EP0113972B1 - Poutre en acier - Google Patents

Poutre en acier Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0113972B1
EP0113972B1 EP83307579A EP83307579A EP0113972B1 EP 0113972 B1 EP0113972 B1 EP 0113972B1 EP 83307579 A EP83307579 A EP 83307579A EP 83307579 A EP83307579 A EP 83307579A EP 0113972 B1 EP0113972 B1 EP 0113972B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
joist
web
top chord
steel
chord
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83307579A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0113972A1 (fr
Inventor
Felix F. Laurus
Ernest O. Butts
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hambro Structural Systems Ltd
Original Assignee
Hambro Structural Systems Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hambro Structural Systems Ltd filed Critical Hambro Structural Systems Ltd
Priority to AT83307579T priority Critical patent/ATE37413T1/de
Publication of EP0113972A1 publication Critical patent/EP0113972A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0113972B1 publication Critical patent/EP0113972B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
    • E04B5/18—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly cast between filling members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/08—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with apertured web, e.g. with a web consisting of bar-like components; Honeycomb girders
    • E04C3/09—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with apertured web, e.g. with a web consisting of bar-like components; Honeycomb girders at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
    • E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
    • E04B5/29—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated the prefabricated parts of the beams consisting wholly of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E04C3/07—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0434—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0486—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0486—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements
    • E04C2003/0491—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements the truss elements being located in one single surface or in several parallel surfaces

