Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/395—Bleaching agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
  • C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
  • C11D3/3905—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts
  • C11D3/3907—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/04—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties combined with or containing other objects
  • C11D17/041—Compositions releasably affixed on a substrate or incorporated into a dispensing means
  • C11D17/046—Insoluble free body dispenser
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
  • C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
  • C11D3/3905—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts
  • C11D3/3935—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts granulated, coated or protected
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds

Definitions

• This invention relates to laundry additive products in the form of compositions in water releasable combination with non particulate flexible substrates and is especially concerned with such products in which the composition comprises a peroxyacid bleach precursor.
• the invention relates to such laundry additive products in which the peroxy acid bleach precursor comprises an acyl radical incorporating an alkyl group of narrowly defined chain length attached to a leaving group containing a radical conferring water-solubility.
• peroxy acid bleach precursors in water releasable combination with a non particulate sheet substrate is known in the art, being disclosed in British Patent Nos. 1,586,769 and 2040983.
• peroxybleach precursors Numerous classes of peroxybleach precursors have also been disclosed in which the leaving group contains a radical conferring water solubility.
• One such class is the acyl oxybenzene sulphonates which are disclosed in British Patent Nos. 864,798 and 836,988.
• aliphatic peroxy acids having a range of bleach performance previously thought to be unobtainable under domestic laundry washing conditions can be produced in the wash solution by the reaction of certain types of peroxyacid precursors with alkaline hydrogen peroxide.
• This range of bleaching performance encompasses the bleaching of fugitive dyes in the wash solution, the removal of conventiona.1 bleach sensitive stains such as tea, wine and coffee on fabric and also the removal of accumulated soil stains resulting from incomplete previous washes, the so called 'dingy fabric clean up'.
• the incorporation of the acyl oxybenzene sulphonate into a non-particulate substrate permits the use of the precursor in very finely divided form without an accompanying loss in stability and also assists in improving the rate of peroxyacid generation from the precursor in a wash liquor.
• the present invention therefor provides a detergent additive product comprising
• composition preferably being substantially anhydrous and optionally, including a processing aid
• the precursor has the general formula wherein R is a C S -C '8 alkyl group wherein the longest portion of the linear carbon atom chain extending from and including the carbonyl carbon contains from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and L is a leaving group the conjugate acid of which has a pKa in the range from 6 to 13.
• R is an alkyl chain containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably is a linear- alkyl group of seven or eight carbon atoms.
• the composition also contains a peroxy acetic acid percursor in an amount sufficient to provide a molar ratio of peroxy acetic acid to Cg ⁇ C io aliphatic peroxy acid of from 10:1 to 1:1.
• the flexible substrate is in the form of a sheet wherein the weight ratio of the precursor to the sheet lies in the range from 10:1 to 1:10.
• peroxyacid bleach precursor defines an organic compound capable of reaction with perhydroxyl ion derived from hydrogen peroxide or an inorganic peroxygen-containing compound in aqueous solution to give an organic peroxy acid having a bleaching performance at least equivalent to that of the hydrogen peroxide or inorganic peroxygen containing compound at a temperature of 70°C and below, under the same condition.
• inorganic peroxy bleach and inorganic persalt are intended to cover salts such as alkali metal perborates, percarbonates, persilicates and perpyrophosphates which produce hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution rather than compounds such as persulphates and permanganates which produce other peroxy species.
• water-releasable combination is taken to mean a combination capable of being separated by water through solution, dispersion, leaching, softening or melting.
• the invention comprises two components viz, a C s -C, 8 alkyl group-containing acyl bleach precursor in which the longest linear alkyl chain including the carbonyl carbon contains from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and the non-particulate flexible substrate.
• the acyl group-containing bleach precursor has the general formula where R is a C 5 ⁇ C 18 alkyl group in which the longest portion of the linear carbon atom chain extending from and including the carbonyl carbon contains from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and L is a leaving group the conjugate acid of which has a pKa in the range from 6 to 13.
• R is a C 5 ⁇ C 12 alkyl group and more preferably is a C 5 ⁇ C 9 linear alkyl group, the most preferred group being a C 8 linear alkyl moiety.
• a leaving group is any group that is displaced from the bleach precursor as a consequence of the nucleophilic attack on the bleach precursor by perhydroxide anion generated by alkaline hydrogen peroxide. This, the perhydrolysis reaction, results in the formation of the percarboxylic acid.
• a group to be a suitable leaving group it must exert an electron withdrawing effect within the precursor molecule as this facilitates the nucleophilic attack by the perhydroxide anion.
• Suitable leaving groups for this purpose have conjugate acid forms, the pKa of which should lie within the range from 6 to 13.
• pKa values above 13 make the electron withdrawal effect so small as to be ineffective in promoting nucleophilic attack by perhydroxy anion, an example of such a leaving group being -OCH 3 .
• pKa values below 6 reflext such a large electron withdrawal effect as to make the molecule reactive to a wide variety of materials including e.g. water. Certain aliphatic anhydrides fall into this class.
• the preferred leaving group L has the formula a) in which Z is H, x is 0, and Y is a sulphonate, carboxylate or dimethyl amine oxide radicals.
• the position of the solubilising group Y on the benzene ring in formula a) is not critical in that o-, m-and p-positions provide operable species. Nevertheless polar and steric factors make the p-substituted material easiest to synthesise and of most value in that its rate of perhydrolysis is fastest.
• leaving group L where Y is a sulphonate radical, the precursor will normally be isolated in the form of its alkali metal salt because of the difficulty of handling the acid form.
• alkyl group R has been expressed as a single chain length material, commercial blends comprising 'cuts' of material having an average in the desired range can also be used.
• alkyl groups may be derived from naturally occurring materials or may be derived synthetically by e.g. OXO or Ziegler processes.
• the selection of the class of precursor for the present invention constitutes a compromise between thermal stability, chemical stability, water solubility and weight effectiveness. Raw material cost and ease of manufacture are also important considerations.
• a conventional synthesis route for acyl oxybenzene sulphonates employs the refluxing for six hours of trifluoroacetic anhydride, sodium phenol sulphonate and the aliphatic carboxylic acid corresponding to the desired peroxy acid.
• the product is recovered by cooling the reaction mixture, precipitating the peroxy acid precursor in a large excess of diethyl ether and filtering off the precipitate.
• An alternative technique employs a two stage reaction in which the aliphatic carboxylic acid is first converted to the anhydride by means of an excess of acetic anhydride, followed by reaction of the recovered acyl anhydride with sodium phenol sulphonate.
• the preferred method of synthesis involves heating n-nonanoyl chloride with sodium phenol- sulphonate at 80-100°C in an aprotic solvent, e.g. dioxane, dichlorethane or toluene, in a current of nitrogen to remove by-product HCI.
