EP0149400A2 - Aerial with a circular-mode promotion system - Google Patents

Aerial with a circular-mode promotion system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0149400A2
EP0149400A2 EP84402741A EP84402741A EP0149400A2 EP 0149400 A2 EP0149400 A2 EP 0149400A2 EP 84402741 A EP84402741 A EP 84402741A EP 84402741 A EP84402741 A EP 84402741A EP 0149400 A2 EP0149400 A2 EP 0149400A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
guide
antenna
air according
circular
aerial
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Granted
Application number
EP84402741A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0149400B1 (en
EP0149400A3 (en
Inventor
Jean Rannou
Emile Pouderous
Pascal Gilbert
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q11/00—Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q11/02—Non-resonant antennas, e.g. travelling-wave antenna
    • H01Q11/08—Helical antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/165—Auxiliary devices for rotating the plane of polarisation
    • H01P1/17—Auxiliary devices for rotating the plane of polarisation for producing a continuously rotating polarisation, e.g. circular polarisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
    • H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced lines or devices with unbalanced lines or devices
    • H01P5/103—Hollow-waveguide/coaxial-line transitions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/24—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave constituted by a dielectric or ferromagnetic rod or pipe
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
    • H01Q9/27—Spiral antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to aerials comprising an excitation device in circular mode.
  • the wave propagation mode is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode.
  • the wave propagation mode in a guide is a transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) mode.
  • the preferred excitation mode of a circular waveguide is the circular mode (TE 11 or TM 11).
  • the first solution consists first of all in carrying out an electrical coupling.
  • This coupling makes it possible to pass from the TEM mode to the TE 10 mode in rectangular guide. It is then necessary to perform a coupling by transition to switch to TE 11 mode (rectilinear) in circular guide. It is then necessary to switch from TE 11 mode to a circular mode.
  • This coupling is generally carried out by a polarization rotator of the iris or dielectric plate type.
  • the second solution is to attack the circular guide by two probes arranged perpendicularly. They are supplied by waves of equal amplitude phase shifted transmitted by a microwave line.
  • the phase shift can be carried out before the supply of the probes, in this case the probes are located in the same plane. It can be done in the guide by an offset of the probes of a length equal to where ⁇ g is the wavelength guided.
  • the two known solutions are generally complex and the excitation devices obtained are bulky, in particular in the case of the first solution.
  • the polarization rotator In both cases of the second solution, the polarization rotator must be supplied by two channels of the same power. It is therefore necessary to use a power divider capable of distributing the energy equally on each channel.
  • phase shifter is generally used to phase the probes supplying the guide.
  • a third drawback is added concerning the bandwidth of the device, since it is generally narrow and therefore unsuitable for many applications requiring a very wide band.
  • a known solution makes it possible to widen the bandwidth. It consists in using a waveguide of the "double orthogonal ridge" type. Such a guide is machined so that it has longitudinal recesses which give a grooved shape to the section of the guide. The manufacture of such guides is of course more complex than that of ordinary guides and therefore more expensive.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks and proposes an aerial comprising a circular polarization waveguide exciter device comprising a one-way circular polarization radiation antenna supplied directly by a microwave line, this antenna having dimensions suitable for that the radiation emitted excites the guide, and the pass band of the guide being very wide since it is no longer limited except by the cut-off frequency of the guide.
  • the invention therefore relates to an aerial comprising a waveguide excitation device in circular polarization mainly characterized in that it comprises a microwave power supply line traversed by an electromagnetic transverse wave, a waveguide and a radiant element powered by the line and able to radiate a wave exciting the guide in circular polarization.
  • the waveguide excitation device in circular mode shown in FIG. 1 makes it possible to pass directly from a transverse electromagnetic mode TEM which is the conventional propagation mode in microwave lines, to a guided mode in circular polarization.
  • This device comprises a circular guide 1 with a longitudinal axis XX ′ and a diameter D determined as a function of the desired cutoff wavelength ⁇ C.
  • One end 2 which will be termed an inlet is placed in front of a radiating element 3, the other end 4 which will be termed an outlet is open.
  • the radiating element 3 is constituted by an antenna emitting unidirectional radiation in circular polarization when it is supplied by an electromagnetic transverse wave.
  • the supply is carried out by means of a microwave line 5.
  • Line 5 can be a coaxial line , or two-wire or microstrip.
  • the excitation antenna 3 therefore emits a wave with circular polarization in the direction of the opening 4.
  • a cavity 6 placed against the antenna 3 upstream thereof and in the extension of the guide constitutes a reflective plane making it possible to obtain unidirectional radiation from the antenna 3.
