EP0088683A1 - Elektrischer Ofen für hohe Temperatur, dessen Widerstände aus senkrechten, leitenden Heizröhren bestehen, die durch gekühlte Befestigungsröhren gehalten werden - Google Patents

Elektrischer Ofen für hohe Temperatur, dessen Widerstände aus senkrechten, leitenden Heizröhren bestehen, die durch gekühlte Befestigungsröhren gehalten werden Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0088683A1
EP0088683A1 EP83400434A EP83400434A EP0088683A1 EP 0088683 A1 EP0088683 A1 EP 0088683A1 EP 83400434 A EP83400434 A EP 83400434A EP 83400434 A EP83400434 A EP 83400434A EP 0088683 A1 EP0088683 A1 EP 0088683A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hollow
high temperature
tubes
tube
heating tubes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP83400434A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Louis Graniou
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR8204281A external-priority patent/FR2523284B2/fr
Priority claimed from FR8301585A external-priority patent/FR2540233B2/fr
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0088683A1 publication Critical patent/EP0088683A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D11/00—Arrangement of elements for electric heating in or on furnaces
    • F27D11/02—Ohmic resistance heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
    • H05B3/66—Supports or mountings for heaters on or in the wall or roof

Definitions

  • the subject of the invention is a high-temperature electric oven, the metal resistances of which are vertical hollow heating conductive tubes held in place by tubes in the form of pins serving as a fastener in which cold air circulates.
  • the metallic resistors which work at high temperature, close to their creep limits, allow to heat loads to temperatures close to theirs, with the maximum efficiency, if the ovens are well calculated, if their regulation is well adapted and if the heating elements cover their walls well.
  • the high temperature of the resistors "provides" very high surface powers provided that the temperature of the metal of the heating elements can be maintained, whatever the nature of these elements. For this, the regulation of the temperature can no longer be done on the "atmosphere" of the ovens, but must take as a basis the temperature of the resistors, hence the advantage of having a measuring element in the heating body itself. -even.
  • Current electric ovens which make it possible to obtain high temperatures of the order of 1250 ° C. have many shortcomings. These ovens have a power of the order of 500 to 1000 kilowatts.
  • the electrical resistances are made of a suitable known alloy such as nickel / chromium, but manufactured in foundry, that is to say that the heating bodies act as resistance. The whole forms a sinuous hollow pipe.
  • the invention therefore avoids these two main drawbacks: poor thermal regulation of high temperature electric ovens and hanging of the heating pipes.
  • the high temperature electric oven is composed of hollow vertical heating tubes, electrically connected to each other by bridge plates, welded and held at the level of said bridge plates by means acting as fasteners which are hollow fastening tubes for example in the form of a pin isolated and fixed to the walls of said oven.
  • Cooling means lower the temperature, specifically at the welding points of the bridge plate which connects, between them, two hollow vertical heating tubes.
  • the cooling means are the hollow vertical pin attachment tubes in which pulsed air circulates.
  • the vertical hollow tube serving as an attachment is therefore refrigerated.
  • This attached hollow tube is made of stainless steel or other suitable material and is insulated by refractory elements, except at the level of its contact with the bridge plate which electrically connects two heated heating tubes. Hollow heating tubes are no longer produced by molding but are drawn and welded.
  • the invention relates to improvements made to the pin-shaped tubes serving as a fastener and in which fresh air circulates and to the bridge plates which electrically connect two hollow metallic heating tubes.
  • the attachment tubes which support and cool the hollow vertical conductive heating tubes may include means specific to each pin tube to regulate the flow rate of the air inlet and outlet.
