EP0083634B1 - Tete d'atomisation en eventail pour aerosol - Google Patents

Tete d'atomisation en eventail pour aerosol Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0083634B1
EP0083634B1 EP82902419A EP82902419A EP0083634B1 EP 0083634 B1 EP0083634 B1 EP 0083634B1 EP 82902419 A EP82902419 A EP 82902419A EP 82902419 A EP82902419 A EP 82902419A EP 0083634 B1 EP0083634 B1 EP 0083634B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
outlet tube
outlet
sprayhead
aerosol container
nozzle opening
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82902419A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0083634A4 (fr
EP0083634A1 (fr
Inventor
Dennis D. Hansen
Wilfred R. Merton
Jerome A. Pieterick
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3M Co
Original Assignee
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/282,243 external-priority patent/US4401271A/en
Priority claimed from US06/378,789 external-priority patent/US4401272A/en
Application filed by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co filed Critical Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Publication of EP0083634A1 publication Critical patent/EP0083634A1/fr
Publication of EP0083634A4 publication Critical patent/EP0083634A4/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0083634B1 publication Critical patent/EP0083634B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
    • B65D83/28—Nozzles, nozzle fittings or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B65D83/30—Nozzles, nozzle fittings or accessories specially adapted therefor for guiding the flow of spray, e.g. funnels, hoods
    • B65D83/303—Nozzles, nozzle fittings or accessories specially adapted therefor for guiding the flow of spray, e.g. funnels, hoods using extension tubes located in or at the outlet duct of the nozzle assembly