  • FIG. 2 represents an exemplary embodiment of a radiating element 3 in circular polarization. It is a classic logarithmic double spiral antenna; an Archimedes spiral or a multi-spiral may also be suitable.
  • the antenna is produced from an expansion center 0 and an expansion rate! given. The supply is carried out from points A and B, the two arms of the antenna are supplied in phase opposition to obtain a maximum field in the direction XX '.
  • the antenna is placed in front of the reflective plane 6 shown in FIG. 1 to radiate unidirectionally. The length of an arm fixes the lowest frequency, while the width AB fixes the highest frequency. The bandwidth of this type of antenna is very wide.
  • FIG. 3 represents another exemplary embodiment of a radiating element 3. It is a helical antenna whose dimensions are chosen so that it radiates axially in circular polarization. The conditions to be respected for the choice of the length, the diameter and the pitch of each turn in order to obtain a unidirectional radiation are known.
  • a reflector is not essential to obtain the unidirectional effect, but it is necessary for the adaptation of the supply line 5.
  • the antenna 3 can for example be supplied by a coaxial line 5 whose sheath is joined to reflector 6.
  • the dimensions of the antennas are compatible with those of the guide that they excite so that all of the radiation takes place inside the guide without attenuation.
  • the wavelengths must therefore be less than the cut-off wavelength ⁇ C , which leads to a pass band f C - f M , fM depending only on the excitation antenna 3.
  • ⁇ C cut-off wavelength
  • a helix pitch S is chosen such that it is less than ( ⁇ o corresponding to f o , central frequency of the band), as well as a diameter D H such that the length of the circumference C H is between 0.7 ⁇ o and 1.7 ⁇ o, D H being consequently between 0.22 ⁇ o and 0.45 ⁇ o. It follows from this choice that the phase shift between radiating points located identically on adjacent turns achieves the condition of longitudinal radiation, which makes it possible to obtain a maximum of radiation in the axis XX '. We see as in the previous case that D H is always less than D.
  • FIG. 4 shows the aerial and its waveguide excitation device.
  • the aerial as shown in this figure is seen in section.
  • the radiating element 3 is constituted by a logarithmic double spiral antenna printed on a substrate for example.
  • the support of this radiating element 3 can also serve as a support for micro-electronic components for particular applications. Indeed, it is easy to place a detector diode between points A and B of the double spiral and thus to perform the detection function on reception. PIN diodes can be placed between the two arms, slightly separated from the center to modulate the signal received by the antenna. It is also possible to place capacitors in series on each arm between the center and the PIN diodes allowing decoupling between the modulation current and the detected voltage.
  • connection device 7 is placed at the rear of the cavity 6. It makes it possible to connect a coaxial line 5 to the excitation antenna 3.
  • the connection device 7 comprises a coaxial socket 8 and an adapter 9 making it possible to pass progressively from a coaxial line to a microstrip then two-wire line.
  • the two-wire line directly feeds the exciting antenna at points A and B.
  • the antenna 3 is loaded at its ends 10 by an absorbent 11 plated on the support circuit of the antenna to absorb the non-radiated energy.
  • the outlet 4 of the guide thus constitutes a radiating opening.
  • a metal disc 12 has been interposed at the entrance of the guide and at its center at a distance d close to of the exciting antenna, ⁇ o corresponding to the wavelength of the central frequency f of the working bandwidth of the aerial.
  • FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment according to Figure 4.
  • the aerial seen in section is identical to that of Figure 4 with the difference that the guide is filled with a dielectric material 13 whose dielectric constant is greater than 1
  • the medium in which the waves propagate is modified and makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the guide.
  • the shape of the dielectric at the right of the mouth is chosen so as to respond to the radiation pattern that has been imposed. This shape is also chosen so as to obtain an aerodynamics compatible with the installation of the aerial.
  • This figure shows a dielectric antenna in the form of a cone which is perfectly compatible with installation on an aircraft for example.
  • the aerial shown in Figure 5 has the advantage of having the same characteristics as that shown in Figure 4 while having a reduced footprint because the dimensions of the guide are reduced.
  • This variant also has the advantage of obtaining protection against external stresses on the guide and thus ensuring the same functions as those of a radome.
  • the aerial according to the invention comprises a device excitation of waveguide in circular polarization space-saving which allows the direct passage from a transverse electromagnetic polarization mode to a circular polarization mode and which allows waves in circular and broadband polarization.
  • a radiating element 3 is used in circular polarization which excites the waveguide in circular mode and which is supplied by a microwave line 5 in which the propagation mode is transverse electromagnetic. Therefore, the bandwidth of the device is determined by the bandwidth of the exciting antenna 3 on the one hand and the cutoff frequency of the guide on the other hand.
  • the opening of the guide serves as a radiating element and the guide serves as a high-pass filter. In the case where the radiating element 3 is a double spiral antenna, this antenna can be used as a support for micro-electronic components.