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a steel joist for use in a composite steel and concrete construction, and to a composite steel and concrete construction system including such a joist.
  • US-A-2 143 887 describes self-supporting, floor units, having trusses which are shaped for edge- holding of floor and ceiling panels. Each truss may have a V-shaped compression arrangement at the top, which has keyways which receive and lock cementitious plastics inserted therein, without any composite connection with poured concrete.
  • US-A-1 993 791 describes a floor grid structure which is not embedded in concrete but which includes webs having a top and bottom V-shaped construction. Concrete fills each of these V-shapes but is separated by a narrow neck from the bulk of the concrete slab. Such narrow necks could be subject to failure.
  • the present invention discloses an improvement on the structure disclosed in US-A-3 845 594 in which a composite steel and concrete structure comprises a horizontal concrete slab containing reinforcing mesh and surmounting and partially embedding a plurality of steel joists, by providing a joist possessed of greatly superior properties in comparison with prior art joists.
  • a composite steel and concrete structure comprises a horizontal concrete slab containing reinforcing mesh and surmounting and partially embedding a plurality of steel joists
  • a steel joist for use in a composite steel and concrete construction, which joist has symmetry about a vertical axis and comprises a top chord, a bottom chord and a web joining the top and bottom chords, characterised in that the top chord comprises a pair of S or Z-shaped members which face away from each other in mirror-image relation and which form a flat bottom surface, the S or Z-shaped portions of the top chord being for complete embedding in a concrete slab.
  • the web may be of the well-known zig-zag or continuous type of open web, or the web may be composed of a plurality of structural shapes connected together to form an open truss structure between the top and bottom chords.
  • the web may be constructed of solid sheet material, either integral with or separate from the top and bottom chords of the steel joist.
  • Joists of the invention make it possible to erect long span constructions in excess of the present limit of 13m, and may extend these spans to 20 or 25m without difficulty.
  • angles, channels or tubes for web members it is possible to increase the radius of gyration of these sections over a solid round section and thus higher unit stresses may be tolerated in the web members and a saving in steel weight results in a more efficient joist construction.
  • the joists of the present invention are constructed from high strength steel, and a plurality of the steel joists may be incorporated into a composite steel and concrete structure which possesses a two hour fire classification rating.
  • the top chord of each joist comprising a pair of symmetrical, oppositely positioned S or Z shaped flanges extending the length of the joist, is embedded in a horizontal concrete slab of the structure.
  • the steel joist of the present invention when compared with the prior structure, is even more stable laterally and torsionally during the non-composite stage, and accordingly longer spans may be more safely constructed than were possible in accordance with the prior art.
  • a composite steel and concrete floor system 10 consisting of a plurality of open web steel joists 11 connected together with roll or spanner bars 12, which serve to support form work 13, on which a concrete slab 14 is poured, which slab includes reinforcing mesh 15.
  • Each of the open web joists 11 consists of a bottom chord 16, which as shown in Figure 1 may consist of a pair of right angled members 16, a series of web members 17 and dual top chords 18.
  • the top chords are provided with appropriate slots though which the roll or spanner bars may be inserted to support form work, the roll or spanner bars being either permanent roll bars intended to remain in the structure when complete, or may be removable roll bars as described for example in US-A-3,945,168.
  • FIG. 2 there is. shown in vertical section, an open web steel joist 11 having a pair of bottom angles 16, forming the bottom chord of the joist, a pair of top chord members 18, and a web which may be for example formed of hollow rectangular cross-section tubular members, or of channel members 17.
  • the two top chord members are welded to the web members 17 by welds. 20.
  • the welds 20 as illustrated may be spot or seam welds, and are positioned to provide the maximum strength, and to enable a welding electrode to be inserted inside the member 17, to make a satisfactory weld.
  • Each top chord member 18 is formed of an identical cross-section profile shape having an upper S or Z portion 21 and a downwardly depending leg 22.
  • the oppositely-facing S or Z shaped portions 21 be embedded in the concrete slab of the composite construction, the S or Z shapes providing a superior shear connection between the concrete slab and the joists to provide a true composite action between the joists and the slab.
  • a filler plate 23 is secured between the top chord members 18, and serves to seal the space between the two top chord members to prevent the loss of concrete through the open web of the joist, during construction.
  • the two top chord members are positioned in mirror image relationship to one another, thus providing a perfectly symmetrical configuration of joist about a vertical axis of the joist, which symmetry provides structural advantages during the non-composite or installation stage, where the unpropped joist is required to carry the weight of wet concrete, form work, its own weight and other construction live loads that may be imposed, such as the weight of workmen, or possible excess concrete due to localised thickness or impact of concrete pouring buckets.
  • the double top chord profile provides a greater cross-sectional area in this critical component of a long span joist, which improves its lateral slenderness properties thereby making it stiffer. This increased stiffness increases the capacity of the joist to resist compressive stresses.
  • Sweep is a phenomenon encountered when constructing a welded joist, where the welds all occur on one side of the web. This creates a stress in the joist which tends to cause a curvature to occur in the completed joist.
  • This curvature has been overcome in present practice by pre-curving the top chord in a direction opposite to the direction in which the sweep will occur, so that the completed joist when welded together returns to a substantially straight longitudinal configuration.
  • the top chord member 53 is also provided with a right angle flange 55 which may be used to support appropriate form-work, as an alternative, or ancillary to the use of conventional spanner or roll bars.
  • Figures 4C and 4D are perspective views illustrating the use of channel shapes as web members 60, which web members may be positioned centrally of the joist as in Figure 4D, wherein the channel member 60 is positioned between the vertical legs 61 and 62 of the open web joist.
  • the vertical legs 61 and 62 of the top chord members are positioned tightly together, and channel web members 60 are positioned on either side of the vertical legs 61 and 62.
  • bottom chord members 63 shown in Figure 4D as angle members may be positioned between the web members 60.
  • a further and highly desirable fabrication practice is to use channels for all compression members of the truss or open web joist, which are positioned inside or between the top chord members, and to use angles for tension members, which are positioned outside the top chord flanges.
  • Figures 4E and 4F illustrate two additional fabrication techniques.
  • two identically shaped members 70 and 71 are welded back- to-back to provide a complete joist.
  • Each member 70 and 71 is one half of the completed joist, the joint between the two members coinciding with the vertical axis of the completed joist.
  • a first member 72 includes an S or Z shaped top chord 73, a bottom chord portion 74, and a web 75.
  • a second top chord portion 76 is welded to the web 75 to form the completed double top chord joist.
  • the fabrication technique illustrated in Figure 4E provides a particularly advantageous technique in practicing the present invention.
  • the symmetrical sections may be rolled, welded and punched to provide an economical and versatile joist for use in composite construction.
  • the present application also provides an improved composite steel and concrete floor system, utilizing a novel form of steel joist having a pair of symmetrically opposed top chord members connected to a suitable web which in turn is connected to a suitable bottom chord structure.
  • the top chord now consists of two S shaped members with the downward vertical leg modified in that it may be lengthened to provide the required additional welding surface for web connections.
  • the lip in the present top chord construction may be either deleted or rolled in the opposite direction if necessary so as not to interfere with web members which are placed between or outside the top chord elements.
  • top chord member of the present invention is stronger than the prior top chord since the joist is symmetrical about its vertical axis.
  • the downstanding legs of the top chord elements may of course be extended to increase welding surface area as required.
  • the web system of the present invention may be constructed of individual members which can be any shape conventionally used for such members. Commonly angles, flats, channels and rectangular sections may be used, although round rod pieces or serpentine webs could also be used if required for any particular application.
  • the bottom chord of the joist may be of any conventional shape although generally a pair of angles is the most commonly encountered configuration.
  • the cover or filler plate used to fill the top of the joist between the top chord members may be made of very light gauge material and its purpose is simply to prevent concrete from spilling through between the top chord elements.
  • the uppermost portion of the individual web members is positioned so that it does not protrude above this cover plate. It would be logical to make the cover plate of light gauge steel and simply tack weld it into place. It would be considered a non-structural element and thus not included in the design calculations for the joist.
  • a heavier cover plate could be utilized and welded into position to provide a more positive lateral connection between the top chord elements than that which would normally occur as a result of the top chord to web member welded connections. This heavier cover plate might then be included in the design calculations for the load bearing strength of the joist.
  • the advantage of the applicant's improved joist structure is a great increase in lateral stability as a result of the double top chord elements which are connected together by either web connections or a heavier gauge filler plate.
  • the increased lateral stability or rigidity reduces the slenderness ratio of the top chord element and provides additional compression capacity during the non-composite structural stage of construction.
  • the addition of a second top chord element provides increased cross-sectional area further enhancing the compression capacity of the joist.
  • the configuration now allows individual web members to be utilized more readily and provides for a more efficient web system which is lighter in weight especially in the longer spans of 10.5m and over, enabling the double top chord joist of the present application to be utilized in spans of 18m or more.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown a portion of a building floor system, including steel beams 80 and 81 supporting a pair of double top chord joists 82 and 83.
  • Spanner bars 84 and 85 as described in US-A-3,845,594 connect the joists 82 and 83 and would support suitable sheeting (not shown) on which a concrete deck slab may be poured.
  • suitable sheeting not shown
  • a smooth concrete slab may be poured, forming the floor of a building with a steel beam subframe.