• an aprotic solvent e.g. dioxane, dichlorethane or toluene
• the mixture is diluted with acetone or ether and the product is then filtered off.
• Peroxyacids having alkyl groups in the range C Z -C 5 provide approximately the same type of low temperature ( ⁇ 70°C) bleaching capability, viz. removal of oxidisable stains such as tea and wine, as that for the C, alkyl peroxyacid (peroxyacetic acid).
• ⁇ 70°C low temperature
• alkyl peroxyacid peroxyacetic acid
• alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions including acyl group-containing bleach precursors in which the alkyl group has 10 or more carbon atoms provide little or no removal of tea or wine stains from fabrics at precursor usage levels in excess of 20 ppm. The lack of effect is even more marked in the presence of surfactants.
• C io+ acyl precursors themselves display a degree of surface activity which results in the molecules associating above a certain concentration (the critical micelle concentration or CMC) to form micelles.
• the precursors also tend to form mixed micelles with any other surfactant(s) which may be present.
• the alkyl group of the precursor is believed to align itself in the inner, hydrophobic part of the micelle so that the linkage is not available for attack by the -OOH ion in the aqueous phase.
• C 10+ aliphatic monoperoxy acids are formed from their precursors, they do not provide appreciable stain removal of tea and wine stains although they do bleach oxidisable transient dyes associated with soil deposited and not removed in previous washes.
• This soil-dye interaction causes fabrics which have been subjected to many cycles of usage and washing to become dull and assume a grey tint.
• the accumulated soil tends to be a blend of particulate and greasy materials and the alkyl peroxy acids produced by the preferred C 7 -C a linear acyl oxybenzene sulphonate bleach precursors are particularly effective in removing soil stains of this nature.
• the removal of this accumulated soil-dye staining is sometimes referred to as 'dingy fabric clean up'.
• linear aliphatic peroxyacids in which the alkyl group has from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, more preferably from 6 to 9 carbon atoms and particularly 7 or 8 carbon atoms display a range of bleaching capability and degree of bleaching performance which is surprising. It has been found that the C, and C 8 aliphatic peroxyacids not only give classic oxidisable soil stain removal benefits on fabrics and inhibition of dye transfer via transient dyes in the bulk wash solution similar to those given by peroxyacetic acid, but also provide dingy fabric clean up.
• the amount of the linear C 6 ⁇ C 10 carbon chain-containing bleach precursor applied to the substrate is arranged such that the precursor:substrate ratio is within the range from 30:1 to 1:10, more usually from 10:1 to 1:10 by weight.
• precursor:substrate weight ratios lie within the range from 8:1 to 1:2 and most preferably within the range 5:1 to 1:1.
• the precursor has the maximum surface area i.e. be in finely divided form.
• the particle size will approach impalpability, i.e. individual particles cannot be distinguished from each other by touch which occurs at a particle size 50 micrometers and below.
• the precursor is incorporated on the substrate as a dispersion in a liquid medium, it is preferred that the particle size be reduced before incorporation to less than 200 micrometers maximum preferably less than 100 micrometers maximum.
• the products of the invention may optionally contain any of the organic peroxy acid bleach precursors known in the art.
• a detailed disclosure of such precursors is provided in British Patent Specification No. 2040983.
• blends of linear C 6 ⁇ C 10 acyl oxybenzene sulphonate or carboxylate with peracetic acid precursors are preferred, examples of such peracetic acid precursors including tetra acetyl ethylene diamine, tetra acetyl methylene diamine, tetra acetyl glycoluril, sodium p-acetoxybenzene sulphonate, penta acetyl glucose, octa acetyl lactose.
• the invention also contemplates blends of linear C 6 -C lo carbon chain-containing precursors with e.g. peroxybenzoic and peroxyphthalic acid precursors where different combinations of bleaching properties are required.
• the C 6 ⁇ C 10 acyl oxybenzene sulphonate precursors should be present in an amount to provide a level of at least 2 ppm and preferably at least 5 ppm available oxygen in the wash liquor, in order that the benefit of the C 6 -C lo peroxy acid can be realised.
• the weight ratio of the C 6 ⁇ C 10 acyl oxybenzene sulphonate precursor to the other peroxy acid e.g.
• peracetic acid precursor should be such as to provide a C 6 -C io alkyl peroxy acid:peracetic acid molar ratio in the range from 1:1 to 1:10.
• blends in which the C 6 ⁇ C 10 acyl oxybenzene sulphonate delivers from 5 to 14 ppm available oxygen in the wash liquor are preferred.
• the level of usage of the precursor will naturally be dependent on a number of factors e.g. the size of the fabric load in the machine, the level of bleaching performance desired, the amount of perhydroxyl ion in the wash solution, the bleaching efficacy of the organic peroxy species derived from the precursor and the efficiency of conversion of the precursor into that peroxy species. It is conventional with inorganic peroxy bleaches to provide a level of available oxygen in solution from 50 ppm to 350 ppm by weight for heavy duty laundry purposes.
• a level of available oxygen provided by the organic peroxy compound may lie in the range from 2 ppm to 100 ppm, levels of from 3 ppm to 30 ppm being appropriate under conventional US washing conditions while levels of from 20 ppm to 50 ppm are more commonly used under European washing conditions. This level of available oxygen should be attained within the normal wash cycle time i.e. within 5-25 minutes depending on the particular wash cycle being employed.
• a level of available oxygen requires the deliveryy of from 1 gr to 20 gr of organic peroxy compound precursor assuming quantitative conversion. This figure will increase proportionately with any decrease in the efficiency of conversion.
• a single unit of substrate should be capable of accommodating this level of precursor and any adjuvants and additives that it is necessary to incorporate into the product although the number of units to be used to deliver a given quantity of precursor is a matter of choice.
• the weight of precursor per delivery will lie in the range from 3 to 10 grs, preferably from 4 to 6 grs.
• the second component of the invention in its broadest form, is a non-particulate, flexible substrate with which the acyl oxybenzene sulphonate bleach precursor is in water releasable combination.
• the substrate may itself be water soluble or water insoluble and in the latter case it should possess sufficient structural integrity under the conditions of the wash to be recovered from the machine at the end of the laundry cycle. Structures which are water disintegratable i.e. that break down in aqueous media to insoluble individual fibres or particles are not considered satisfactory for the purposes of the present invention.
• Water soluble materials include certain cellulose ethers, alginates, polyvinyl alcohol and water soluble polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymers, which can be formed into non-woven and woven fibrous structures.
• Suitable water insoluble materials include, but are not restricted to, natural and synthetic fibres, foams, sponges and films.