Landscapes

  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un aérien comportant un dispositif d'excitation de guide d'onde en polarisation circulaire comprenant une ligne (5) d'alimentation hyperfrèquence parcourue par une onde transverse électromagnétique, un guide d'onde (1) et un élément rayonnant (3) alimenté par la ligne et apte à rayonner une onde excitant le guide en polarisation circulaire, l'aérien émettant par l'ouverture du guide des ondes à polarisation circulaire. Application aux aériens hyperfréquences.The invention relates to an aerial comprising a circular polarization waveguide excitation device comprising a microwave power supply line (5) traversed by an electromagnetic transverse wave, a waveguide (1) and a radiating element ( 3) supplied by the line and able to radiate a wave exciting the guide in circular polarization, the aerial emitting by the opening of the wave guide with circular polarization. Application to microwave aerials.

Description

La présente invention se rapporte aux aériens comportant un dispositif d'excitation en mode circulaire.The present invention relates to aerials comprising an excitation device in circular mode.

Pour alimenter un aérien comportant un guide d'onde circulaire à partir d'une ligne hyperfréquence, il est nécessaire de changer le mode de propagation de l'onde transmise par la ligne.To feed an aerial comprising a circular waveguide from a microwave line, it is necessary to change the propagation mode of the wave transmitted by the line.

En effet, dans les lignes hyperfréquences couramment utilisées, comme les lignes coaxiales, bifilaires, triplaques ou à plan parallèles (microstrip), le mode de propagation des ondes est un mode transverse électromagnétique (TEM).In fact, in the commonly used microwave lines, such as coaxial, two-wire, triplate or parallel plane (microstrip) lines, the wave propagation mode is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode.

Le mode de propagation des ondes dans un guide est un mode transverse électrique (TE) ou transverse magnétique (TM).The wave propagation mode in a guide is a transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) mode.

Le mode d'excitation privilégié d'un guide d'onde circulaire est le mode circulaire (TE 11 ou TM 11).The preferred excitation mode of a circular waveguide is the circular mode (TE 11 or TM 11).

Pour passer d'un mode TEM à un mode guidé en polarisation circulaire dans un guide circulaire, deux solutions sont connues.To go from a TEM mode to a guided mode with circular polarization in a circular guide, two solutions are known.

La première solution consiste tout d'abord à effectuer un couplage électrique. Ce couplage permet de passer du mode TEM au mode TE 10 en guide rectangulaire. Il faut ensuite effectuer un couplage par transition pour passer en mode TE 11 (rectiligne) en guide circulaire. Il faut ensuite passer du mode TE 11 en un mode circulaire. Ce couplage est généralement réalisé par un rotateur de polarisation du type à iris ou à lame diélectrique.The first solution consists first of all in carrying out an electrical coupling. This coupling makes it possible to pass from the TEM mode to the TE 10 mode in rectangular guide. It is then necessary to perform a coupling by transition to switch to TE 11 mode (rectilinear) in circular guide. It is then necessary to switch from TE 11 mode to a circular mode. This coupling is generally carried out by a polarization rotator of the iris or dielectric plate type.

La deuxième solution consiste à attaquer le guide circulaire

Figure imgb0001
par deux sondes disposées perpendiculairement. Elles sont alimentées par des ondes d'égale amplitude déphasées de transmises par une ligne hyperfréquence. Le déphasage peut être effectué avant l'alimentation des sondes, dans ce cas les sondes sont situées dans un même plan. Il peut se faire dans le guide par un décalage des sondes d'une longueur égale à
Figure imgb0002
 où λg est la longueur d'onde guidée.The second solution is to attack the circular guide
Figure imgb0001
 by two probes arranged perpendicularly. They are supplied by waves of equal amplitude phase shifted transmitted by a microwave line. The phase shift can be carried out before the supply of the probes, in this case the probes are located in the same plane. It can be done in the guide by an offset of the probes of a length equal to
Figure imgb0002
 where λg is the wavelength guided.

Les deux solutions connues sont généralement complexes et les dispositifs d'excitation obtenus sont encombrants, notamment dans le cas de la première solution.The two known solutions are generally complex and the excitation devices obtained are bulky, in particular in the case of the first solution.

Dans les deux cas de la deuxième solution, le rotateur de polarisation doit être alimenté par deux voies de même puissance. ll est donc nécessaire d'utiliser un diviseur de puissance apte à répartir l'énergie équitablement sur chaque voie.In both cases of the second solution, the polarization rotator must be supplied by two channels of the same power. It is therefore necessary to use a power divider capable of distributing the energy equally on each channel.