  • the attachment tubes are composed of at least two coaxial tubes, partially or over the entire length, the entry of fresh air being effected by the external peripheral tube and the exit from the air carried through the inner tube; said inner tube is preferably made of stainless steel, and is centered by three flares at 120 ° at the lower end of said tube.
  • the means of insulation of the attachment tubes, at certain points, can be provided by a means such as asbestos wound on, at least, two layers.
  • a pin-shaped attachment tube with fresh air circulation is welded to the bridge plates.
  • a pin tube with fresh air circulation supports the bridge plates as described above.
  • the bridge plate according to the invention has been specially studied in terms of electrical conductivity.
  • the bridge plate is a massive cross-beam. This bridge plate makes it possible to pass the current from a hollow vertical heating tube to the next one in a regular manner without hot or cold spots, by means of an electric welding weld bead made on a curve obtained by integration by points. which connects said hollow heating tube and said bridge plate.
  • the heating resistors which are hollow metal heating tubes, are interconnected by bridge plates or crosspieces. These bridge plates have a particular shape in order to avoid any local heating effect in the connections connecting two successive parallel strands. This heating is due to the preferential flow of the current along the shortest path. This drawback is usually eliminated by strengthening the metal sections in this area. Said preferential path is eliminated by a provision equalizing the resistances of the "elementary" paths between associated generators of two connected heating elements. For this purpose, a bridge plate of large section is used, folded to be welded to the two elements of the hollow heating tubes, the corresponding ends of which are cut along a profile giving precisely this equality of the overall elementary resistances between pairs of associated generators.
  • the solution adopted consists in connecting the two heating elements by an electrical connection connected to the ends of the two elements, so that there is equality of electrical resistance of the elementary paths between the various pairs of points located in the two sections of these two. elements, and also distant from this connection. This leads to cutting off the end of the heating elements so as to integrate into these elementary paths a length of these elements, the longer the shorter the path in the connection.
  • This cut of the end of the heating tubes is all the more complex as the dimension of the cross section of the electrical connection is closer than that of the heating elements, and that the current density in the latter is higher.
  • This cut of the end of the hollow heating tubes must not be orthogonal.
  • the invention discloses a bridge plate uniflow strong section, bent to be welded to the two heating hollow tubes whose corresponding ends are cut at an angle giving precisely this equal overall elementary resistances between pairs of associated generators.
  • the angle of these oblique cuts is adapted to the ratio of the sections of the equicurrent bridge plate and the hollow heating tube to equalize these different elementary paths.
  • the invention also relates to the internally ventilated attachment or suspension means.
  • the heating elements are suspended from a system of hollow tubes with refrigerated attachments, acting as an attachment, passing through the heat-insulating material of the oven and bearing on the external carcass of this oven.
  • These hollow refrigerated attachment tubes, serving as an attachment contain a cooling tube housed in the bore, open at both ends; the lower opening is located in the lower zone of the hollow refrigerated attachment tube, while the upper opening, crossing the upper end of the hollow refrigerated attachment tube, opens into the open air.
  • the only opening of the hollow refrigerated attachment tube, closed at both ends, is located in the upper part and is located laterally.
  • a source providing the refrigerant under a moderate pressure blows it into the upper part of this hollow refrigerated attachment tube, through the lateral opening.
  • the fluid descends into the annular space formed between the hollow refrigerated attachment tube and the refrigerant tube, then borrows the refrigerant tube by entering it through its lower opening to exit to the open air through the upper part of the refrigerant tube.