• the substrate may have any one of a number of physical forms such as sheets, blocks, rings, balls, rods or tubes. Such forms should be amenable to unit usage by the consumer, i.e. they should be capable of addition to the washing liquor in measured amounts, such as individual sheets, blocks or balls and unit lengths of rods or tubes. Certain of these substrate types can also be adapted for single or multiple uses, and can be provided with loadings of organic peroxy acid precursor up to a precursor:substrate ratio of 30:1 by weight.
• One such article comprises a sponge material releasably enclosing enough organic peroxy compound precursor to provide bleaching action during several washing cycles.
• This multi-use article can be made by impregnating a sponge ball or block with about 20 grams of the precursor and any adjuncts therewith. In use, the precursor leaches out through the pores of the sponge into the wash liquor and reacts with the inorganic peroxy bleach.
• Such a filled sponge can be used to treat several loads of fabrics in conventional washing machines, and has the advantage that it can remain in the washer after use.
• a highly preferred product comprises a C s -C 1o linear acyl oxybenzene sulphonate precursor impregnated on a flexible sheet so as to make it compatible with the movement of the fabrics in the washing machine and to facilitate its handling during manufacture of the product.
• the sheet is water pervious i.e. water can pass from one surface of the sheet to the opposite surface and, for film type substrates, perforation of the sheet is desirable.
• the most preferred form of the substrate is a sheet of woven or non-woven fabric or a thin sheet of cellular plastics material.
• Woven fabric sheets can take the form of a plain weave natural or synthetic fibre of low fibre count/unit length, such as is used for surgical dressings, or of the type known as cheese cloth. Loading limitations on sheet type substrates limit the amount, of precursor that can be applied to the sheet namely to a maximum represented by a precursor:sheet weight ratio of about 10:1.
• a very desirable attribute of the laundry additive products of the present invention is that they do not interfere with the mechanical operation of the washing machine into which they are put.
• a high proportion of domestic washing machines are of the rotating perforated drum type in which the perforations extend over the entire peripheral surface. In this type of equipment the drum construction and mode of operation obviates any problem of obstruction to liquid flow in the machine.
• Certain older types of machine utilise an agitator in a stationary vessel provided with a recirculating liquid system. In order to avoid liquid blockage in this machine type it may be necessary to provide slits or perforations in the substrate, particularly if it is in sheet form. Sheet structures of this type are disclosed in McQueary US Patents Nos. 3944694 and 3956556 issued March 16, 1976 and May 11, 1976 respectively.
• suitable materials which can be used as a substrate in the invention herein include, among others, sponges, paper, and woven and non-woven fabrics.
• a preferred example of this foam type comprises a hydrophilic polyurethane foam of density 0.036 grs per cubic cm with a cell count of between 8 and 40 cells per cm, preferably about 24 to 32 per cm available from the Scott Paper Company, Eddystone, Pennsylvania USA., under the Registered Trade Mark "Hydrofoam”.
• Preferred sheets of this type of material have thicknesses in the range from 3 to 5 mm.
• a suitable paper-based absorbent structure containing 2 or 3 paper plies is disclosed in US-A-3414459.
• the preferred substrates of the laundry additive products of the invention are apertured and non apertured nonwoven fabrics which can generally be defined as adhesively bonded fibrous or filamentous products, having a web or carded fibre structure (where the fibre strength is suitable to allow carding) or comprising fibrous mats, in which the fibres or filaments are distributed haphazardly or in random array (i.e. an array of fibres in a carded web wherein partial orientation of the fibres is frequently present as well as a completely haphazard distributional orientation) or substantially aligned.
• the fibres or filaments can be natural (e.g. wool, silk, wood pulp, jute, hemp, cotton, linen, sisal, or ramie), synthetic (e.g. rayon, cellulose, ester, polyvinyl derivatives, polyolefins, polyamides, or polyesters) or mixtures of any of the above.
• non-woven cloths are not a part of this invention and being well known in the art, are not described in detail herein.
• such cloths are made by air or water laying processes in which the fibres or filaments are first cut to desired lengths from long strands, passed into a water or air stream, and then deposited onto a screen through which the fibre-laden air or water is passed. The deposited fibres or filaments are then adhesively bonded together, dried, cured and otherwise treated as desired to form the non-woven cloth.
• Non-woven cloths made of polyesters, polyamides, vinyl resins, and other thermoplastic fibres can be bonded, i.e. the fibres are spun out onto a flat surface and bonded (melted) together by heat or by chemical reactions.
• the absorbent properties desired herein are particularly easy to obtain with non-woven cloths and are provided merely by building up the thickness of the cloth, i.e. by super-imposing a plurality of carded webs or mats to a thickness adequate to obtain the necessary absorbent properties, or by allowing a sufficient thickness of the fibres to deposit on the screen.
• Any diameter or denier of the fibre (generally up to about 10 denier (1.1 Tex)) can be used, inasmuch as it is the free space between each fibre that makes the thickness of the cloth directly related to the absorbent capacity of the cloth, and which further makes the non-woven cloth especially suitable for impregnation with a peroxy compound precursor by means of intersectional or capillary action.
• any thickness necessary to obtain the required absorbent capacity can be used.
• binder-resins used in the manufacture of non-woven cloths can provide substrates possessing a variety of desirable traits.
• the absorbent capacity of the cloth can be increased, decreased, or regulated by respectively using a hydrophilic binder-resin, a hydrophobic binder-resin or a mixture thereof in the fibre bonding step.
• the hydrophobic binder-resin when used singly or as the predominant compound of a hydrophobic-hydrophilic mixture, provides non-woven cloths which are especially useful as substrates when the precursor-substrate combinations disclosed herein are used in an automatic washer.
• the substrate herein is a non-woven cloth made from fibres, deposited haphazardly or in random array on the screen, the compositions exhibit excellent strength in all directions and are not prone to tear or separate when used in the washer.
• the non-woven cloth is water-laid or air-laid and is made from cellulosic fibres, particularly from regenerated cellulose or rayon, which are lubricated with standard textile lubricant.
• the fibres are from 4 to 50 mm in length and are from 1.5 to 5 denier (0.16 to 0.55 Tex) (Denier is an internationally recognised unit in yarn measure, corresponding to the weight in grams of a 9,000 meter length of yarn).
• the fibres are at least partially oriented haphazardly, particularly substantially haphazardly, and are adhesively bonded together with hydrophobic or substantially hydrophobic binder-resin, particularly with a nonionic self-crosslinking acrylic polymer or polymers.
• the cloth comprises 70% fibre and 30% binder-resin polymer by weight and has a basis weight of from 10 to 100, preferably from 24 to 72 g/ m 2 .