Dans le premier cas de la deuxième solution, on fait généralement appel à un déphaseur pour déphaser les sondes alimentant le guide.In the first case of the second solution, a phase shifter is generally used to phase the probes supplying the guide.

Outre les inconvénients de la complexité et de l'encombrement, un troisième inconvénient se rajoute concernant la bande passante du dispositif, car elle est généralement étroite et par conséquent inadaptée à de nombreuses applications nécessitant une bande très large. Toutefois, une solution connue permet d'élargir la bande passante. Elle consiste à utiliser un guide d'onde du type "double ridge orthogonaux". Un tel guide est usiné de sorte qu'il présente des décrochements longitudinaux qui donnent une forme cannelée à la section du guide. La fabrication de tels guides est bien sur plus complexe que celle de guides ordinaires et par conséquent plus onéreuse.In addition to the drawbacks of complexity and bulk, a third drawback is added concerning the bandwidth of the device, since it is generally narrow and therefore unsuitable for many applications requiring a very wide band. However, a known solution makes it possible to widen the bandwidth. It consists in using a waveguide of the "double orthogonal ridge" type. Such a guide is machined so that it has longitudinal recesses which give a grooved shape to the section of the guide. The manufacture of such guides is of course more complex than that of ordinary guides and therefore more expensive.

La présente invention a pour objet de remédier à ces inconvénients et propose un aérien comportant un dispositif excitateur dé guide d'onde en polarisation circulaire comprenant une antenne à rayonnement unidirectionnel en polarisation circulaire alimentée directement par une ligne hyperfréquence, cette antenne ayant des dimensions adaptées pour que le rayonnement émis excite le guide, et la bande passante du guide étant très large puisqu'elle n'est plus limitée que par la fréquence de coupure du guide.The object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks and proposes an aerial comprising a circular polarization waveguide exciter device comprising a one-way circular polarization radiation antenna supplied directly by a microwave line, this antenna having dimensions suitable for that the radiation emitted excites the guide, and the pass band of the guide being very wide since it is no longer limited except by the cut-off frequency of the guide.

L'invention a donc pour objet un aérien comportant un dispositif d'excitation de guide d'onde en polarisation circulaire principalement caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une ligne d'alimentation hyperfréquence parcourue par une onde transverse électromagnétique, un guide d'onde et un élément rayonnant alimenté par la ligne et apte à rayonner une onde excitant le guide en polarisation circulaire.The invention therefore relates to an aerial comprising a waveguide excitation device in circular polarization mainly characterized in that it comprises a microwave power supply line traversed by an electromagnetic transverse wave, a waveguide and a radiant element powered by the line and able to radiate a wave exciting the guide in circular polarization.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront clairement à la lecture de la description suivante présentée à titre d'exemple non limitatif et faite en regard des figures du dessin annexé sur lequel :

  • - la figure 1 représente un dispositif d'excitation en mode circulaire de l'aérien selon l'invention ;
  • - les figures 2 et 3 représentent un élément rayonnant selon la figure 1, suivant un premier et un deuxième modes de réalisation ;
  • - la figure 4 représente l'aérien selon l'invention ;
  • - la figure 5 représente une variante de réalisation de l'aérien.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear clearly on reading the following description presented by way of nonlimiting example and made with reference to the figures of the appended drawing in which:
  • - Figure 1 shows an excitation device in circular mode of the aerial according to the invention;
  • - Figures 2 and 3 show a radiating element according to Figure 1, according to a first and a second embodiment;
  • - Figure 4 shows the aerial according to the invention;
  • - Figure 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the aerial.

Le dispositif d'excitation de guide d'onde en mode circulaire représenté sur la figure 1 permet de passer directement d'un mode transverse électromagnétique T.E.M. qui est le mode de propagation classique dans les lignes hyperfréquences, à un mode guidé en polarisation circulaire. Ce dispositif comprend un guide 1 circulaire d'axe longitudinal XX' et de diamètre D déterminé en fonction de la longueur d'onde de coupure λC désirée. Une extrémité 2 que l'on qualifiera d'entrée est placée devant un élément rayonnant 3, l'autre extrémité 4 que l'on qualifiera de sortie est ouverte.The waveguide excitation device in circular mode shown in FIG. 1 makes it possible to pass directly from a transverse electromagnetic mode TEM which is the conventional propagation mode in microwave lines, to a guided mode in circular polarization. This device comprises a circular guide 1 with a longitudinal axis XX ′ and a diameter D determined as a function of the desired cutoff wavelength λ C. One end 2 which will be termed an inlet is placed in front of a radiating element 3, the other end 4 which will be termed an outlet is open.

