EP0177811A1 - Interrupteur de commande - Google Patents

Interrupteur de commande Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0177811A1
EP0177811A1 EP85111790A EP85111790A EP0177811A1 EP 0177811 A1 EP0177811 A1 EP 0177811A1 EP 85111790 A EP85111790 A EP 85111790A EP 85111790 A EP85111790 A EP 85111790A EP 0177811 A1 EP0177811 A1 EP 0177811A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
housing
control switch
switch
switching
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85111790A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0177811B1 (fr
Inventor
Willi Essig
Heinz Petri
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
EGO Elektro Geratebau GmbH
Original Assignee
EGO Elektro Gerate Blanc und Fischer GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by EGO Elektro Gerate Blanc und Fischer GmbH filed Critical EGO Elektro Gerate Blanc und Fischer GmbH
Priority to AT85111790T priority Critical patent/ATE63401T1/de
Publication of EP0177811A1 publication Critical patent/EP0177811A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0177811B1 publication Critical patent/EP0177811B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H89/00—Combinations of two or more different basic types of electric switches, relays, selectors and emergency protective devices, not covered by any single one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H01H89/04—Combination of a thermally actuated switch with a manually operated switch
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H19/00—Switches operated by an operating part which is rotatable about a longitudinal axis thereof and which is acted upon directly by a solid body external to the switch, e.g. by a hand
    • H01H19/54—Switches operated by an operating part which is rotatable about a longitudinal axis thereof and which is acted upon directly by a solid body external to the switch, e.g. by a hand the operating part having at least five or an unspecified number of operative positions
    • H01H19/56—Angularly-movable actuating part carrying contacts, e.g. drum switch
    • H01H19/58—Angularly-movable actuating part carrying contacts, e.g. drum switch having only axial contact pressure, e.g. disc switch, wafer switch
    • H01H19/585—Angularly-movable actuating part carrying contacts, e.g. drum switch having only axial contact pressure, e.g. disc switch, wafer switch provided with printed circuit contacts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a control switch for electrical heating devices which have a power control device which can be actuated via a control shaft, in particular continuously.
  • Electric heating devices such as cookers, ovens or grills, hot water boilers and similar devices, particularly those used in the household, are usually adjusted to the desired heating power by rotating angle-dependent circuit breakers, such as clocking power control devices, energy or temperature controllers, multi-cycle, especially seven-cycle switches or the like set, whereby a stepless or a gradual setting is possible.
  • rotating angle-dependent circuit breakers such as clocking power control devices, energy or temperature controllers, multi-cycle, especially seven-cycle switches or the like set, whereby a stepless or a gradual setting is possible.
  • clocking power control devices such as clocking power control devices, energy or temperature controllers, multi-cycle, especially seven-cycle switches or the like set, whereby a stepless or a gradual setting is possible.
  • multi-cycle especially seven-cycle switches or the like set
  • the invention has for its object to provide a control switch for electrical heating devices, which ensures reliable control with a robust design and thus with a long, maintenance-free service life.
  • control switch of the type described at the outset according to the invention in that the control switch has mechanical, rotation-angle-dependent closed and open switching contacts for controlling an associated device, that of these switching contacts a rotatable, the other switching contacts closing and opening switching contact is drive-connected to a clutch for the switching shaft and that the control switch can be connected to the power control unit to form a structural unit.
  • the switching contacts are formed by sliding contacts offset with respect to one another, which are preferably located in a plane perpendicular to a switching axis, that is to say end contacts, which require very little space.
  • the coupling is connected in a rotationally fixed manner to the rotatable switching contact, so that no additional transmission or transmission members are required between the latter and the coupling.
  • a further significant simplification of the structure can be achieved in that the clutch is coaxial with the selector shaft, i.e. without additional transmission or transmission elements being required, can be connected directly to the selector shaft, which can be achieved with a structurally simple design in that the switch has a passage opening through it for the passage of the switch shaft and the coupling between the ends of the passage opening in the axis of which lies, the coupling member of the coupling being able to delimit a section of the through opening.
