EP0192223B1 - Mast for a sailing boat - Google Patents

Mast for a sailing boat Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0192223B1
EP0192223B1 EP86102030A EP86102030A EP0192223B1 EP 0192223 B1 EP0192223 B1 EP 0192223B1 EP 86102030 A EP86102030 A EP 86102030A EP 86102030 A EP86102030 A EP 86102030A EP 0192223 B1 EP0192223 B1 EP 0192223B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mast
horseshoe
extrusions
forming
arms
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Expired
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EP86102030A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0192223A1 (en
Inventor
Daniel Montandon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CESSIONE;CONDOR SAILING SYSTEMS S.A.
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NIRVANA ESPAR SYSTEMS SA
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Publication of EP0192223A1 publication Critical patent/EP0192223A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B15/00—Superstructures, deckhouses, wheelhouses or the like; Arrangements or adaptations of masts or spars, e.g. bowsprits
    • B63B15/0083—Masts for sailing ships or boats

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to masts of a sailing boat. It relates, more particularly, to a mast structure inside which the rod of a sail furler can take place.
  • the mast has, in cross section, an external portion and an internal reinforcing portion.
  • the external portion has roughly the shape of a horseshoe whose ends of the two branches delimit a narrow slot allowing the passage of the sail.
  • the internal portion which receives the rod of the sail furler, has the shape of an arc of a circle, of the same axis of symmetry as the internal portion and open on the same side as it.
  • Such a structure has the double disadvantage of not allowing easy access to the sail furler trapped inside the mast and of not offering the sail, when it comes into contact with the ends of the outer portion, a sufficiently softened profile to prevent it from being damaged.
  • the present invention aims to provide a boat mast which does not suffer from the above drawbacks.
  • the mast according to the invention which has, in cross section, an external portion having roughly the shape of a horseshoe and an internal portion disposed inside the external portion to reinforce it and having the shape of an arc of a circle, with the same axis of symmetry as the latter and open on the same side as it, the ends of which are respectively connected to the branches of the horseshoe, is characterized in that it has, in in addition, two closure portions fixed to the respective ends of said branches and forming two lips which partially close the opening of the horseshoe and each comprise a hollow portion of generally triangular section with rounded base, the bases of the two hollow portions facing each other leaving sufficient space between them to allow the passage of a sail fixed inside the mast.
  • the mast is constituted by the assembly of two sections respectively forming the two closure portions and at least one third section forming the outer and inner portions.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a boat mast according to the invention.
  • the ratio between the size of the horseshoe 10 along the axis xx '(length) and its largest dimension in a direction perpendicular to this axis (width) is about 1 , 5.
  • the ratio of its width to the size of its opening is approximately 1.6.
  • the portion 12 which can be said, for simplicity, that it is in the shape of a Q
  • the arc of a circle 12a covers an angle of approximately 160 ° to 170 ° and the ratio between its radius and the width horseshoe is about 0.35 to 0.40.
  • the distance from its center to the base of the horseshoe is between 25% and 30% of its length.
  • the structure thus formed offers, in its half closest to the opening of the horseshoe, a free volume which is used to receive the rod of a sail furler.
  • the space which separates the ends of the two lips 14 is intended for the passage of the sail.
  • the mast is formed by the assembly of four sections A, B, C and D made by drawing in metal or light alloy, such as aluminum.
  • the horseshoe portion 10 and the portion in S2 12 are formed by the two sections A and B, one of which A forms the roundness of the horseshoe and part of its branches, while the other B forms the rest of the branches and the entire portion in Q.
  • These two profiles are assembled by a notch system by exploiting the relative elasticity of the branches of the profile A.
  • the latter comprises, at each end, a projecting part 16, directed inwards, which takes place in a notch 18 formed in the outer side of the corresponding end of profile B.
  • the elasticity of profile A allows it to open slightly to allow the ends of profile B to penetrate between the ends of its branches until that the projecting parts 16 fit into the notches 18.
  • the other two sections C and D are identical and respectively constitute the two closure portions or lips 14 of the structure.
  • These proffers which partially close the rear part of the mast, leaving only a slot for the passage of the sail, are attached to the ends of the profile B. They have a rounded wall 14a forming the end of the lip and extending by a wall 14b looking towards the inside of the mast and through a wall 14c looking towards the outside.
  • the wall 14b has a length substantially double that of the wall 14c which ends at the end of the profile B.
  • a reinforcing wall 14d connects the end of the wall 14c in the middle of the wall 14b.
  • the rounded wall 14a makes it possible to offer the sail, when it comes into contact with the lip, a softened profile which significantly reduces its risk of being damaged.
  • profiles C and D are carried out at two points. More specifically, the wall 14b ends in a rounded 20 which takes place in a groove 22 formed on the inside of the profile B. A flat 24 is provided at the base of the rounded 20 to allow the introduction thereof. in the groove 22.
  • the other attachment point is located at the end of the profile B which has a notched protruding part 26 cooperating with another notched protruding part 28, of complementary shape, which extends the wall 14d. Profiles C and D are thus hooked to profile B by a snap-in system and by a notch system.
  • the wall 14c advantageously comprises an opening opening into a cavity 30 which allows the attachment of an auxiliary sail.
  • the structure described remains essentially the same for all dimensions of masts.
  • the way in which this structure is produced, and more particularly the number of profiles used may differ.
  • the example described, using two sections to constitute the horseshoe portion and the Q portion relates to a structure whose section has a length of 44 cm and a width of 30 cm.
  • For a mast of larger dimensions it may be advantageous to produce the section A in two, or even three parts.
  • profiles A and B can be replaced by a single profile. It should also be mentioned that these two profiles can be assembled by welding, gluing or riveting.
  • the mast structure according to the invention has, compared to the structures of the prior art, the double advantage of allowing easy access to the interior of the mast while giving it a better rigidity and avoid damage to the sail.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
  • Operating, Guiding And Securing Of Roll- Type Closing Members (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)