L'élément rayonnant 3 est constitué par une antenne émettant un rayonnement unidirectionnel en polarisation circulaire lorsqu'elle est alimentée par une onde transverse électromagnétique.L'alimentation est réalisée au moyen d'une ligne hyperfréquence 5. La ligne 5 peut être une ligne coaxiale, ou bifilaire ou microstrip.The radiating element 3 is constituted by an antenna emitting unidirectional radiation in circular polarization when it is supplied by an electromagnetic transverse wave. The supply is carried out by means of a microwave line 5. Line 5 can be a coaxial line , or two-wire or microstrip.

L'antenne excitatrice 3 émet donc une onde à polarisation circulaire dans la direction de l'ouverture 4. Une cavité 6 placée contre l'antenne 3 en amont de celle-ci et dans le prolongement du guide constitue un plan réflecteur permettant d'obtenir un rayonnement unidirectionnel de l'antenne 3.The excitation antenna 3 therefore emits a wave with circular polarization in the direction of the opening 4. A cavity 6 placed against the antenna 3 upstream thereof and in the extension of the guide constitutes a reflective plane making it possible to obtain unidirectional radiation from the antenna 3.

La figure 2 représente un exemple de réalisation d'élément rayonnant 3 en polarisation circulaire. Il s'agit d'une antenne double spirale logarithmique classique ; une spirale d'Archimède ou une multi-spirale peut également convenir. L'antenne est réalisée à partir d'un centre d'expansion 0 et d'un taux d'expansion! donnés. L'alimentation s'effectue à partir des points A et B, les deux bras de l'antenne sont alimentés en opposition de phase pour obtenir un champ maximum dans la direction XX'. L'antenne est placée devant le plan réflecteur 6 représenté sur la figure 1 pour rayonner unidi- rectionnellement. La longueur d'un bras fixe la fréquence la plus basse, tandis que la largeur AB fixe la fréquence la plus élevée. La bande passante de ce type d'antenne est très large.FIG. 2 represents an exemplary embodiment of a radiating element 3 in circular polarization. It is a classic logarithmic double spiral antenna; an Archimedes spiral or a multi-spiral may also be suitable. The antenna is produced from an expansion center 0 and an expansion rate! given. The supply is carried out from points A and B, the two arms of the antenna are supplied in phase opposition to obtain a maximum field in the direction XX '. The antenna is placed in front of the reflective plane 6 shown in FIG. 1 to radiate unidirectionally. The length of an arm fixes the lowest frequency, while the width AB fixes the highest frequency. The bandwidth of this type of antenna is very wide.

La figure 3 représente un autre exemple de réalisation d'élément rayonnant 3. Il s'agit d'une antenne en hélice dont les dimensions sont choisies pour qu'elle rayonne axialement en polarisation circulaire. Les conditions à respecter pour le choix de la longueur, du diamètre et du pas de chaque spire afin d'obtenir un rayonnement unidirectionnel sont connues. Dans cette réalisation, un réflecteur n'est pas indispensable pour obtenir l'effet unidirectionnel, mais il est nécessaire pour l'adaptation de la ligne d'alimentation 5. L'antenne 3 peut par exemple être alimentée par une ligne coaxiale 5 dont la gaine est réunie au réflecteur 6.FIG. 3 represents another exemplary embodiment of a radiating element 3. It is a helical antenna whose dimensions are chosen so that it radiates axially in circular polarization. The conditions to be respected for the choice of the length, the diameter and the pitch of each turn in order to obtain a unidirectional radiation are known. In this embodiment, a reflector is not essential to obtain the unidirectional effect, but it is necessary for the adaptation of the supply line 5. The antenna 3 can for example be supplied by a coaxial line 5 whose sheath is joined to reflector 6.

Dans ces deux exemples de réalisation, il faut bien entendu que les dimensions des antennes soient compatibles avec celles du guide qu'elles excitent afin que la totalité du rayonnement se fasse à l'intérieur du guide sans atténuation. Les longueurs d'onde doivent pour cela être inférieures à la longueur d'onde de coupure λC, ce qui conduit à une bande passante fC - fM , fM ne dépendant que de l'antenne excitatrice 3. Comme ces antennes ont une bande passante très large, le dispositif a lui-même une bande passante très large.In these two embodiments, it is understood that the dimensions of the antennas are compatible with those of the guide that they excite so that all of the radiation takes place inside the guide without attenuation. The wavelengths must therefore be less than the cut-off wavelength λ C , which leads to a pass band f C - f M , fM depending only on the excitation antenna 3. As these antennas have a very wide bandwidth, the device itself has a very wide bandwidth.