  • a rotatable contact disk is mounted in a housing of the control switch, the switching contact of which run on the contact tracks of a contact plate fixed to the housing, so that the entire control switch can be designed in a disk-like manner and thus in a very space-saving manner.
  • the preferably circular contact disk penetrates the contact board and / or the housing part adjacent to it with a sleeve-shaped bearing sleeve. If the contact disk on its side facing away from the contact board is guided in a bearing opening of the associated housing part with a flat bearing shoulder, in particular larger in diameter than the bearing sleeve, this design means that practically all parts of the control switch centered against each other with respect to the switch axis of rotation, so that the mechanical contacts are closed or opened depending on the angle of rotation even with a spatially very compact design with high repeatability.
  • the contact disk is guided in the housing on its circumference, preferably in the region of two diametrically opposite corner zones of the housing, which is square in particular in axial view, the edge dimension of the housing needs to be only slightly larger than the outside diameter of the contact disk.
  • the contact disk is supported at least in the area of its switching contact with its end face facing away from the contact board essentially over the entire surface of an axial bearing surface of the housing.
  • a particularly simple, rotationally locking and, in the manner of plug-in elements, mountable or releasable connection of the contact disk to the control shaft can be achieved in that the contact disk has a coupling member for the switch shaft in its axial bore, in particular in a recess deviating from the circular shape the front of the bearing approach inserted, rotatably and centered engaging in the recess coupling ring, which can therefore consist of a different material than the insulating material of the contact disk, for example metal, such as steel.
  • a housing part close to the circumference of the contact disk has an edge web which closely surrounds this and for alignment the contact board, on the head edge of which the other, preferably essentially plate-shaped, housing part rests, the contact board resting on the inside of this housing part, so that their axial play is precisely defined in a simple manner.
  • the contact board has a plug tab led out of the housing with separate plug contacts for each switching contact provided on the board, the contact board preferably having a projection which forms the plug tab and lies in its plane an interruption of the edge web is guided out of the housing, so that no separate plug component is required for the connection of the switching contacts, but rather the plug lug is formed directly by the contact board, which is additionally formed by the plug lug led out of an opening in the housing is precisely defined in relation to the housing.
  • the switching contacts can be accommodated in an extremely narrow space if they are arranged coaxially in a circular arc on the contact board around the switching axis and their circular arc ends are staggered by arc angles, so that they follow from the switching contact of the contact disk after corresponding arc angle rotations and after touched or released again.
  • control switch at least partially, in particular the housing and / or the contact disk, is made of insulating material, the two housing parts preferably being braced against one another with a flat bracket arranged on a housing side and sunk so that they can be kept very tightly closed .
  • the control switch is characterized by a support of the control switch which can be preassembled on the power control device, with connecting members for the control switch, the support, in particular formed by the flat bracket, preferably having engagement openings for housing bolts such as screws, which hold the housing parts of the control switch together and furthermore, in particular, heads of mounting bolts, assigned to the power control device, of the carrier lie in recesses in the housing of the control switch.
  • the carrier can first be mounted on the power control unit, after which the assembled control switch, which in its assembled state is not yet secured by fastening elements, is attached to the carrier and fastened on the one hand to the carrier and thus to the power control unit with the housing bolts and on the other hand secured in its assembled state becomes.
  • the contact board can be made extremely flat if the switching contacts and / or the plug contacts are designed in the manner of printed circuits, preferably arranged on the contact board, which also results in very simple manufacture.
  • control switch 1 is also suitable, for example, for controlling an electronic power control device, which can be provided for an inductively heated hob or another additional device for a cooker or other device.
  • an energy controller or a clocking power control device is provided as a switch connected to the control switch to form a unit, this unit can optionally be used to control a conventional hob with radiant heater heating or an electric hotplate via the energy controller or the like, in which case the Control switch can be out of function; or it can be controlled via the same actuation handle, for example the rotary knob 3, an inductively heated hotplate or the like, in which case the energy regulator or the like can then be out of function.