Description

La présente invention se rapporte aux mâts de bateau à voile. Elle concerne, plus particulièrement, une structure de mât à l'intérieur duquel peut prendre place la tringle d'un enrouleur de voile.The present invention relates to masts of a sailing boat. It relates, more particularly, to a mast structure inside which the rod of a sail furler can take place.

Un mât du type ci-dessus qui correspond au préambule de la revendication 1, est décrit, notamment, dans le brevet US-A 3 835 804 et la demande de brevet français no 78-18330 (= FR-A 2 394 741). Le mât présente, en section transversale, une portion externe et une portion interne de renforcement. La portion externe a grossièrement la forme d'un fer à cheval dont les extrémités des deux branches délimitent une fente étroite permettant le passage de la voile. La portion interne, qui reçoit la tringle de l'enrouleur de voile, a la forme d'un arc de cercle, de même axe de symétrie que la portion interne et ouvert du même côté qu'elle.A mast of the above type which corresponds to the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in particular in patent US-A 3,835,804 and the French patent application No. 78-18330 (= FR-A 2394741) . The mast has, in cross section, an external portion and an internal reinforcing portion. The external portion has roughly the shape of a horseshoe whose ends of the two branches delimit a narrow slot allowing the passage of the sail. The internal portion, which receives the rod of the sail furler, has the shape of an arc of a circle, of the same axis of symmetry as the internal portion and open on the same side as it.

Une telle structure présente le double inconvénient de ne pas permettre un accès facile à l'enrouleur de voile emprisonné à l'intérieur du mât et de ne pas offrir à la voile, lorsqu'elle vient en contact avec les extrémités de la portion externe, un profil suffisamment adouci pour éviter qu'elle soit endommagée.Such a structure has the double disadvantage of not allowing easy access to the sail furler trapped inside the mast and of not offering the sail, when it comes into contact with the ends of the outer portion, a sufficiently softened profile to prevent it from being damaged.

La présente invention a pour but de fournir un mât de bateau qui ne souffre pas des inconvénients ci-dessus.The present invention aims to provide a boat mast which does not suffer from the above drawbacks.