La longueur d'onde de coupure λC d'un guide d'onde circulaire en mode de polarisation circulaire (TE 11) est déterminée par la relation (1) suivante :

  • (1) λC = 1,7 x D où D est le diamètre du guide.
The cut-off wavelength λ C of a circular waveguide in circular polarization mode (TE 11) is determined by the following relation (1):
  • (1) λ C = 1.7 x D where D is the diameter of the guide.

Le diamètre moyen Dm défini par le diamètre de la zone de rayonnement d'une antenne spirale est donné par la relation (2) suivante :

  • Figure imgb0003
     où λ est la longueur d'onde de l'onde rayonnée. m
The mean diameter D m defined by the diameter of the radiation area of a spiral antenna is given by the following relation (2):
  • Figure imgb0003
     where λ is the wavelength of the radiated wave. m

On constate donc que pour des longueurs d'onde inférieures à λC, le diamètre D est toujours inférieur au diamètre D. Le m rayonnement se fait donc entièrement dans le guide jusqu'à la coupure tant que les fréquences restent supérieures à la fréquence de coupure du guide. Le choix d'une antenne en spirale pour exciter un guide d'onde circulaire en polarisation circulaire est parfaitement compatible avec la relation (1).It can therefore be seen that for wavelengths less than λ C , the diameter D is always less than the diameter D. The m radiation therefore takes place entirely in the guide until the cutoff as long as the frequencies remain greater than the frequency of guide cut. The choice of a spiral antenna to excite a circular waveguide in circular polarization is perfectly compatible with relation (1).

Dans le cas de l'antenne en hélice, on choisit un pas S d'hélice tel qu'il soit inférieur à

Figure imgb0004
(λo correspondant à fo, fréquence centrale de la bande), ainsi qu'un diamètre DH tel que la longueur de la circonférence CH soit comprise entre 0,7 λo et 1,7 λo, DH étant par conséquent compris entre 0,22 λo et 0,45 λo. Il résulte de ce choix que le déphasage entre des points rayonnants situés identiquement sur des spires adjacentes réalise la condition de rayonnement longitudinal, ce qui permet d'obtenir un maximum de rayonnement dans l'axe XX'. On constate comme dans le cas précédent que DH est toujours inférieur à D.In the case of the helical antenna, a helix pitch S is chosen such that it is less than
Figure imgb0004
 (λo corresponding to f o , central frequency of the band), as well as a diameter D H such that the length of the circumference C H is between 0.7 λo and 1.7 λo, D H being consequently between 0.22 λo and 0.45 λo. It follows from this choice that the phase shift between radiating points located identically on adjacent turns achieves the condition of longitudinal radiation, which makes it possible to obtain a maximum of radiation in the axis XX '. We see as in the previous case that D H is always less than D.

Sur la figure 4 on a représenté l'aérien et son dispositif d'excitation de guide d'onde. L'aérien tel qu'il est représenté sur cette figure est vu en coupe.FIG. 4 shows the aerial and its waveguide excitation device. The aerial as shown in this figure is seen in section.

L'élément rayonnant 3 est constitué par une antenne double spirale logarithmique imprimée sur un substrat par exemple. Le support de cet élément rayonnant 3 peut d'ailleurs servir également de support à des composants micro-électroniques pour des applications particulières. En effet, il est aisé de placer une diode détectrice entre les points A et B de la double spirale et ainsi d'effectuer la fonction détection à la réception. On peut placer des diodes PIN entre les deux bras, légèrement écartées du centre pour réaliser une modulation du signal reçu par l'antenne. On peut aussi placer des condensateurs en série sur chaque bras entre le centre et les diodes PIN permettant le découplage entre le courant de modulation et la tension détectée.The radiating element 3 is constituted by a logarithmic double spiral antenna printed on a substrate for example. The support of this radiating element 3 can also serve as a support for micro-electronic components for particular applications. Indeed, it is easy to place a detector diode between points A and B of the double spiral and thus to perform the detection function on reception. PIN diodes can be placed between the two arms, slightly separated from the center to modulate the signal received by the antenna. It is also possible to place capacitors in series on each arm between the center and the PIN diodes allowing decoupling between the modulation current and the detected voltage.

Un dispositif de connexion 7 est placé à l'arrière de la cavité 6. Il permet de relier une ligne coaxiale 5 à l'antenne excitatrice 3. Le dispositif de connexion 7 comprend une prise coaxiale 8 et un adaptateur 9 permettant de passer progressivement d'une ligne coaxiale à une ligne microstrip puis bifilaire. La ligne bifilaire alimente directement l'antenne excitatrice aux points A et B.A connection device 7 is placed at the rear of the cavity 6. It makes it possible to connect a coaxial line 5 to the excitation antenna 3. The connection device 7 comprises a coaxial socket 8 and an adapter 9 making it possible to pass progressively from a coaxial line to a microstrip then two-wire line. The two-wire line directly feeds the exciting antenna at points A and B.