  • both functions i.e.
  • control switch 1 can be effective at the same time or provided for control processes if, for example, two or more control processes are to take place depending on one another in the area of a device;
  • the control switch 1 could be used to control the automatic heating of the hotplate, which is otherwise controlled by the energy regulator or the like, additional heating for an oven tube or another additional function such as that of a blower, the device or an additional device.
  • control switch 1 according to the invention is shown with solid lines, while the circuit breaker 2 connected to the display switch 1 to form a structural unit, the rotary head 3 assigned to it, a device cover 4 for fastening the switches and a device 5 assigned to the control switch 1 in the form of a optical display device are shown in dash-dotted lines.
  • the circuit breaker 2 can be, for example, a temperature controller according to DE-OS 32 38 955 or a power control device according to DE-PS 26 25 716.9, to which reference is made here for the purpose of the detailed description.
  • the control switch 1 has a two-part, almost plate-shaped flat and square-limited housing 6, the two housing parts 7, 8 of which are assembled with sides perpendicular to the switching axis 9 and between these sides a flat cavity for receiving a contact disk 10 and one to it Form immediately adjacent contact board 11, which is only indicated by dash-dotted lines in FIG. 4 for the sake of clarity.
  • the circular disk-shaped contact disk 10 which has a constant thickness up to its outer circumference, has on one end face a cylindrical sleeve-shaped bearing sleeve 12 lying in the switching axis 9, the inside diameter of which corresponds to the outside diameter of a switch shaft 13 for actuating the circuit breaker 2 by means of the rotary knob 3 corresponds and whose outer diameter is only slightly larger.
  • This bearing sleeve 12 passes through the housing part 8 in the region of a bearing opening 14, which is slightly longer compared to the other thickness of the housing part 8 in that the housing part 8 is provided in the region of the bearing opening 14 with a strip-shaped zone 15 on the outside.
  • the bearing sleeve 12 also passes through the contact plate 11, which has a corresponding through hole for this purpose.
  • the contact board 11 is thus essentially over the entire surface on the inside of the plate-shaped housing part 8, while they are after the other Is supported on an annular shoulder 16 of the contact disk 10, which is provided in the transition area between the bearing sleeve 12 and the annular disk-shaped zone of the contact disk 10 and protrudes from the associated end face 17 of the annular disk-shaped zone of the contact disk 10 by only a fraction of a millimeter.
  • the actual base body of the contact disk 10 touches the contact plate 11 with low friction essentially only in the area of the annular shoulder 16, while the remaining end face 17 lies at a small gap distance from the associated surface 18 of the contact plate 11.
  • the other end face 19 of the annular disk-shaped part of the contact plate 11 lies essentially over the entire surface of a recessed bottom surface of the housing part 7, this bottom surface thus forming an axial bearing surface 20 for the contact disk 10.
  • the contact plate 10 On the front side facing away from the bearing sleeve 12, the contact plate 10 furthermore has a cylindrical flat bearing shoulder 21 which is larger in diameter than the bearing sleeve 12 and which is guided in a bearing opening 22 of the housing part 7 which is adapted to it both in terms of the outer diameter and in terms of the axial extent which forms a recessed zone of the thrust bearing surface 20.
  • the housing part 7 On its side facing the housing part 7, the housing part 7 has an edge web 23 which extends over all corners of the housing part, the top edge 24 of which forms the only contact surface of the housing part 7 for the housing part 8.
  • the contact board 11 is adapted to the inner contour of the edge web 22 in such a way that it lies only with an extremely small clearance between these inner surfaces with their outer edges, with their housing part 7 facing side rests only in the area of the housing corners on corresponding shoulder surfaces 25, 26 of the housing part 7.
  • these shoulder surfaces 25 extend to the axial bearing surface 20, such that the edge surfaces of the projections forming these shoulder surfaces 25 facing the switching axis 9 form arcuate guide surfaces 27 for the circumference 28 of the contact disk 10.
  • both housing parts 7, 8 are penetrated by a through hole that is perpendicular to the parting plane of the housing, the through holes of both housing parts 7, 8 being aligned with one another when the housing is assembled, the through holes. of the housing part 7 are larger than that of the housing part 8, while the through bores of the housing part 8 are limited by sleeve-shaped centering plugs 29 which protrude beyond the inside of the housing part 8 and fit into the through bores of the housing part 7 essentially without play. In the area of the through holes, the corners of the contact board 11 are left free.
  • the contact board 8 has, symmetrically to an outer edge, a tongue-like rectangular extension lying in its plane and formed in one piece with it, which forms a connector tab 30 projecting from the housing 6.