  • This internally ventilated fastening means is also used in power supply pins, through the structures of the electric oven, connecting the heating elements to the external network.
  • the current supply pins receive a thermal fluid at their ends located in the oven cavity: by the radiation of the latter and by conduction of the hollow heating tubes connected to its internal ends.
  • the current supply pins are the seat of a thermal contribution, in their mass, due to the Joule effect of the electric current passing through them.
  • the invention relates to an oven taken as a whole, composed of modular interchangeable heating elements rapidly as well as said modular elements, taken separately or in combination, which allow rapid replacement, from the outside, in the event of failure of a modular heating element without waiting for the oven to cool.
  • Figure 1 is a general view of the oven according to the invention, seen from above in plan;
  • Figure 2 is a general view of the oven, side view with the axes of sections VV and WW;
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view of the vertical hollow tube serving as an attachment or support tab to the vertical heated hollow tubes according to one embodiment;
  • Figure 4 is a sectional view of the vertical hollow tube serving as an attachment to the vertical heated hollow tubes according to another embodiment;
  • Figure 5 is a sectional view along the cutting axis VV, shown in Figure 2;
  • Figure 6 is a sectional view along the cutting axis WW, shown in Figure 2;
  • Figure 7 is an exploded view of insulating elements of the tab acting as a fastener shown in Figure 3;
  • Figure 8 is a detail view of the electrical connection and
  • Figure 9 is a detail view of the cooling fins;
  • FIG. 10 is a partial section view of a refrigerated attachment tube in the form of a pin with double air circulation
  • FIG. 11 is a partial section view of a pin-shaped refrigerated attachment tube according to the invention, showing, in particular, the adjustment of the air outlet
  • FIG. 12 is a partial section view of a pin-shaped refrigerated attachment tube according to the invention, showing, in particular, the insulation of said refrigerated attachment tube with asbestos; this view is a view of the fastener shown in Figure 11 after rotation of 90 °
  • Figure 13 is a front view of the bridge plate
  • Figure 14 is a top view of the bridge plate
  • FIG. 15 is a view of the massive cross-current bridge plate machined in a solid rectangle;
  • FIG. 16 is a general view of an oven according to the invention, with its vertical heated hollow tubes, its bridge plates, and its refrigerated attachment tubes in which fresh air circulates;
  • Figures 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 show plan views and half sections of different embodiments of the bridge plate;
  • FIG. 24 is a side view and a half section of the hollow attachment tube, of a current supply pin and of the hollow heating tubes;
  • FIG. 25 is a view of an interchangeable modular heating element, a perspective view half taken out of the oven;
  • Figure 26 is a view of an oven, seen from above in perspective, during the change of a modular heating element.
  • the furnace 1 is composed of vertical heated hollow tubes 2. These vertical heated hollow tubes 2 are hollow, produced by extrusion for example, in a nickel / chrome alloy.
  • thermocouples 3 are arranged at the heart of said vertical heated hollow tubes 2. These technical characteristics of the vertical heated hollow tubes 2 allow very fine regulation of the oven according to the invention.
  • These heated vertical hollow tubes 2 are electrically connected to each other by a bridge plate 4 which is held on said heated vertical hollow tubes 2 by welding points 5, see FIG. 5.
  • fastening tubes 6 which are hollow and which act as a fastening tab.
  • These attachment tubes 6 are in the form of a pin and they support the vertical hollow heating tubes 2 at the level of the bridge plates 4 while cooling the weld points by fresh pulsed air which circulates in the attachment tubes 6 which form attachment tab office, see in particular Figures 3, 4 and 5.
  • These attachment tubes 6 are insulated by insulating elements 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 which come along the attachment tubes 6, see figure 3.