L'antenne 3 est chargée en ses extrémités 10 par un absorbant 11 plaqué sur le circuit support de l'antenne pour absorber l'énergie non rayonnée.The antenna 3 is loaded at its ends 10 by an absorbent 11 plated on the support circuit of the antenna to absorb the non-radiated energy.

La sortie 4 du guide constitue ainsi une ouverture rayonnante.The outlet 4 of the guide thus constitutes a radiating opening.

Pour améliorer le rendement de l'adaptation de l'aérien, on a interposé à l'entrée du guide et en son centre un disque métallique 12 à une distance d voisine de

Figure imgb0005
de l'antenne excitatrice, λo correspondant à la longueur d'onde de la fréquence centrale f de la bande passante de travail de l'aérien.To improve the efficiency of the adaptation of the aerial, a metal disc 12 has been interposed at the entrance of the guide and at its center at a distance d close to
Figure imgb0005
 of the exciting antenna, λo corresponding to the wavelength of the central frequency f of the working bandwidth of the aerial.

La figure 5 représente une variante de réalisation selon la figure 4. L'aérien vu en coupe est identique à celui de la figure 4 à la différence près que le guide est rempli d'un matériau diélectrique 13 dont la constante diélectrique est supérieure à 1. Le milieu dans lequel se propagent les ondes est modifié et permet de réduire les dimensions du guide. La forme du diélectrique au droit de l'embouchure est choisie de manière à répondre au diagramme de rayonnement que l'on s'est imposé. Cette forme est également choisie de manière à obtenir un aérodynamisme compatible avec l'implantation de l'aérien. Sur cette figure on a représenté une antenne diélectrique en forme de cône qui est parfaitement compatible avec une implantation sur un avion par exemple.5 shows an alternative embodiment according to Figure 4. The aerial seen in section is identical to that of Figure 4 with the difference that the guide is filled with a dielectric material 13 whose dielectric constant is greater than 1 The medium in which the waves propagate is modified and makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the guide. The shape of the dielectric at the right of the mouth is chosen so as to respond to the radiation pattern that has been imposed. This shape is also chosen so as to obtain an aerodynamics compatible with the installation of the aerial. This figure shows a dielectric antenna in the form of a cone which is perfectly compatible with installation on an aircraft for example.

L'aérien représenté sur la figure 5 a pour avantage de présenter les mêmes caractéristiques que celui qui est représenté sur la figure 4 tout en ayant un encombrement réduit car les dimensions du guide sont réduites. Cette variante présente également l'avantage d'obtenir une protection contre des contraintes extérieures sur le guide et ainsi d'assurer les mêmes fonctions que celles d'un radôme.The aerial shown in Figure 5 has the advantage of having the same characteristics as that shown in Figure 4 while having a reduced footprint because the dimensions of the guide are reduced. This variant also has the advantage of obtaining protection against external stresses on the guide and thus ensuring the same functions as those of a radome.

En conclusion, l'aérien selon l'invention comporte un dispositif d'excitation de guide d'onde en polarisation circulaire peu encombrant qui permet le passage direct d'un mode de polarisation transverse électromagnétique à un mode de polarisation circulaire et qui lui permet des ondes en polarisation circulaire et large bande. Pour cela, on utilise un élément rayonnant 3 en polarisation circulaire qui excite le guide d'onde en mode circulaire et qui est alimenté par une ligne hyperfréquence 5 dans laquelle le mode de propagation est transverse électromagnétique. De ce fait, la bande passante du dispositif est déterminée par la bande passante de l'antenne excitatrice 3 d'une part et la fréquence de coupure du guide d'autre part. L'ouverture du guide sert d'élément rayonnant et le guide sert de filtre passe haut. Dans le cas où l'élément rayonnant 3 est une antenne double spirale, on peut utiliser cette antenne comme support de composants micro-électroniques.In conclusion, the aerial according to the invention comprises a device excitation of waveguide in circular polarization space-saving which allows the direct passage from a transverse electromagnetic polarization mode to a circular polarization mode and which allows waves in circular and broadband polarization. For this, a radiating element 3 is used in circular polarization which excites the waveguide in circular mode and which is supplied by a microwave line 5 in which the propagation mode is transverse electromagnetic. Therefore, the bandwidth of the device is determined by the bandwidth of the exciting antenna 3 on the one hand and the cutoff frequency of the guide on the other hand. The opening of the guide serves as a radiating element and the guide serves as a high-pass filter. In the case where the radiating element 3 is a double spiral antenna, this antenna can be used as a support for micro-electronic components.