Pour atteindre ce but, le mât selon l'invention, qui présente, en section transversale, une portion externe ayant grossièrement la forme d'un fer à cheval et une portion interne disposée à l'intérieur de la portion externe pour la renforcer et ayant la forme d'un arc de cercle, de même axe de symétrie que celle-ci et ouvert du même côté qu'elle, dont les extrémités sont respectivement reliées aux branches du fer à cheval, est caractérisé en ce qu'il possède, en outre, deux portions de fermeture fixées aux extrémités respectives desdites branches et formant deux lèvres qui obturent partiellement l'ouverture du fer à cheval et comprennent chacune une portion creuse de section généralement triangulaire à base arrondie, les bases des deux portions creuses se faisant face en laissant subsister entre elles un espace suffisant pour permettre le passage d'une voile fixée à l'intérieur du mât.To achieve this object, the mast according to the invention, which has, in cross section, an external portion having roughly the shape of a horseshoe and an internal portion disposed inside the external portion to reinforce it and having the shape of an arc of a circle, with the same axis of symmetry as the latter and open on the same side as it, the ends of which are respectively connected to the branches of the horseshoe, is characterized in that it has, in in addition, two closure portions fixed to the respective ends of said branches and forming two lips which partially close the opening of the horseshoe and each comprise a hollow portion of generally triangular section with rounded base, the bases of the two hollow portions facing each other leaving sufficient space between them to allow the passage of a sail fixed inside the mast.

De façon avantageuse, le mât est constitué par l'assemblage de deux profilés formant respectivement les deux portions de fermeture et d'au moins un troisième profilé formant les portions externe et interne.Advantageously, the mast is constituted by the assembly of two sections respectively forming the two closure portions and at least one third section forming the outer and inner portions.

D'autres caractéristiques de l'invention, ainsi que ses avantages, ressortiront de la description qui va suivre faite en regard de la figure annexée et donnant, à titre explicatif mais nullement limitatif, une forme de réalisation avantageuse d'un tel mât. Cette figure est une vue en coupe transversale d'un mât de bateau selon l'invention.Other characteristics of the invention, as well as its advantages, will emerge from the description which follows, given with reference to the appended figure and giving, by way of explanation but in no way limiting, an advantageous embodiment of such a mast. This figure is a cross-sectional view of a boat mast according to the invention.

Le mât représenté sur la figure possède une structure dont la section peut être décomposée en quatre portions, à savoir:

  • - une portion externe 10 ayant grossièrement la forme d'un fer à cheval, d'axe de symétrie xx', dont la partie traversée par cet axe constitue l'avant du mât;
  • - une portion interne de renforcement du fer à cheval 12 formée d'une partie sensiblement en arc de cercle 12a, également d'axe de symétrie xx' et ouvert du même côté que le fer à cheval et de deux bras de raccordement 12b reliant respectivement les deux extrémités de l'arc de cercle aux branches du fer à cheval; et
  • - deux portions de fermeture identiques 14, disposées respectivement au niveau de l'extrémité des branches du fer à cheval, c'est à dire à l'arrière du mât, et formant deux lèvres, dirigées en direction l'une de l'autre, qui laissent subsister entre elles un léger espace.
The mast shown in the figure has a structure whose section can be broken down into four portions, namely:
  • - An outer portion 10 having roughly the shape of a horseshoe, of axis of symmetry xx ', the part crossed by this axis constitutes the front of the mast;
  • - an internal portion of reinforcement of the horseshoe 12 formed of a part substantially in an arc of a circle 12a, also of axis of symmetry xx 'and open on the same side as the horseshoe and of two connecting arms 12b connecting respectively the two ends of the arc of a circle at the branches of the horseshoe; and
  • - two identical closure portions 14, respectively disposed at the end of the horseshoe arms, that is to say at the rear of the mast, and forming two lips, directed in the direction of one another , which leave a slight space between them.