  • FIG. 4 another embodiment is shown for isolating the attachment tubes 6.
  • the insulation is ensured by elements 14 and 15 made of ceramic. These elements 14 and 15 are arranged up to the level of the insulation 16 of the oven 1.
  • the branches 12 and 13 of the fastening tube 6 come out of the external carcass 17 of the oven 1 and are blocked by "cone presses" 18, the junction the collector is effected by a rubber sleeve 19, insulating sleeves 20 isolate the branches 12 and 13 at the outlet of the external carcass of said oven.
  • the arrow F1 indicates the direction of circulation of the forced air.
  • the pulsed fresh air enters at around 20 ° C according to F1 and exits according to F2 at around 220 ° C.
  • the electrical connection 22 is shown in detail.
  • the electrical cable 26 is fixed by a plate 22 on a pin 23 which has cooling fins 24, see FIG. 8 in detail.
  • This pin 23 enters through an insulating sleeve 20 into the external carcass 17 of the furnace 1, it passes through the insulation 16 and comes in contact with the first vertical heated hollow tube 2.
  • the vertical heated hollow tubes 2 are held in place at the level of the section WW shown in FIG. 2 by a refractory comb 25.
  • FIG. 10 in the metal carcass 26, is fixed by an insulating sleeve 27, an attachment tube 28.
  • This tube can consist of two elements 29 and 30 which are joined by screwing at 31.
  • the height adjustment of the vertical heated hollow tubes (conductive tubes) are attached by a ring 32 and by the insulating sleeve 27.
  • the tube 28 therefore acts as an attachment tube in which fresh air circulates.
  • it does not have the shape of a pin and acts as a fastener, it supports the bridge plate 55 to which it is welded at 56.
  • a tube 33 which is used for the return of air and its evacuation by the outlet 34. the flow rate of the air outlet is adjusted by a ring of holes 35 and by screws 36.
  • the inner tube 33 is centered in the tube attaches 28 by three flares 37, 38, 39 at 120 °, at the end 40 of said tube 33.
  • the fresh air is supplied by a flexible hose 41 which is connected to a connector 42 which terminates and communicates with the periphery 43 of the attachment tube 28, the air therefore enters through the periphery and exits through the core of the attachment tube 28, that is to say the inner tube 33.
  • the adjustment of the heat exchange height is adjusted by a ring 44.
  • the inner tube 33 must extend at least just after the connector 42 through which enters the cool cooling air.
  • the attachment tube is in the form of a pin 45; it is formed by a single attachment tube with only one direction of air circulation.
  • the fresh air enters at 46 through a flexible pipe 47 and an insulator 48 and it exits through an outlet 49.
  • the flow rate of the air outlet 49 can be adjusted by crushing a metal ring 50.
  • the tube attaches the pin 45 is, in this case, either welded at the level of the bridge plate 55, or it supports the bridge plate 55.
  • the heat-insulating element 51 is shown in all the figures, but in FIG. 12 is shown in addition the insulating element such as asbestos 52 wound on two layers 53 and 54.
  • the bridge plate 55 makes it possible to pass the current from one heating tube 57 to the other.
  • Current must flow from a heating tube 57 to the other in a regular manner without hot or cold spots by means of a bead 61 of arc welding made on a curve 59 which connects said heating tube 57 and said bridge plate 55.
  • the bridge plate 55 is cut with a milling cutter in a solid bar of resistant metal of the same kind as said heating conductive tube 57.
  • Said heating tube 57 enters a hole 58 in the bridge plate 55 which is at least one millimeter larger on the radius R.
  • Said heating tube 57 must be perfectly centered to avoid any contact other than the welding and the welding is carried out regularly edge to edge.
  • the curve 59 is milled in the heating tube 57 with that milled in said bridge plate 55 by means of an electric arc using a wire of the same metal.
  • the angle ⁇ formed by the tangent xy to the curve 59 and the horizontality of the bridge plate 55 is approximately ⁇ 16 °.
  • the angle f3 formed on the opening of the hole 58 between the two sides of the curve 59 is approximately ⁇ 74 °.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a rational solution.