• a suitable example is an air-laid, non-woven cloth comprising 70% regenerated cellulose (American Viscose Corporation) and 30% hydrophobic binder-resins (Rhoplex® HA-8 on one side of the cloth, Rhoplex HA-16 on the other; Rohm & Haas, Inc.).
• the cloth has a thickness of 101.6 to 127 micrometers (4 to 5 mils), a basis weight of 29 g/m 2.
• a 30 cm length of the cloth 21 cm wide weighs 1.78 grams.
• the fibres are 10 mm in length, 1.5 denier (0.16 Tex), and are oriented substantially haphazardly.
• the fibres are lubricated with sodium oleate.
• a further exemplary substrate is a water-laid, non-woven cloth commercially available from C. H. Dexter Co., Inc.
• the fibres are regenerated cellulose, 15 mm in length, 1.5 denier (0.16 Tex), and are lubricated with a similar standard textile lubricant.
• the fibres comprise 70% of the non-woven cloth by weight and are oriented substantially haphazardly; the binder-resin (HA-8) comprises 30% by weight of the cloth.
• the substrate is 101.5 micrometers (4 mils) thick, and it has a basis weight of 29 g/m 2 .
• Apertured non-woven substrates are also useful for the purposes of the present invention.
• the apertures, which extend between opposite surfaces of the substrate are normally in a pattern and are formed during lay-down of the fibres to produce the substrate.
• Exemplary apertured non-woven substrates are disclosed in US Patent Nos. 3,741,724, 3,930,086 and 3,750,237.
• a suitable diamond patterned apertured substrate is obtainable from Chicopee Manufacturing Co., Milltown, New Jersey, USA under the Code No. SK 650 WFX 577 and comprising a polyester-wood pulp mixture having a basis weight of 50 g/m 2 and approximately 13 apertures per square cm.
• an apertured non-woven substrate also available from Chicopee Manufacturing Co., under the Code No. AK 30 ML 1379 comprises a regenerated cellulose sheet of 3.0 denier (0.33 Tex) fibres bonded with Rhoplex RA 8 binder (fibre:binder ratio 70:30) having a basis weight of 40 g/m 2 and 17 apertures/cm2.
• a highly preferred square patterned apertured substrate of similar composition but fibre:binder ratio of 80:20 and basis weight 35 g/m 2 is also available from Chicopee BV Holland.
• apertured fabrics for the purposes of the invention have from 10 to 20 apertures/cm2, preferably 12 to 18 apertures/cm2.
• the size and shape of the substrate sheet is a matter of choice and is determined principally by factors associated with the convenience of its use. Thus the sheet should not be so small as to become trapped in the crevicas of the machine or the clothes being washed or so large as to be awkward to package and dispense from the container in which it is sold.
• sheets ranging in plan area from 130 cm 2 to 1300 cm 2 are acceptable, the preferred area lying in the range of from 520 cm 2 to 780 cm 2 .
• one or more other materials can be applied to the substrate either separately or together with the precursor.
• optional materials that are capable of reaction with the precursor can be incorporated in additive products of the present invention but it is essential that the precursor is spatially separate therefrom, i.e. is disposed at a substrate location that is free or substantially free of the other reactant materials.
• Individual optional components can be incorporated in amounts up to those corresponding to component:substrate weight ratios of 20:1. However, for processing and product aesthetics reasons, the total weight of optional components per sheet is normally held to a maximum of 12 times the sheet weight, and ideally is less than 7 times the sheet weight, individual components being present at no more than 4 times the sheet weight.
• Highly desirable optional components are solid, water soluble or water dispersible organic processing aids of a waxy nature having a Mpt in the range 30-80°C.
• the most preferred processing aids have a softening point greater than 40°C and a melting point less than 80°C to permit their easy processing.
• the preferred C 7 ⁇ C 10 acyl group-containing precursors such as the oxybenzene sulphonates and carboxylates are solids having melting points in excess of 150°C, that for the sulphonate being >200°C whilst the carboxylate melts at 165°C. It is therefore preferred to incorporate one or more organic adjuvants as described above to serve as an aid in processing and/or in releasing the precursor from the substrate when the latter is introduced into a wash liquor.
• the preferred adjuvants serve as plasticisers or thickeners in the incorporation of the precursors into or onto the substrate and ideally are non-hygroscopic solids that are mixed with the precursors and melted to provide mixtures having a viscosity of up to 5 Pa.Sec at 50°C.
• Typical solids are C 14 ⁇ C 18 primary and secondary alcohols and C 12 ⁇ C 20 fatty acids and ethoxylates thereof containing from 15 to 80 ethylene oxide groups per mole of alcohol, sorbitan esters of C 12 ⁇ C 20 fatty acids and polyethylene glycols of Mwt 4,000-10,000.
• preferred materials are those of low hygroscopicity, particularlyy the 6 14 ⁇ C 18 saturated fatty acids.
• the surfactant mixture itself can serve as a processing aid thereby reducing or eliminating the need for an additional processing aid.
• Insoluble waxy materials such as paraffin waxes can also be used in minor amounts.
• the processing aid does not have any other function in the product such as a component of the surfactant mixture, its level of incorporation will be such that the precursor:processing aid weight ratio will be in the range from 20:1 to 1:3, the latter value being for economic reasons.
• the weight ratio of precursor:processing aid can be as low as 1:10 where the processing aid has other functional properties such as surfactancy.
• the organic adjuvant can serve as a release aid that assists in releasing the precursors from the substrate upon addition of the product to a wash liquor.
• materials serving as processing aids are also suitable as release aids but certain materials, notably C,6-C,8 fatty acids and polyethylene glycols of MWt 4,000-8,000, are particularly effective when used in amounts such that the weight ratio of precursors: release aid lies in the range from 20:1 to 1:2 particularly from 4:1 to 1:1.
• a further type of release aid is one that is applied to the substrate either during manufacture or prior to the loading of the substrate by the precursor and any other components.
• Adjuvants of this type are conventionally fluorocarbons or silicone polymers adapted to modify the surface characteristics of the substrate so as to facilitate the removal of the active components on contact with water.
• Fluorocarbon treating solutions identified as FC807 and 808 and available from the 3M Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, provide improved release when applied in amounts such that the weight ratio of substrate- fluorocarbon solids lies in the range from 500:1 to 50:1, preferably 300:1.
• detergent ingredients can be incorporated into the composition provided that they do not contain water of crystallisation and are not reactive towards the precursor under anhydrous or substantially anhydrous conditions.
• surfactants, suds modifiers, chelating agents, anti-redeposition and soil suspending agents, optical brighteners, bactericides, anti-tarnish agents, enzymatic materials, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, perfumes and bleach catalysts can all be introduced into a wash liquor by means of the additive products of the present invention, subject to the constraints imposed by the loading limitations of the substrate.