Pour fixer les idées, et à titre purement indicatif, le rapport entre la dimension du fer à cheval 10 selon l'axe xx' (longueur) et sa plus grande dimension selon une direction perpendiculaire à cet axe (largeur) est d'environ 1, 5. Le rapport entre sa largeur et la dimension de son ouverture est d'environ 1,6. Pour ce qui concerne la portion 12, dont on peut dire, pour simplifier, qu'elle est en forme de Q, l'arc de cercle 12a couvre un angle de 160° à 170° environ et le rapport entre son rayon et la largeur du fer à cheval est d'environ 0,35 à 0,40. La distance qui sépare son centre de la base du fer à cheval représente entre 25% et 30% de sa longueur.To fix the ideas, and for information only, the ratio between the size of the horseshoe 10 along the axis xx '(length) and its largest dimension in a direction perpendicular to this axis (width) is about 1 , 5. The ratio of its width to the size of its opening is approximately 1.6. With regard to the portion 12, which can be said, for simplicity, that it is in the shape of a Q , the arc of a circle 12a covers an angle of approximately 160 ° to 170 ° and the ratio between its radius and the width horseshoe is about 0.35 to 0.40. The distance from its center to the base of the horseshoe is between 25% and 30% of its length.

Il apparait immédiatement que, grâce à la présence de la portion de renforcement en Q, une telle structure possède une excellente rigidité. Celle-ci peut encore être améliorée par deux entretoises 12c reliant le corps de l'arc de cercle aux branches du fer à cheval.It immediately appears that, thanks to the presence of the reinforcing portion in Q , such a structure has excellent rigidity. This can be further improved by two spacers 12c connecting the body of the arc to the branches of the horseshoe.

La structure ainsi constituée offre, dans sa moitié la plus proche de l'ouverture du fer à cheval, un volume libre qui sert à recevoir la tringle d'un enrouleur de voile. L'espace qui sépare les extrémités des deux lèvres 14 est destiné au passage de la voile.The structure thus formed offers, in its half closest to the opening of the horseshoe, a free volume which is used to receive the rod of a sail furler. The space which separates the ends of the two lips 14 is intended for the passage of the sail.

La forme générale de la structure étant décrite, il y a lieu maintenant de préciser la manière dont elle est réalisée.The general form of the structure having been described, it is now necessary to specify the manner in which it is produced.

Dans l'exemple représenté sur la figure 1, le mât est formé par l'assemblage de quatre profilés A,B,C et D réalisés par étirage en métal ou alliage léger, tel que l'aluminium.In the example shown in Figure 1, the mast is formed by the assembly of four sections A, B, C and D made by drawing in metal or light alloy, such as aluminum.

Plus précisément, la portion en fer à cheval 10 et la portion en S2 12 sont constituées par les deux profilés A et B dont l'un A forme l'arrondi du fer à cheval et une partie de ses branches, tandis que l'autre B forme le reste des branches et la totalité de la por- fion en Q. Ces deux profilés sont assemblés par un système à cran en exploitant la relative élasticité des branches du profilé A. Celui-ci comporte, à chaque extrémité, une partie saillante 16, dirigée vers l'intérieur, qui prend place dans un cran 18 ménagé du côté extérieur de l'extrémité correspondante du profilé B. Lors de l'assemblage, l'élasticité du profilé A lui permet de s'ouvrir légèrement pour laisser pénétrer, entre les extrémités de ses branches, les extrémités du profilé B jusqu'à ce que les parties saillantes 16 viennent s'emboîter dans les crans 18.More specifically, the horseshoe portion 10 and the portion in S2 12 are formed by the two sections A and B, one of which A forms the roundness of the horseshoe and part of its branches, while the other B forms the rest of the branches and the entire portion in Q. These two profiles are assembled by a notch system by exploiting the relative elasticity of the branches of the profile A. The latter comprises, at each end, a projecting part 16, directed inwards, which takes place in a notch 18 formed in the outer side of the corresponding end of profile B. During assembly, the elasticity of profile A allows it to open slightly to allow the ends of profile B to penetrate between the ends of its branches until that the projecting parts 16 fit into the notches 18.