  • the heating tube serving as a resistor 57 is cut at its end 60 at a bias angle determined by the ratio of the two straight sections of the heating tube and the bridge plate 55.
  • This equicurrent bridge plate 55 is composed of two planes P1 and P2 which form an angle ( ⁇ ) between them. Each plane A or B forms with the horizontal plane the same angle ( ⁇ ). The angle ( ⁇ ) can be close to 30 °: ⁇ ⁇ 30 °.
  • the equicurrent bridge plate 55 comprises a horizontal upper part P3 and two inclined planes P1 and P2 which form an angle ( ⁇ ) with the horizontal.
  • the equicurrent bridge plate 55 comprises a horizontal upper part P3 and two pairs of inclined planes P1 and P2, P3 and P4 which form two angles A 1 and A 2 with the horizontal.
  • the resistance support device fitted to high-temperature industrial electric ovens by a ventilated device enabling the temperature of the most stressed elements to be lowered mechanically, can be ensured by an attachment tube bent in the form of a pin as described above. It can also be produced by the device described below, see FIG. 24.
  • a hollow vertical refrigerated attachment tube 45 of the same composition as that of the heating elements, is welded, at its lower end, to the bridge plate 55 connecting the upper ends of two successive heating elements or tubes 57a, 57b. It crosses the thermal insulation 51 of the vault 74 to open above the external carcass 26 of the oven on which it is supported by means of an insulating sleeve 27 with a shoulder which ensures its electrical isolation from the structures of this carcass.
  • a vertical refrigerating tube 33 Inside this hollow refrigerated attachment tube 6 or 45 is housed concentrically with the bore, a vertical refrigerating tube 33, open at its two ends. Between the hollow refrigerated attachment tube 45 and the interior refrigerant tube 33 is thus created an annular space 72 which is obstructed at the upper end 70 of the hollow refrigerated attachment tube 45. Immediately below this obstruction, the hollow refrigerated attachment tube 45 is provided with a lateral orifice 42 through which is introduced the air cooling fluid at room temperature for example.
  • This fluid begins by descending into the annular space 72, cooling the internal wall of the hollow refrigerated attachment tube 45 serving as an attachment, then arrives at the lower end 68 of the refrigerated hollow tube 33; it enters the refrigerant tube 33 to go back inside and finally exit via the upper end 34 of this refrigerant tube 33.
  • This fluid has the same function as that circulating in the bent tube in the form of a pin of the first device. It indirectly causes cooling of the bridge plate 55 and of the welds 5 or 56 thereof with the two vertical heating hollow tubes 57 with a more direct thermal path than that pertaining to the first pin device.
  • a suitable adjustment, made once and for all, of the level of the lower end of the attachment tube, and the adjustment of the flow rate of the fluid, make it possible to adjust the temperature of the bridge plate 55 in the vicinity of that of the furnace 1, ie a gain of several tens of degrees, particularly beneficial given the temperature level where the metal of the bridge plates 55 is located.
  • This modular - interchangeable heating element 75 consists of a frame 26 or structure, two current supply pins 64, hollow tubes refrigerated attachments 45 , heating tubes 57, bridge plates 55, incorporated insulation 51.
  • This interchangeable modular element 75 allows rapid external replacement in the event of a breakdown without waiting for the furnace 1 to be cooled (see FIGS. 25 and 26).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
EP83400434A 1982-03-10 1983-03-03 Elektrischer Ofen für hohe Temperatur, dessen Widerstände aus senkrechten, leitenden Heizröhren bestehen, die durch gekühlte Befestigungsröhren gehalten werden Ceased EP0088683A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8204281A FR2523284B2 (fr) 1981-10-27 1982-03-10 Four electrique a haute temperature dont les resistances sont des tubes conducteurs verticaux creux chauffants maintenus en place par des tubes epingles faisant office d'etriers, dans lesquels circule de l'air frais
FR8204281 1982-03-10
FR8301585 1983-01-31
FR8301585A FR2540233B2 (fr) 1981-10-27 1983-01-31 Four electrique a haute temperature dont les resistances sont des tubes conducteurs verticaux creux chauffants maintenus en place par des tubes creux attaches refrigeres