Claims (10)

1. Aérien, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un guide d'onde (1), une ligne d'alimentation (5) hyperfréquence parcourue par une onde transverse électromagnétique (TEM), un élément rayonnant (3) placé en amont de l'une des extrémités du guide (1) cet élément étant alimenté par la ligne hyperfréquence et apte à rayonner une onde excitant le guide en polarisation circulaire qui rayonne cette onde à l'autre extrémité.1. Air, characterized in that it comprises a waveguide (1), a microwave supply line (5) traversed by an electromagnetic transverse wave (TEM), a radiating element (3) placed upstream of the 'one of the ends of the guide (1) this element being supplied by the microwave line and capable of radiating a wave exciting the guide in circular polarization which radiates this wave at the other end. 2. Aérien, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'élément rayonnant (3) est une antenne multi-spirale dont le diamètre D de la zone de rayonnement est toujours inférieur au diamètre D du guide quelle que soit la fréquence pour des fréquences supérieures à la fréquence f du guide (1).2. Air, according to claim 1, characterized in that the radiating element (3) is a multi-spiral antenna whose diameter D of the radiation area is always less than the diameter D of the guide whatever the frequency for frequencies higher than the frequency f of the guide (1). 3. Aérien selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'élément rayonnant (3) est une antenne multi-spirale dont le diamètre Dm de la zone de rayonnement est toujours inférieure au diamètre D du guide quelle que soit la fréquence pour des fréquences supérieures à la fréquence de coupure fc du guide (1).3. Air according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the radiating element (3) is a multi-spiral antenna whose diameter D m of the radiation area is always less than the diameter D of the guide whatever the frequency for frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency f c of the guide (1). 4. Aérien selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'antenne multi-spirale est une antenne double spirale.4. Air according to claim 3, characterized in that the multi-spiral antenna is a double spiral antenna. 5. Aérien selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l'antenne (3) est imprimée sur un substrat.5. Air according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the antenna (3) is printed on a substrate. 6. Aérien selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que l'élément rayonnant (3) est une hélice dont les dimensions permettent d'avoir un rayonnement en polarisation circulaire dans l'axe du guide.6. Air according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the radiating element (3) is a helix whose dimensions make it possible to have radiation in circular polarization in the axis of the guide. 7. Aérien selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une charge absorbante (11) placée en extrémité de l'antenne excitatrice (3) de manière à absorber l'énergie non dissipée dans le guide.7. Air according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises an absorbent load (11) placed at the end of the exciting antenna (3) so as to absorb the energy not dissipated in the guide. 8. Aérien selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un élément résonateur (12) aux fréquences élevées, placé au centre et en avant de l'antenne excitatrice (3).8. Air according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises a resonator element (12) at high frequencies, placed in the center and in front of the exciting antenna (3). 9. Aérien selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que le guide (1) est rempli de matériau diélectrique (13), sa sortie (4) constituant une ouverture rayonnante.9. Air according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the guide (1) is filled with dielectric material (13), its outlet (4) constituting a radiating opening. 10. Aérien selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que l'antenne excitatrice (3) imprimée sur un substrat est le support de composants micro-électroniques.10. Air according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the exciting antenna (3) printed on a substrate is the support of micro-electronic components.
EP84402741A 1984-01-13 1984-12-27 Aerial with a circular-mode promotion system Expired EP0149400B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8400500A FR2558307B1 (en) 1984-01-13 1984-01-13 DEVICE FOR EXCITTING A CIRCULAR AND AERIAL WAVEGUIDE INCLUDING SUCH A DEVICE
FR8400500 1984-01-13

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EP0149400A2 true EP0149400A2 (en) 1985-07-24
EP0149400A3 EP0149400A3 (en) 1985-08-14
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EP (1) EP0149400B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3480249D1 (en)
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EP2410609A1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2012-01-25 VEGA Grieshaber KG Planar antenna with cover
CN112838358A (en) * 2020-12-31 2021-05-25 华南理工大学 Two-way radiation co-rotation direction double circular polarized antenna based on 3D printing technology

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EP2410609A1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2012-01-25 VEGA Grieshaber KG Planar antenna with cover
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CN112838358A (en) * 2020-12-31 2021-05-25 华南理工大学 Two-way radiation co-rotation direction double circular polarized antenna based on 3D printing technology
CN112838358B (en) * 2020-12-31 2022-03-25 华南理工大学 Two-way radiation co-rotation direction double circular polarized antenna based on 3D printing technology

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EP0149400B1 (en) 1989-10-18
DE3480249D1 (en) 1989-11-23
FR2558307B1 (en) 1988-01-22
FR2558307A1 (en) 1985-07-19
GR850079B (en) 1985-05-13
US4743918A (en) 1988-05-10
EP0149400A3 (en) 1985-08-14

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