Les deux autres profilés C et D sont identiques et constituent respectivement les deux portions de fermeture ou lèvres 14 de la structure. Ces profiiés qui obturent partiellement la partie arrière du mât en ne laissant subsister qu'une fente pour le passage de la voile, sont accrochés aux extrémités du profilé B. Ils présentent une paroi arrondie 14a formant l'extrémité de la lèvre et se prolongeant par une paroi 14b regardant vers l'intérieur du mât et par une paroi 14c regardant vers l'extérieur. La paroi 14b a une longueur sensiblement double de celle de la paroi 14c qui se termine au niveau de l'extrémité du profilé B. Enfin, une paroi de renforcement 14d relie l'extrémité de la paroi 14c au milieu de la paroi 14b. L'arrondi de la paroi 14a permet d'offrir à la voile, lorsqu'elle vient en contact avec la lèvre, un profil adouci qui réduit sensiblement son risque d'être endommagée.The other two sections C and D are identical and respectively constitute the two closure portions or lips 14 of the structure. These proffers which partially close the rear part of the mast, leaving only a slot for the passage of the sail, are attached to the ends of the profile B. They have a rounded wall 14a forming the end of the lip and extending by a wall 14b looking towards the inside of the mast and through a wall 14c looking towards the outside. The wall 14b has a length substantially double that of the wall 14c which ends at the end of the profile B. Finally, a reinforcing wall 14d connects the end of the wall 14c in the middle of the wall 14b. The rounded wall 14a makes it possible to offer the sail, when it comes into contact with the lip, a softened profile which significantly reduces its risk of being damaged.

L'accrochage des profilés C et D aux extrémités du profilé B est réalisé en deux points. Plus précisément, la paroi 14b se termine par un arrondi 20 qui prend place dans une rainure 22 ménagée sur l'intérieur du profilé B. Un méplat 24 est prévu à la base de l'arrondi 20 pour permettre l'introduction de celui-ci dans la rainure 22. L'autre point d'accrochage se situe à l'extrémité du profilé B qui comporte une partie saillante crantée 26 coopérant avec une autre partie saillante crantée 28, de forme complémentaire, qui prolonge la paroi 14d. Les profilés C et D sont ainsi accrochés au pofilé B par un système à emboitement et par un système à cran.The attachment of profiles C and D to the ends of profile B is carried out at two points. More specifically, the wall 14b ends in a rounded 20 which takes place in a groove 22 formed on the inside of the profile B. A flat 24 is provided at the base of the rounded 20 to allow the introduction thereof. in the groove 22. The other attachment point is located at the end of the profile B which has a notched protruding part 26 cooperating with another notched protruding part 28, of complementary shape, which extends the wall 14d. Profiles C and D are thus hooked to profile B by a snap-in system and by a notch system.

La paroi 14c comporte avantageusement une ouverture débouchant dans une cavité 30 qui permet la fixation d'une voile auxiliaire.The wall 14c advantageously comprises an opening opening into a cavity 30 which allows the attachment of an auxiliary sail.

Afin de garantir le maintien en place des profilés C et D, qui peuvent être soumis de la part de la voile à de fortes sollicitations en direction de l'intérieur du mât, il est avantageux de renforcer leur accrochage à l'aide de rivets 32 fixés dans les parties crantées 26 et 28. Ceci pose cependant un problème. Etant donné, en effet, que l'espace laissé libre entre les extrémités des lèvres est faible, il n'est pas possible, lorsque les profilés C et D sont rivetés, d'accéder à l'enrouleur de voile qui se trouve pratiquement emprisonné dans le mât. Pour résoudre ce problème, les profilés C et D sont réalisés, sur la longueur du mât, en plusieurs tronçons. Les uns sont rivetés, tandis que les autres, au niveau des zones où l'accès de l'enrouleur doit être possible, ne le sont pas et peuvent ainsi être enlevés aisément.In order to guarantee that the profiles C and D are held in place, which can be subjected to heavy loads on the part of the sail towards the interior of the mast, it is advantageous to strengthen their attachment by means of rivets 32 fixed in the notched parts 26 and 28. This however poses a problem. Given, in fact, that the space left free between the ends of the lips is small, it is not possible, when the sections C and D are riveted, to access the sail furler which is practically trapped in the mast. To solve this problem, sections C and D are made, along the length of the mast, in several sections. Some are riveted, while others, in the areas where access to the reel must be possible, are not and can therefore be removed easily.