  • This connector tab 30 is removed from the housing by an interruption 31 in the edge web 23 guided, the bottom surface of this interruption 31 lies in the plane of the shoulder surfaces 25, 26.
  • the contact board 11 On the side facing the contact disk 10, the contact board 11 is provided with switching contacts 32, which are mounted concentrically in the form of a circle around the switching axis 9 in the manner of printed circuits on the contact board 11 and the one, freely ending circular arc ends 33 of which are graduated with respect to one another by arc angles are offset. The other ends are each electrically conductively connected to a plug contact 34, with all plug contacts 34 being provided next to one another on the plug tab 30.
  • a radially strip-shaped switching contact 35 On the associated side of the contact disk 10, a radially strip-shaped switching contact 35, which grinds on the opposite side of the contact board 11, is arranged such that it completely engages over the radial field on which the switching contacts 32 are provided.
  • the switching contacts 32 gradually come into contact with the switching contact 35, as a result of which the circuits associated with the plug contacts 34 are closed in succession.
  • the plug contacts 34 are provided on the connector lug 30 in the same arrangement and size as on a connector lug of the optical display device 5, so that with a cable harness that has the same plug at both ends, the display switch formed by the control switch 1 with the display device 5 can be electrically connected.
  • the display device 5 has a number of several, in the exemplary embodiment shown twelve light-emitting diodes 36, which are provided in a clearly visible manner in the region of a window 37 of the panel 4 located next to the rotary knob 3.
  • the contact disk 10 has a coupling 38 which is provided in the axial bore 39 of the contact disk 10.
  • the clutch 38 is essentially formed by an annular disk-shaped coupling member 40, which is hexagonally delimited on the outer circumference in the manner of a threaded nut and is inserted into a recess in the end face of the bearing projection 21 adapted to this outer shape, such that the coupling member 40 is axially secured between the bottom surface of the recess 41 and the bottom surface of the bearing opening 22 is held.
  • the through opening of the coupling member 38 has a cross section adapted to the flattened cross section of the bearing shaft 13 and forms a section of a through opening 42 with a diameter adapted to the switch shaft 13, which passes through the entire control switch 1 in the switching axis 9. If the control switch 1 is attached to the circuit breaker 2, its switch shaft 13 passes through the control switch 1, which is thus actuated synchronously with the circuit breaker 2.
  • the control switch 1 has on the outside of the housing part 7 associated with the circuit breaker 2 a support 43 made of sheet metal which is essentially formed by a flat bracket 44 and which, in view of the associated housing side, is of essentially rectangular Z-shape, the central web parallel to the zone 15 lies and has about the same width as this. Both the central web and the end webs of the flat bracket 44 are arranged sunk by its thickness in the associated housing side in such a way that they do not protrude beyond the housing.
  • the ends of the flat bracket end webs which are in the form of approximately square screw plates 45 in the region of the corners of the housing having the centering plugs 29, are opposite the other flat bracket 44 to the other housing part 8 by one Multiple times their thickness offset by appropriate skirts and engage in correspondingly again countersunk zones on the outside of the housing part 7.
  • These screw plates 45 have threaded openings for the engagement of housing bolts 46, which pass through the centering plug 29 and lie with their heads on the outside of the housing part 8, such that the housing parts 7, 8 are braced against one another with the two diagonally lying housing bolts 46.
  • the carrier 43 Before the housing parts 7, 8 are fastened to the carrier 43, which likewise has a continuation of the through opening 42 located in the switching axis 9, the carrier 43 becomes in shape on both sides of the switching axis 9 or in the transition area to the end webs of the flat bracket 44 with mounting bolts 47 fixed by metric screws on the associated side of the circuit breaker 2.
  • the heads 48 of the mounting bolts 47 passing through corresponding through openings of the carrier 43 then rest on the side of the carrier 43 remote from the circuit breaker 2.
  • Corresponding cylindrical blind-hole depressions 49 are provided in the associated side of the housing 6 of the control switch 1 for receiving these heads 48, that is to say in the exemplary embodiment shown in the bottom surface of the recess which receives the flat bracket 44.
  • the housing 6 of the control switch 1 has two eyes 50 on both sides of the switching axis 9 with threaded bores 51, wherein the two other cylindrical eyes 50 protrude furthest from the associated side of the control switch 1 and serve to fasten the structural unit consisting of the control switch 1 and the circuit breaker 2 to the inside of the panel 4.