• the surfactant can be any one or more surface active agents selected from anionic, nonionic,, zwitterionic, amphoteric and cationic classes and mixtures thereof.
• Anionic surface active agents can be natural or synthetic in origin; nonionic surface active agents can be either semi-polar or alkylene oxide types and cationic surfactants can include amine salts, quaternary nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and ternary sulphonium compounds. Specific examples of each of these classes of compounds are disclosed in Laughlin & Heuring US Patent No. 3,929,678 issued 30 December 1975.
• nonionic and cationic surfactants although useful when incorporated individually in additive products of the present invention, have in combination, been found to provide enhanced removal of greasy oily stains, particularly when used in conjunction with conventional anionic surfactant-containing detergent products.
• the cationic surfactant is water dispersible in admixture with the nonionic surfactant, and the weight ratio of the nonionic surfactant to the cationic surfactant is in the range from 20:1 to 1:2.
• the ratio of the nonionic to cationic surfactants lies within the range from 10:1 to 1:1 by weight and most preferably within the range from 5:1 to 3:2.
• the nonionic surfactants used in the compositions may be alkoxylated aliphatic alcohols, alkyl phenols, esters, amides and fatty acids having an HLB within the range 8.0-17.0.
• the aliphatic alcohols include linear and branched chain primary and secondary C 8 ⁇ C 22 alcohols
• the alkyl phenols are the C 6 ⁇ C 12 alkyl phenols
• the fatty esters, fatty amides and fatty acids are those having a C 12 ⁇ C 18 alkyl group in the acyl residue.
• the preferred alkoxylating group is ethylene oxide.
• Suitable nonionic surfactants based on aliphatic alcohols are condensation products of primary and secondary alcohols with from 4 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
• the alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched and generally contains from 8 to 22 carbon atoms.
• Examples of such ethoxylated alcohols include the condensation product of myristyl alcohol with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol and the condensation product of 9 moles of ethylene oxide with coconut alcohol (a mixture of fatty alcohols with alkyl chains varying in length from 10 to 14 carbon atoms).
• nonionic surfactants of this type include Tergitol® 15-S-9, marketed by Union Carbide Corporation, Neodol® 45E9, marketed by Shell Chemical Company, and Kyro® EOB, marketed by The Procter & Gamble Company.
• Other suitable alcohol ethoxylates include:-
• Alcohol ethoxylates such as those disclosed in British Patent Specification No. 1,462,134 are also useful.
• Suitable alkyl phenol ethoxylates include the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from 6 to 12 carbon atoms in either a straight chain or branched chain configuration with ethylene oxide, said ethylene oxide being present in an amount equal to 8 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
• the alkyl substituent in such compounds can be derived, for example, from polymerized propylene, di-isobutylene, and the like.
• Examples of compounds of this type include nonyl phenol condensed with 9.5 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonyl phenol; dodecylphenol condensed with 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of phenol; and di-isooctyl phenol condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of phenol.
• Commercially available nonionic surfactants of this type include Igepal® CO-630, marketed by the GAF Corporation, and Triton® X-45, X ⁇ 114, X ⁇ 100, and X ⁇ 102, all marketed by the Rohm and Haas Company.
• Suitable fatty acid ethoxylates include coconut fatty acid (E 5 ) and oleic fatty acid (E lo ), while ester ethoxylates include:
• Other nonionic surfactants useful herein include the condensation products of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine, and the condensation product of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. Surfactants of this type are available commercially from the Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation under the names "Tetronic”@ and "Pluronic” @ respectively.
• Particularly preferred materials are the primary linear and branched chain primary alcohol ethoxylates, such as C 14 ⁇ C 15 linear alcohols condensed with 7-15 moles of ethylene oxide available from Shell Oil Co. under the "Dobanol” Registered Trade Mark and the C 10 ⁇ C 13 branched chain alcohol ethoxylates obtainable from Liquichimica SA under the "Lial” Trade Mark.
• primary linear and branched chain primary alcohol ethoxylates such as C 14 ⁇ C 15 linear alcohols condensed with 7-15 moles of ethylene oxide available from Shell Oil Co. under the "Dobanol” Registered Trade Mark and the C 10 ⁇ C 13 branched chain alcohol ethoxylates obtainable from Liquichimica SA under the "Lial” Trade Mark.
• the cationic surfactants used in the compositions of the present invention have the empirical formula wherein each R' is a hydrophobic organic group containing alkyl chains, alkenyl chains, alkyl benzyl chains, alkyl phenyl chains, ethyl linkages, alkylene groups, alkenylene groups, ester linkages, and amide linkages totalling from 8 to 22 carbon atoms and which may additionally contain or be attached to a polyethylene oxide chain containing up to 20 ethoxy groups, and m is a number from one to three. No more than one R' in a molecule can have more than 16 carbon atoms when m is 2 and no more than 12 carbon atoms when m is 3.
• R 2 is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a benzyl group with no more than one R 2 in a molecule being benzyl, and x is a number from 0 to 3.
• Y is selected from the group consisting of: L is a number from 1 to 4, and Z is a water-soluble anion, such as a halide, methylsulphate, hydroxide, or nitrate anion, particularly preferred being chloride, bromide, or iodide anions, in a number to give electrical neutrality of the cationic component.
• the particular cationic component to be included in a given system depends to a large extent upon the particular nonionic component to be used in this system, and is selected such that it is at least water-dispersible, or preferably water-soluble, when mixed with said nonionic surfactant. It is preferred that the cationic component be substantially free of hydrazinium groups. Mixtures of these cationic materials may also be used in the compositions of the present invention.
• these cationic components When used in combination with nonionic surfactants, these cationic components provide excellent soil removal characteristics, confer static control and fabric softening benefits to the laundered fabrics, and inhibit the transfer of dyes among the laundered fabrics in the wash solution.
• L is equal to 1 and Y is However, L may be greater than 1, such as in cationic components containing 2 or 3 cationic charge centres.
• R 2 is normally a methyl group but a preferred structure is where one R 2 group is hydroxy ethyl.
• Cationic surfactants of this mono long chain type include those in which R' is a C 10 ⁇ C 20 alkyl group more preferably a C 10 ⁇ C 16 alkyl group.
• Particularly preferred compositions of this class include C 12 alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, C 12 alkyl dimethyl hydroxy ethyl ammonium bromide and C 12 alkyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl ammonium bromide and their counterparts based on middle-cut coconut alcohol as the source of the alkyl group.
• Other counter ions such as methosulphate, sulphate, sulphonate and carboxylate can also be used particularly with the hydoxyalkyl- substituted compounds.
• di-long chain cationics of this type include those in which x is equal to 2 and R is a methyl group. In this instance it is also preferred that R' is a C s to C 12 alkyl group.