La structure décrite reste sensiblement la même pour toutes les dimensions de mâts. Par contre, la manière dont cette structure est réalisée, et plus particulièrement le nombre de profilés utilisés, peuvent différer. L'exemple décrit, utilisant deux profilés pour constituer la portion en fer à cheval et la portion en Q, concerne une structure dont la section a une longueur de 44 cm et une largeur de 30 cm. Pour un mât de plus grandes dimensions, il peut être avantageux de réaliser le profilé A en deux, voire trois parties. A l'inverse, pour un petit mât, les profilés A et B peuvent être remplacés par un profilé unique. Il faut aussi mentionner que ces deux profilés peuvent être assemblés par soudage, collage ou rivetage.The structure described remains essentially the same for all dimensions of masts. On the other hand, the way in which this structure is produced, and more particularly the number of profiles used, may differ. The example described, using two sections to constitute the horseshoe portion and the Q portion, relates to a structure whose section has a length of 44 cm and a width of 30 cm. For a mast of larger dimensions, it may be advantageous to produce the section A in two, or even three parts. Conversely, for a small mast, profiles A and B can be replaced by a single profile. It should also be mentioned that these two profiles can be assembled by welding, gluing or riveting.

Il apparaît ainsi, en résumé, que la structure de mât selon l'invention présente, par rapport aux structures de l'art antérieur, le double avantage de permettre un accès facile à l'intérieur du mât tout en donnant à celui-ci une meilleure rigidité et d'éviter l'endommagement de la voile..It thus appears, in summary, that the mast structure according to the invention has, compared to the structures of the prior art, the double advantage of allowing easy access to the interior of the mast while giving it a better rigidity and avoid damage to the sail.

Claims (7)

1. A mast for a sail boat having a cross-section which exhibits an external portion (10) having roughly the form of a horseshoe and an internal portion (12) arranged within the external portion for reinforcement thereof and having the form of an arc of a circle with the same axis of symmetry and open on the same side as the external portion, the ends of said arc being respectively coupled to the arms of the horseshoe, characterized in that it further comprises two closing portions (14) fixed to the respective ends of said arms and forming two lips which partially close the horseshoe opening and which each comprise a hollow portion having a generally triangular cross-section with a rounded base, the bases of the two hollow portions facing each other and leaving between them sufficient space to allow passage of a sail retained within the mast.
2. A mast according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made up of the assembly of two extrusions (C, D) forming said closing portions and at least a third extrusion forming said external portion and said internal portion.
3. A mast according to claim 2, characterized in that said external and internal portions are formed by the assembly of at least two extrusions (A, B).
4. A mast according to claim 3, characterized in that one of said extrusions (B) forms the internal portion and a part of the arms of the external portion.
5. A mast according to claim 2, characterized in that the extrusions (C, D) forming the closing portions are fastened to the ends of the horseshoe arms by a nesting system and by a catch system.
6. A mast according to claim 5, characterized in that the extrusions (C, D) forming the closing portions comprise a plurality of sections over the length of the mast, certain of said sections being additionally fixed to the ends of the horseshoe arms by riveting.
7. A mast according to claim 3, characterized in that the extrusions (A, B) forming the external and internal portions are assembled by a catch system.
EP86102030A 1985-02-21 1986-02-18 Mast for a sailing boat Expired EP0192223B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8502647 1985-02-21
FR8502647A FR2577509B1 (en) 1985-02-21 1985-02-21 SAILING BOAT MAT

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0192223A1 EP0192223A1 (en) 1986-08-27
EP0192223B1 true EP0192223B1 (en) 1989-10-04

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EP86102030A Expired EP0192223B1 (en) 1985-02-21 1986-02-18 Mast for a sailing boat

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US (1) US4712500A (en)
EP (1) EP0192223B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS61193983A (en)
AU (1) AU579974B2 (en)
DE (1) DE3666022D1 (en)
ES (1) ES292411Y (en)
FR (1) FR2577509B1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3666022D1 (en) 1989-11-09
EP0192223A1 (en) 1986-08-27
FR2577509B1 (en) 1987-05-07
AU5384386A (en) 1986-09-25
AU579974B2 (en) 1988-12-15
FR2577509A1 (en) 1986-08-22
US4712500A (en) 1987-12-15
ES292411U (en) 1986-06-01
ES292411Y (en) 1987-02-16
JPS61193983A (en) 1986-08-28

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