Claims (4)

1. Une poutre en acier adaptée à être utilisée dans une construction composite en acier et en béton, laquelle poutre présente une symétrie substancielle autour d'un axe vertical et comporte une membrure de sommet (18), une membrure de base (16) et une âme (17) reliant les membrures de sommet et de base, caractérisée en ce que la membrure de sommet (18) comprend une paire d'éléments (21) en forme de S ou de Z qui so font face dans une relation de symétrie de part et d'autre d'un plan et qui forment une surface de fond plane, les parties en forme de S ou Z de la membrure de sommet étant destinées à s'incorporer dans une dalle en béton (14).
2. Une poutre selon la revendication 1, où la poutre est formée par deux sections (70, 71) en tôle d'acier laminée de conformations identiques qui sont réunies dos à dos.
3. Une poutre en acier selon la revendication 1, où la membrure de sommet (18) comporte deux sections identiques en acier laminé chacune de forme en S ou Z en coupe transversale, avec un jambage (22) qui est soudé a l'âme (17).
4. Une structure composite en acier et en béton comprenant une pluralité de poutres en acier conformes à l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, avec la membrure de sommet (18) en forme de S ou Z de chaque poutre complètement incorporée dans une dalle en béton (14) et l'âme (17) et la membrure de base (16) non enrobées dans la dalle en béton (14).
EP83307579A 1983-01-17 1983-12-13 Poutre en acier Expired EP0113972B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83307579T ATE37413T1 (de) 1983-01-17 1983-12-13 Stahltraeger.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA000419589A CA1172463A (fr) 1983-01-17 1983-01-17 Poutre a semelle double
CA419589 1983-07-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0113972A1 EP0113972A1 (fr) 1984-07-25
EP0113972B1 true EP0113972B1 (fr) 1988-09-21