• Particularly preferred cationic materials of this class include di-C, o alkyldimethylammonium halide and di-C 12 alkyldimethylammonium halide materials.
• Cationic components in which m is equal to 1 and the hydrophobic group R, is interrupted by ester linkages are disclosed in US-A-4260529.
• Particularly preferred cationic surfactants of this type are the choline ester derivatives having the following formula as well as those wherein the ester linkage in the above formula is replaced with a reverse ester, amide or reverse amide linkage.
• cationic components are useful in nonionic/cationic surfactant mixtures which have a ratio of nonionic to cationic of from 10:6 to 20:1.
• they are used in surfactant mixtures which have nonionic to cationic ratios of from 10:2 to 10:6, particularly from 10:3 to 10:5, most preferably 10:4.
• These preferred cationic surfactants may also be used in the detergent systems defined in US Patent No. 4,259,217, in nonionic to cationic ratios of from 8:1 to 20:1.
• the preferred choline-derivative cationic substances may be prepared by the direct esterification of a fatty acid of the desired chain length with dimethylaminoethanol, in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction product is then quaternized with a methyl halide, forming the desired cationic material.
• the choline-derived cationic materials may also be prepared by the direct esterification of a long chain fatty acid of the desired chain length together with 2-haloethanol, in the presence of an acid catalyst material. The reaction product is then used to quaternize triethanolamine, forming the desired cationic component.
• surfactants when used in the compositions of the present invention, yield excellent particulate soil, body soil, and grease and oil soil removal and compositions containing these surfactants also control static and soften the fabrics laundered therewith, and inhibit the transfer of dyes in the washing solution.
• compositions incorporating mixtures of nonionic and cationic surfactants it is preferred that the amount of the nonionic-cationic mixture is such that the surfactant mixture:substrate weight ratio lies in the range from 20:1 to 1:5, preferably from 10:1 to 1:2, and most preferably from 5:1 to 1:1.
• the loading of nonionic-cationic surfactant mixture is in the range 5-15 grs/sheet.
• suds modifiers which can be of the suds boosting, suds stabilising or suds suppressing type.
• the first type include the C 12 ⁇ C 18 fatty acid amides and alkanolamides
• the second type is exemplified by the C 12 ⁇ C 16 alkyl dilower alkyl amine oxides
• the third type by C 20 -C 24 fatty acids
• certain ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers such as the "Pluronic" series, silicones, silica-silicone blends, micro-crystalline waxes, triazines and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
• the silicone material can be represented by alkylated polysiloxane materials such as silica aerogels and xerogels and hydrophobic silicas of various types.
• the silicone material can be described as siloxane having the formula: wherein x is from 20 to 2,000, and R and R' are each alkyl or aryl groups, especially methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and phenyl.
• the polydimethylsiloxanes (R and R' are methyl) having a molecular weight within the range of from 200 to 200,000, and higher, are all useful as suds controlling agents.
• Additional suitable silicone materials which exhibit useful suds controlling properties are those wherein the side chain groups R and R' are alkyl, aryl, or mixed alkyl and aryl hydrocarbyl groups, examples including diethyl-, dipropyl-, dibutyl-, methyl-, ethyl-, and phenylmethyl-polysiloxanes.
• Additional useful silicone suds controlling agents can be represented by a mixture of an alkylated siloxane, as referred to hereinbefore, and solid silica. Such mixtures are prepared by affixing the silicone to the surface of the solid silica.
• a preferred silicone suds controlling agent is represented by a hydrophobic silanated (most preferably trimethyl- silanated) silica having a particle size in the range from 10 nm to 20 nm and a specific surface area above 50 m 2 /gm intimately admixed with dimethyl silicone fluid having a molecular weight in the range from 500 to 200,000 at a weight ratio of silicone to silanated silica of from 19:1 to 1:2.
• the silicone suds suppressing agent is advantageously releasably incorporated in a water-soluble or water-dispersible, substantially non- surface-active detergent-impermeable carrier.
• Particularly useful suds suppressors are the self-emulsifying silicone suds suppressors, described in US Patent No. 4,136,045.
• An example of such a compound is DB-544, commercially available from Dow Corning, which is a siloxane/glycol copolymer.
• Suds modifiers as described above are incorporated at levels of up to approximately 5%, preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight of the cationic-nonionic surfactant mixture.
• Chelating agents that can be incorporated include citric acid, nitrilotriacetic and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acids and their salts, organic phosphonate derivatives such as those disclosed in Diehl US Patent No. 3,213,030 issued 19 October, 1985; Roy US Patent No. 3,433,021 issued 14 January, 1968; Gedge US Patent No. 3,292,121 issued 9 January, 1968; and Bersworth US Patent No. 2,599,807 issued 10 June, 1952, and carboxylic acid builder salts such as those disclosed in Diehl US patent No. 3,308,067 issued 7 March, 1967.
• Preferred chelating agents include nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), nitrilotrimethylene phosphonic acid (NTMP), ethylene diamine tetra methylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) and diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid (DETPMP), and these are incorporated in amounts such that the substrate chelating agent weight ratio lies in the range from 20:1 to 1:5, preferably from 5:1 to 1:5 and most preferably from 3:1 to 1:1.
• Certain polybasic acids have been found to enhance the bleaching effect of organic peroxyacids produced when the products of the present invention are used with conventional detergent compositions, examples being EDTMP, NTMP and DETPMP. However, not all chelating polybasic acids are useful in this respect, while certain poorly-chelating polybasic acids, notably succinic acid, and glutaric acid, do show efficacy.
• a wide range of fabric softeners and antistatic agents can be included as optional compounds.
• Exemplary cationic nitrogen compounds include the di-C, 67 --C 18 alkyl, di-C,-C 4 alkyl quaternary ammonium salts, imidazolinium salts and non-nitrogenous materials such as the sorbitan esters of C 16 ⁇ C 18 fatty acids.
• a preferred fabric softening and antistatic composition suitable for incorporation into additive products of the present invention are disclosed in US Patent No. 3,936,537 issued 3 February, 1967 to R. Baskerville & F. G. Schiro.
• Preferred enzymatic materials include the commercially available amylases, and neutral and alkaline proteases conventionally incorporated into detergent compositions. Suitable enzymes are discussed in US Patents 3,519,570 and 3,533,139. Examples of suitable enzymes include the materials sold under the Registered Trade Marks Maxatase, Rapidase and Alcalase.
• Optical brighteners may be anionic or nonionic in type and are added at levels of from 0.05 to 1.0 grs per sheet preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 grs per sheet.