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EP0088683A1 true EP0088683A1 (de) 1983-09-14

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EP83400434A Ceased EP0088683A1 (de) 1982-03-10 1983-03-03 Elektrischer Ofen für hohe Temperatur, dessen Widerstände aus senkrechten, leitenden Heizröhren bestehen, die durch gekühlte Befestigungsröhren gehalten werden

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EP (1) EP0088683A1 (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2579054A1 (fr) * 1985-03-15 1986-09-19 Metanic Sa Installation de chauffage electrique a gaz a conducteur tubulaire
FR2578966A1 (fr) * 1985-03-15 1986-09-19 Graniou Louis Four electrique a haute temperature dont les resistances disposees sous la voute sont des tubes conducteurs chauffants disposes en chainettes, maintenus en place par des suspentes refrigerees
CN107809809A (zh) * 2017-11-24 2018-03-16 苏州新材料研究所有限公司 一种带材用大型高温加热器

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10450649B2 (en) * 2014-01-29 2019-10-22 Gtat Corporation Reactor filament assembly with enhanced misalignment tolerance
JP6644776B2 (ja) 2015-05-15 2020-02-12 株式会社トウネツ 溶湯保持炉
DE112015006538B4 (de) * 2015-05-15 2023-06-07 Tounetsu Co., Ltd Heizungsschutzrohr für metallschmelze-warmhalteofen

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR658966A (fr) * 1927-08-17 1929-06-22 Four électrique avec résistance de chauffage
US3729570A (en) * 1971-09-20 1973-04-24 Btu Eng Corp Modular heater furnace
US3985946A (en) * 1975-02-18 1976-10-12 Sola Basic Industries, Inc. Removable heating element for high temperature furnaces
US4101724A (en) * 1976-06-30 1978-07-18 Brown Boveri Corporation Furnace conversion method and apparatus
FR2515327A1 (fr) * 1981-10-27 1983-04-29 Graniou Louis Four electrique a haute temperature dont les resistances sont des tubes conducteurs verticaux creux chauffants maintenus en place par des tubes epingles faisant office d'etriers, dans lesquels circule de l'air frais

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1901499A (en) * 1924-05-19 1933-03-14 Frank A Fahrenwald Electric furnace
US1809227A (en) * 1926-03-11 1931-06-09 Thaddeus F Baily Metallic resistor element
GB336078A (en) * 1929-09-23 1930-10-09 Carlberg Improvements in or relating to electrical resistance furnaces
GB528857A (en) * 1939-05-06 1940-11-08 Frank Bernhard Dehn Improvements in electric furnaces
US3506771A (en) * 1968-10-10 1970-04-14 Stephen F Cole Jr Modularly constructed heating elements for electric furnaces
US4093816A (en) * 1977-02-11 1978-06-06 Midland-Ross Corporation Furnace heating apparatus
US4132886A (en) * 1977-10-14 1979-01-02 Norton Company Heating element
US4135053A (en) * 1977-12-23 1979-01-16 Alco Standard Corporation Heating assembly for a heat treating furnace

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR658966A (fr) * 1927-08-17 1929-06-22 Four électrique avec résistance de chauffage
US3729570A (en) * 1971-09-20 1973-04-24 Btu Eng Corp Modular heater furnace
US3985946A (en) * 1975-02-18 1976-10-12 Sola Basic Industries, Inc. Removable heating element for high temperature furnaces
US4101724A (en) * 1976-06-30 1978-07-18 Brown Boveri Corporation Furnace conversion method and apparatus
FR2515327A1 (fr) * 1981-10-27 1983-04-29 Graniou Louis Four electrique a haute temperature dont les resistances sont des tubes conducteurs verticaux creux chauffants maintenus en place par des tubes epingles faisant office d'etriers, dans lesquels circule de l'air frais

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2579054A1 (fr) * 1985-03-15 1986-09-19 Metanic Sa Installation de chauffage electrique a gaz a conducteur tubulaire
FR2578966A1 (fr) * 1985-03-15 1986-09-19 Graniou Louis Four electrique a haute temperature dont les resistances disposees sous la voute sont des tubes conducteurs chauffants disposes en chainettes, maintenus en place par des suspentes refrigerees
EP0196956A1 (de) * 1985-03-15 1986-10-08 Vulcanic Elektrische Gasheizungsanlage mit rohrförmigen Leitern
CN107809809A (zh) * 2017-11-24 2018-03-16 苏州新材料研究所有限公司 一种带材用大型高温加热器
CN107809809B (zh) * 2017-11-24 2020-09-08 苏州新材料研究所有限公司 一种带材用大型高温加热器

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US4520487A (en) 1985-05-28

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