Family

ID=4124357

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83307579A Expired EP0113972B1 (fr) 1983-01-17 1983-12-13 Poutre en acier

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0113972B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS59134262A (fr)
KR (1) KR910008086B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE37413T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU603051B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1172463A (fr)
DE (1) DE3378068D1 (fr)
HK (1) HK79093A (fr)

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SE461108B (sv) * 1987-06-29 1990-01-08 Ovako Steel Profiler Ab Bjaelklag foer byggnader
JPH0534218U (ja) * 1991-10-09 1993-05-07 大成建設株式会社 トラス梁床構造
AU651039B1 (en) * 1993-01-20 1994-07-07 Chris De Vaney Elevated floor structure
US5526629A (en) * 1993-06-09 1996-06-18 Cavaness Investment Corporation Composite building panel
AUPP782798A0 (en) * 1998-12-22 1999-01-21 Golledge, Bradbury Frank Structural framework member for suspended floor systems
JP4605896B2 (ja) * 2000-12-19 2011-01-05 株式会社竹中工務店 鉄骨コンクリート造構造物
US8407966B2 (en) 2003-10-28 2013-04-02 Ispan Systems Lp Cold-formed steel joist
US20050108978A1 (en) 2003-11-25 2005-05-26 Best Joint Inc. Segmented cold formed joist
CA2542848C (fr) * 2003-10-28 2009-08-11 Best Joist Inc. Poutrelles en acier formees a froid supportant des membrures superieures
US7587877B2 (en) 2003-10-28 2009-09-15 Best Joist Inc Cold-formed steel joists
KR100718294B1 (ko) * 2006-07-04 2007-08-10 재단법인서울대학교산학협력재단 냉간성형강을 이용한 슬림 바닥판용 철골 보
JP2008144380A (ja) * 2006-12-06 2008-06-26 Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd 少数主桁橋
JP2008169573A (ja) * 2007-01-10 2008-07-24 Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd 少数主桁橋
US9975577B2 (en) 2009-07-22 2018-05-22 Ispan Systems Lp Roll formed steel beam
CA3050000A1 (fr) 2019-07-16 2021-01-16 Invent To Build Inc. Poutrelle en acier pouvant etre remplie de beton
CN112227201B (zh) * 2020-09-22 2022-04-29 浙江大学 一种带箱型肋的冷弯型钢韧性组合桥面板
US11536030B2 (en) 2022-03-24 2022-12-27 B&H Solutions LLC Composite open web beam-joist and method of manufacture
CN115070242B (zh) * 2022-06-20 2024-02-09 中铁宝桥（扬州）有限公司 内嵌弦杆的钢箱梁制造方法

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US2143887A (en) * 1935-04-05 1939-01-17 Fer O Con Corp Floor system and connections therefor
US3093932A (en) * 1960-04-22 1963-06-18 Dreier Sidney Floor construction and method of providing same
US3845594A (en) * 1968-11-04 1974-11-05 Hambro Structural Systems Ltd Steel joist or composite steel and concrete construction
US3686819A (en) * 1970-01-14 1972-08-29 Archibald H Atkinson Structural chord members for joist construction
GB1427008A (en) * 1972-06-22 1976-03-03 Brockhouse Steel Structures Lt Construction of lattice beams
JPS5227919B2 (fr) * 1973-07-11 1977-07-22
CA1008691A (en) * 1974-06-11 1977-04-19 Felix F. Laurus Sheet metal joist
JPS5240127A (en) * 1975-09-25 1977-03-28 Canon Inc Winding spool for camera
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JPS5514220A (en) * 1978-07-15 1980-01-31 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd Metallic mold for extruder
CA1154978A (fr) * 1981-03-16 1983-10-11 Ernest O. Butts Plancher composite en acier et beton

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE37413T1 (de) 1988-10-15
KR840007451A (ko) 1984-12-07
HK79093A (en) 1993-08-13
AU603051B2 (en) 1990-11-08
JPS59134262A (ja) 1984-08-01
EP0113972A1 (fr) 1984-07-25
AU2354484A (en) 1984-07-19
JPH0561420B2 (fr) 1993-09-06
KR910008086B1 (ko) 1991-10-07
CA1172463A (fr) 1984-08-14
DE3378068D1 (en) 1988-10-27

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