vertical glass washer |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2629572A1 (fr) * | 1988-04-05 | 1989-10-06 | Siraga Ind | Dispositif pour l'essorage de produits divers, et plus particulierement de bouteilles de gaz |
EP0393008A2 (fr) * | 1989-04-11 | 1990-10-17 | Peter Lisec | Appareil pour le nettoyage et séchage des plaques de verre |
DE4009442A1 (de) * | 1989-04-11 | 1990-10-25 | Peter Lisec | Duese fuer das trocknen von glastafeln |
EP0393008A3 (en) * | 1989-04-11 | 1990-11-28 | Peter Lisec | Nozzle for drying glass panels |
US5010619A (en) * | 1989-04-11 | 1991-04-30 | Peter Lisec | Nozzle for drying sheet glass |
EP0426373A2 (fr) * | 1989-10-28 | 1991-05-08 | Peter Philip Andrew Lymn | Sécheur de panneaux |
EP0426373A3 (en) * | 1989-10-28 | 1992-05-13 | Peter Philip Andrew Lymn | Board dryer |
EP1092934A1 (fr) | 1999-10-12 | 2001-04-18 | Lenhardt Maschinenbau GmbH | Dispositif pour sécher des panneaux en verre nettoyés |
DE19949268A1 (de) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-05-23 | Lenhardt Maschinenbau | Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von gewaschenen Glastafeln |
DE19949268C2 (de) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-09-13 | Lenhardt Maschinenbau | Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von gewaschenen Glastafeln |
CN112958571A (zh) * | 2021-02-05 | 2021-06-15 | 常山亮 | 一种钢化玻璃深加工用清洁装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0213532A3 (en) | 1988-07-27 |
ATE55291T1 (de) | 1990-08-15 |
EP0213532B1 (fr) | 1990-08-08 |
US4702017A (en) | 1987-10-27 |
DE3673287D1 (de) | 1990-09-13 |
CA1282237C (fr) | 1991-04-02 |
DE8524541U1 (de) | 1985-10-17 |
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