Landscapes

  • Rotary Switch, Piano Key Switch, And Lever Switch (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
  • Mechanisms For Operating Contacts (AREA)
  • Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
EP85111790A 1984-09-28 1985-09-18 Interrupteur de commande Expired - Lifetime EP0177811B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85111790T ATE63401T1 (de) 1984-09-28 1985-09-18 Steuerschalter.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3435609 1984-09-28
DE19843435609 DE3435609A1 (de) 1984-09-28 1984-09-28 Leistungs-anzeigeschalter

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0177811A1 true EP0177811A1 (fr) 1986-04-16
EP0177811B1 EP0177811B1 (fr) 1991-05-08

Family

ID=6246585

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85111790A Expired - Lifetime EP0177811B1 (fr) 1984-09-28 1985-09-18 Interrupteur de commande

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0177811B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE63401T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3435609A1 (fr)
YU (1) YU46514B (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0731483A2 (fr) * 1995-03-04 1996-09-11 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc und Fischer GmbH & Co. KG Relais pour consommateurs d'énergie et similaires

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3519035A1 (de) * 1985-05-25 1986-11-27 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer, 7519 Oberderdingen Elektro-kochplatte
US5045656A (en) * 1989-07-05 1991-09-03 Idec Izumi Corporation Switch provided with indicator
DE4107836A1 (de) * 1991-03-12 1992-09-17 Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer Betaetigungsvorrichtung fuer elektrogeraete

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2944121A (en) * 1959-03-20 1960-07-05 Burroughs Corp Switching apparatus
FR2354656A1 (fr) * 1976-06-09 1978-01-06 Ego Regeltech Appareil de commande de puissance
EP0027976A1 (fr) * 1979-10-27 1981-05-06 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer Dispositif de réglage ou de commande pour unité de cuisson et/ou de réchauffage
FR2492553A1 (fr) * 1980-10-21 1982-04-23 Carpano & Pons Dispositif de commande d'un programmateur
EP0107152A1 (fr) * 1982-10-21 1984-05-02 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer Thermostat

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1708742U (de) * 1955-06-08 1955-10-13 Alfred Dr Neff Elektroherd mit optischer signalisierung der gebrauchsstellen.
DE1136783B (de) * 1960-10-25 1962-09-20 Siemens Elektrogeraete Gmbh Anzeigevorrichtung fuer die Betriebs-bereitschaft und Temperatur durch eine Glimmleuchtroehre (Amplitudenroehre)
US3412363A (en) * 1964-01-02 1968-11-19 Gen Precision Systems Inc Control knob indicator apparatus
DE2062598C3 (de) * 1970-12-18 1979-04-12 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Schalter (Codierdrehschalter) mit einer Befestigung des Schleifkontaktbleches zur weichen Kontaktgabe
DE2155138C3 (de) * 1971-11-05 1975-11-20 Ernst Dreefs Gmbh, 8641 Unterrodach Drehschalter mit Signallampe
DE7329567U (de) * 1973-08-13 1973-11-22 Imperial-Werke Gmbh Schaltstellungs-Anzeigevorrichtung für mit Schalterdrehgriffen und einer Armaturenblende ausgestattete Haushaltsgeräte
DE2734470A1 (de) * 1977-07-30 1979-02-15 Ego Regeltech Elektronisches leistungsregelgeraet fuer elektrokoch- und heizgeraete, insbesondere elektrokochplatten
DE2848824C2 (de) * 1978-11-10 1990-02-15 Diehl Gmbh & Co, 8500 Nuernberg Anordnung zur Leistungssteuerung
FR2468956A1 (fr) * 1979-11-05 1981-05-08 Cherry Electrical Prod Commutateur de codage
DE3017486C2 (de) * 1980-05-07 1985-07-11 Bosch-Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH, 7000 Stuttgart Regel- und Steuereinrichtung für elektrische Heizgeräte
DE8013074U1 (de) * 1980-05-14 1989-09-14 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer, 7519 Oberderdingen Zusatzschalter für eine Einstelleinrichtung
DE3104384C2 (de) * 1981-02-07 1985-07-18 Hans-Joachim 8500 Nürnberg Horn Schalteranordnung mit Anzeige
DE3240547A1 (de) * 1982-11-03 1984-06-14 Diehl Gmbh & Co Schaltungsanordnung zum umschalten der leistungszufuhr zu elektrischen verbrauchern

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2944121A (en) * 1959-03-20 1960-07-05 Burroughs Corp Switching apparatus
FR2354656A1 (fr) * 1976-06-09 1978-01-06 Ego Regeltech Appareil de commande de puissance
EP0027976A1 (fr) * 1979-10-27 1981-05-06 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer Dispositif de réglage ou de commande pour unité de cuisson et/ou de réchauffage
FR2492553A1 (fr) * 1980-10-21 1982-04-23 Carpano & Pons Dispositif de commande d'un programmateur
EP0107152A1 (fr) * 1982-10-21 1984-05-02 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer Thermostat

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0731483A2 (fr) * 1995-03-04 1996-09-11 E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc und Fischer GmbH & Co. KG Relais pour consommateurs d'énergie et similaires
EP0731483A3 (fr) * 1995-03-04 1997-08-13 Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer Relais pour consommateurs d'énergie et similaires

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3582774D1 (de) 1991-06-13
ATE63401T1 (de) 1991-05-15
YU153385A (en) 1988-02-29
YU46514B (sh) 1993-11-16
EP0177811B1 (fr) 1991-05-08
DE3435609A1 (de) 1986-04-10

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