• Anionic fluorescent brightening agents are well-known materials, examples of which are disodium 4,4' - bis - (2 - diethanolamino - 4 - anilino - s - triazin - 6 - ylamino)stilbene - 2:2'disulphonate, disodium 4,4' - bis - (2 - morpholino - 4 - anilino - s - triazin - 6 - ylamino)stilbene - 2:2' - disulphonate, disodium 4,4' - bis - (2,4 - dianilino - s - triazin - 6 - ylamino)stilbene - 2:2' - di - sulphonate, disodium 4,4' - bis - (2 - anilino - 4 - (N - methyl - N - 2 - hydroxyethylamino) - s -
• fluorescers to which the invention can be applied include the 1,3-diaryl pyrazolines and 7-alkylaminocoumarins.
• a preferred fluorescer is the anionic material available from Ciba Geigy S.A. under the trade name Tinopal® CBS and mixtures thereof with materials available under the trade names Tinopal® EMS and Blankophor® MBBN, the latter being sold by Konriken Bayer AG.
• a solubilizing group attached to a carbon atom displaced more than 5 carbon atoms away from the porphine core is referred to as "remote”; otherwise it is “proximate”.
• Highly preferred materials of this general type are the zinc phthalocyanine tri- and tetrasulphonates and mixtures thereof.
• Materials of this general class were originally disclosed for use in detergent compositions in British Patents 1,372,035 and 1,408,144 and are discussed in detail in European Published Patent Application No. 3861.
• the photo-activators can provide bleaching effects on fabrics washed with the detergent additive compositions and dried in the presence of visible light and atmospheric oxygen and can also synergistically enhance the bleaching effect of conventional bleaching agents such as sodium perborate.
• the porphine bleach is preferably used in an amount such that the level of porphine in the composition is in the range from 0.004% to 0.5%, more preferably from 0.001 % to 0.1 %, especially from 0.002% to 0.05% by weight.
• Anti redeposition and soil suspension agents also constitute preferred components of the additive compositions of the invention.
• Cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose are examples of soil suspension agents and suitable antiredeposition agents are provided by homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which at least two carboxyl radicals are present separated by not more than two carbon atoms.
• Highly preferred polymeric polycarboxylic acids are copolymers of maleic acid or maleic anhydride with methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether or acrylic acid, the polymers having a molecular weight in the range from 12,000 to 1,500,000.
• the weight ratio of the total amount of bleach precursor present to the polymeric carboxylic acid lies in the range from 10:1 to 1:3, preferably from 5:1 to 1:2.
• the additive products herein comprise a precursor in water-releasable combination with a solid non-particulate substrate.
• the substrate is absorbent and the precursor is impregnated therein.
• Application of the precursor can be carried out in any convenient manner, and many methods are known in the art.
• the preferred acyloxybenzene sulphonate or carboxylate precursors are solid at temperatures in excess of 150°C, one form of application is by solution in organic solvents which are volatilised after application, while another employs a slurry or suspension of the finely divided solid in water or other liquid media.
• compositions in accordance with the invention are substantially anhydrous and thus incorporation on the substrate is best accomplished by utilisation of a non aqueous liquid medium.
• a highly preferred embodiment of the invention utilises a processing aid and/or other optional ingredients in molten form as the liquid medium in which the finely divided precursor is dispersed.
• the substrate comprises a non-sheet like reticulated foam article
• a liquid medium incorporating the dispersed precursor either alone or with other components of the formulation
• a compatible non-hygroscopic material of higher melting point such as the processing aids hereinbefore described to provide a waxy solid in which the surfactant is present in the form of a solid solution and/or as a dispersed phase.
• the melting point range and waxy nature of polyethylene glycols of molecular weight 5 4000 make them useful for this purpose.
• nonionic surfactants form components of the composition
• their physical properties may permit their use as, or as part of, a liquid medium in which the precursor and other solid components are incorporated.
• the nonionic surfactant is a solid at normal temperature but is molten at a temperature less than 100°C, preferably less than 80°C
• the surfactant can be used as the sole vehicle for incorporating other non liquid components into the substrate.
• Alcohols having high levels of ethoxylation such as Tallow alcohol (E z6+ ) and C,4--C,5 primary alcohol E 15 are examples of such materials.
• materials reactive towards the C 6 -C la linear carbon chain-containing bleach precursor can be incorporated in the additive products of the present invention provided that the precursor and the reactive material are spatially separated from one another.
• Inorganic peroxygen bleaches which either contain water or hydrogen peroxide in hydrogen bonded form, such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persilicate or sodium perpyrophosphate, and also urea- hydrogen peroxide addition products, are materials which are sufficiently reactive to require this spatial separation.
• the precursor and the inorganic peroxygen bleach are incorporated in physically separate locations, on the same substrate
• a convenient method of application is the deposition of the respective melts, suspensions or solutions as discrete bands of material on the substrate.
• the bleach is applied as a dispersion of solid particles in a molten processing aid (as hereinbefore described) at a temperature in the range from 40° to 60°C.
• molten processing aid as hereinbefore described
• bleach: substrate weight ratios of up to 15:1 can be obtained. This level of loading is attainable with cellular substrates but substrates of fibrous character are limited in practice to weight ratios of 5:1.
• loading limitations imposed by the substrate surface area required for the incorporation of the precursor may limit the amount of bleach to less than 3:1.
• composition is minimised and product aesthetics such as feel are enhanced during both manufacture and storage if the water content of the composition is mimimised.
• the composition is substantially anhydrous but more usually the water content is in the range from 5-8% by weight of the additive product.
• compositions containing sodium perborate monohydrate in intimate mixture with the other components it has been found that any halide anions present in the mixture react with the bleach when the mixture is heated.
• chloride salts must be excluded from such mixtures and any cationic surfactants present must be in the form of a non-oxidisable. salt such as the methosulphate.
• the substrate is impregnated, it is believed that the surfaces of the pores or fibres making up the substrate are themselves coated and it is a highly desirable aspect of the substrate that it permits an extensive coating of the peroxy compound precursor to be formed.
• the term 'coating' connotes the adjoining of one substrate to the surface of another; 'impregnation' is intended to mean the permeation of the entire substrate structure, internally as well as externally.
• One factor affecting a given substrate's absorbent capacity is its free space. Accordingly, when a precursor is applied to an absorbent substrate, it penetrates into the free space, hence, the substrate is deemed impregnated.
• a substrate of low absorbency such as one-ply kraft or bond paper
• a substrate is; therefore, termed "dense".
• a small portion of the precursor penetrates into the limited free space available in a dense substrate, a rather substantial balance of the precursor does not penetrate and remains on the surface of the substrate so that it is deemed a coating.
• the precursor is applied to absorbent paper or non-woven cloth by a method generally known as padding.
• the precursor is preferably applied from a liquid to the substrate and precursors which are normally solid at room temperature should first be melted, dissolved in solvent or suspended in a liquid application medium.
• the precursor-containing liquid is placed into a pan or trough which can be heated, if necessary, to maintain the contents in liquid form. Any optional ingredients are then added to the pan or trough.
• a roll of absorbent substrate is then set up on an apparatus so that it can unroll freely. As the substrate unrolls, it travels downwardly and, submersed, passes through the pan or trough containing the precursor at a slow enough speed to allow sufficient impregnation.
• the absorbent substrate then travels, at the same speed, upwardly and through a pair of rollers which squeeze off excess bath liquid.
• the impregnated substrate is then cooled to room temperature, after which it can be folded, cut or perforated at uniform lengths, and subsequently packaged and/or used.
• rollers used resemble "squeeze rolls" used by those in the paper and paper-making art; they can be made of hard rubber or steel.
• the rollers are adjustable, so that the orifice between their respective surfaces can be regulated to control the amount of the precursor liquid on the substrate.
• the precursor in liquid form is sprayed onto absorbent substrate as it unrolls.
• the unrolled substrate web is arranged to slide over the spray nozzle which comprises a horizontally disposed tube formed with a slit extending along its top surface.
• the molten slurry of organic peroxy compound precursor and any additives mixed herewith is forced through the slit into the substrate and the excess liquid is then squeezed off by the use of squeeze rollers.
• a melt temperature in the range of 40°-80°C, preferably 45° ⁇ 65°C is used and the molten material should have a viscosity of less than 5 Pa.Sec at 50°C, preferably no more than 0.5 Pa.Sec.
• the precursor(s) dissolved or dispersed in a molten processing aid are held in a trough formed by the nip of two horizontal rollers arranged side by side and rotating in opposite directions such that the nip is formed by surfaces having approximately the same velocity in a downward direction.
• Molten material is spread on one of the rolls and transferred to a continuous web of substrate whose speed is the same as that of the roll and which contacts the roll over a limited length of its periphery/The impregnated substrate is then contacted by a smoothing and spreading roll having a direction of rotation such that its contact surface is moving in the opposite direction to that of the substrate.
• This variation additionally involves the use of metal rollers which can be heated to maintain the precursor in the liquid phase.
• a further method involves separately treating a desired number of the individual plies of a multi-ply paper and subsequently adhesively joining the plies with a known adhesive-joiner compound; this provides a composition which can be treated on one of its outer sides, yet contains several other plies, each of which is treated on both sides.
• a mixture of the precursor and any added materials is applied to the substrate as a dispersion in a molten material, usually a ⁇ processing aid such as polyethyl glycol, but frequently including an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant.
• a ⁇ processing aid such as polyethyl glycol, but frequently including an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant.
• the additive products of the present invention can be introduced into the washing liquor at a point in the washing process where formation of an organic peroxy bleaching species is of most value.
• optimum results are obtained, irrespective of the washing cycle being employed, when the additive products of the present invention are fed into the machine at the same time as the fabric load.
• addition of the additive product at the beginning of the main wash cycle is preferred.
• Sodium nonanoyl oxybenzene sulphonate was prepared by reacting C 9 alkyl fatty acid with trifluoroacetic anhydride and sodium phenol sulphonate for six hours, precipitating the sodium salt from an aqueous alcoholic solution and washing and drying the precipitated salt.
• the sodium nonanoyl oxybenzene sulphonate crystals are passed through a sieve of mesh size 350 micrometers and redispersed in methanol to form a 25% suspension before being subjected to wet milling using a Fryma Colloid Mill, Model MK95­R/MZ 80R (made by M. M. Process Equipment Ltd, of M. M.
• the milled suspension is then applied to a hydrophilic, reticulated polyurethane foam sheet substrate.
• the substrate comprises a 3 mm thick sheet of "Hydrofoam” (RTM) having a density of 0.0036 g/ cm 2 and a cell count of 25-30 per cm, the sheet size being 36 x 23 cm and the basis weight being 0.9 g/ sheet.
• the precursor is applied by immersing the sheet in the suspension to saturate it, excess liquid being subsequently removed by passing the sheet through a nip formed by a pair of rollers.
• the methyl alcohol vehicle is then evaporated from the sheet to leave a product containing 4.5 g sodium nonanoyl oxybenzene sulphonate.
• compositions of Product A comprises 5 g TAED, designed to provide 35 ppm of available oxygen in a 20 litre wash solution assuming theoretical conversion of the precursor, while the composition of Product B comprises 6.3 g NOBS designed to provide 15 ppm available oxygen on the same basis.
• the additive products are compared by adding a sheet to a commercial inorganic oxygen bleach- containing detergent and carrying out bleaching performance tests on tea- and wine-stained cotton and polyester-cotton swatches in a washing machine containing a load of clean fabrics as 'ballast'.
• the sheet is added with the load while the detergent is added via the dispenser. Tests are also carried out using the commercial detergent alone to provide a base line of bleaching performance.
• the commercial detergent has the following formula
• compositions were arranged so that one sheet in a 20 litre wash solution would provide 35 ppm available oxygen from the peracid present assuming theoretical conversion of the precursor(s), Composition C providing 35 ppm from the peracetic acid, Composition D providing 30 ppm from the peracetic acid and 5 ppm from the Cg peroxyacid, and Composition E providing 25 ppm from the peracetic acid and 10 ppm from the Cg peroxyacid.
• the substrate in each instance was a square patterned apertured non-woven sheet, of size 23 x 35 cm and basis weight 2.8 g, formed of 100% unbleached crimped rayon fibres (80% fibre, 20% polyacrylate binder).
• the products were made in each case by forming a melt of the PEG and A 42E7 at approximately 80°C, dispersing the other components (except the perfume) therein and applying the resultant slurry to the substrate from an applicator roll with which the substrate was brought into contact. Additional rolls were used to spread the slurry before it was cooled to ambient temperature to solidify the composition. Perfume was then sprayed on to the impregnated substrate to produce the final product.
• the performance of the products was assessed by means of bleachable stain removal (tea, wine) on cotton and polyester-cotton fabric tracers, and also by means of the cleaning of accumulated soil stains on a woven cotton roller towel sample, the tracers and the sample being included in each load.
• the H 2 0 2 clathrate was added as a dry powder to the molten mixture of PEG 8000 and Dobanol 45E7, together with the other components.
• This additive product had a 1:1 molar ratio of NOBS to H 2 0 2 and was designed such that a single sheet would provide 3 ppm available oxygen under US washing conditions (60 litres wash liquor volume, detergent co-product (US Tide®) contains no peroxygen bleach).
• Example 4 was repeated except that 3.6 g of sodium perborate monohydrate was added in place of the H 2 0 2 clathrate.

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