Definitions

  • This invention relates to aerosol sprayheads and, in particular, sprayheads utilized to dispense soluble elastomeric adhesive polymer solutions in a fan spray pattern.
  • Dispersions of elastomeric polymers have been sold in aerosol containers equipped with fan sprayheads. It is desirable, however, to be able to spray solutions of elastomeric polymers, as opposed to dispersions, because dispersions pose a settling problem which is not encountered with solutions, and because soluble polymers offer higher adhesion strengths and resist elevated temperatures better than crosslinked polymers.
  • a polychloroprene contact adhesive When, for example, a polychloroprene contact adhesive is dissolved in a solvent such as methylene chloride and loaded into an aerosol container pressurized with a propellant such as dimethyl ether and sprayed through an existing fan sprayhead, an unacceptably narrow, stream type of discharge, rather than a spray, is obtained at aerosol solids levels above about 4.4 percent by weight.
  • a 4.4 percent solution of polychloroprene adhesive packaged in a standard 475 cm 3 aerosol can would provide only about 22 grams of adhesive product, an amount sufficient to cover two surfaces of an area of only about 3.66 m 2 .
  • Such a small amount of product would be commercially unacceptable as a consumer would be paying primarily for the container and would quickly exhaust the contents.
  • soluble adhesive polymers have never been successfully marketed in aerosol containers. Instead, where possible, they are crosslinked and sold as aerosol dispersions, or sold in containers such as cans, tubes or bottles which do not offer the convenience of an aero
  • an aerosol container including a valve, a sprayhead assembly having an inlet stem defining an inlet and slidably and sealably mounted in the valve, an outlet tube intersecting the inlet stem and terminating in a nozzle opening and internal passageways interconnecting the inlet and the nozzle opening, a restriction defining an orifice having a cross-sectional area substantially less than that of said passageways and disposed between said nozzle opening and said inlet, an outlet chamber coaxial with said outlet tube passageway and disposed within said outlet tube and having a cross-sectional area substantially greater than that of said outlet tube passageway said orifice being coaxial with said outlet tube passageway and disposed within said outlet chamber, an elongate groove oriented transverse to said outlet tube passageway and which defines a terminal surface for said outlet tube, said groove intersecting said outlet tube passageway to form said opening and being substantially longer than said opening, the container being filled with a material at low pressure which may be sprayed through the nozzle opening by depressing the sprayhead into the valve
  • the present invention provides a sprayhead which produces a uniform fan spray pattern, when spraying elastomeric adhesive polymers in solution with a propellant, at adhesive solids levels more than two and one-half times the solids levels which may be sprayed by existing sprayheads..
  • the restriction may define a single orifice or a plurality of orifices located within the passageway of the outlet tube.
  • a rectangular orifice located in the outlet tube is defined.
  • the orifice is arranged to have a cross-sectional area substantially equal to that of the nozzle opening.
  • a conventional aerosol container 1 which includes a neck portion 3 in which is mounted a valve 5 which may be one of many types well known in the art.
  • the valve 5 includes a dip tube (not shown) which extends to the bottom of the container 1 in order that the entire contents of the container 1 may be used.
  • a sprayhead assembly 79 embodying the present invention is inserted into the container valve 5 and includes a sprayhead 81 and a nozzle outlet tube 85 having interconnected through-passageways terminating in an elongate nozzle opening 13 through which the contents of the container 1 may flow to form a spray 15.
  • the sprayhead 81 best seen in Figure 2, includes an inlet stem 17 and an outlet bore 19 oriented at an angle of approximately 100 degrees respect to the inlet stem 17.
  • the inlet stem 17 has a cylindrical wall 21 which is cut in its lower region to form a metering slot 23.
  • the inlet stem 17 serves to actuate the container valve 5 when the sprayhead 79 is depressed, and the metering slot 23 regulates the flow of the container 1 contents into the sprayhead 79.
  • the contents of the container 1 flow through the metering slot 23 into a cylindrical inlet passageway 25 formed by the cylindrical wall 21 and a body 27 of the sprayhead 79.
  • the passageway 25 terminates in a cylindrical chamber 29 which is intersected by and communicates with the outlet bore 19.
  • the inlet stem 17 may be incorporated into the container valve 5 and the sprayhead 9 provided with a female inlet. Either construction may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
  • the sprayhead 79 may be either machined or molded from any suitable material including metal or plastic, but preferably is molded in plastic due to cost considerations and the ability of plastic to resist chemical attack.
  • FIGs 1-5 illustrate the preferred embodiment of the invention in which the sprayhead 81 has an annular shoulder 83 which serves merely to limit the travel of an outlet tube 85 as it is inserted into the sprayhead 81.
  • the outlet tube 85 includes an outlet chamber 87, an outlet passageway 89 and the nozzle opening 13.
  • the nozzle is formed in a flattened tip portion 47.
  • the length of the outlet chamber 87 is 22.1 mm.
  • a restriction 93 formed as an annular plate which defines an orifice 95 coaxial with the outlet passageway 89 and the nozzle opening 13.
  • the restriction plate 93 is preferably made of plastic, as is the outlet tube 85, and is secured within the outlet chamber 87 either by press fitting, adhesive bonding or welding. Suitable dimensions for the restriction plate 93 and the orifice 95 have been found to be 1 mm in width and 1.25 mm in diameter, respectively.
  • spray pattern uniformity may be enhanced by providing more than one restriction plate 93 within the outlet chamber 87.
  • a plurality of plates 93 may be inserted into the outlet chamber 87 and spaced equally along the length of the outlet chamber 87.
  • two plates 93 produce acceptable results and it is contemplated that more than three plates 93 could be employed if located symmetrically within the chamber 87 and spaced equally along the length of the outlet chamber 87.
  • the outlet tube 85 may be retained in the bore 19 by friction, and thus be removable, or may be adhesively bonded or welded in place.
  • the nozzle opening 13 is formed by the intersection of the cylindrical outlet passageway 89 extending centrally through the outlet tube 85 and a transverse tapered groove 51.
  • the outlet passageway 89 terminates in a conical taper 53 having an included angle of approximately 90 degrees, and the nozzle opening 13 is formed by transversely intersecting the outlet passageway taper 53 with the tapered groove 51 having sides 55 and 57 disposed at an included angle of approximately 90 degrees.
  • the groove 51 intersects the outlet passageway taper 53 to a depth substantially equal to the length of the taper 53.
  • the elongate opening 13 thus formed, and best seen in Figure 3, corresponds to two skewed, intersecting parabolas and has a substantially longer dimension along the groove 51 than transverse to the groove 51.
  • Preferred opening dimensions are 1.5 mm along the groove 51 and 0.8 mm transverse to the groove 51.
  • the groove sides 55 and 57 form a terminal surface for the outlet tube 85. Flanking the groove 51 are coplanar flat lands 59 and 61.
  • the shape of the tip portion 47 of the outlet tube 85 away from the groove 51 does not influence the shape of the spray 15 exiting the nozzle opening 13 and is, therefore, not critical to the present invention.
  • the lands 59 and 61 may be, for example, concave, convex, angled back from the groove 51 or may assume any configuration which does not interfere with the groove 51 or the spray 15. It is important, however, that the groove 51 extend at least a substantially longer distance than the length of the opening and preferably across the entire width of the tip 47, so that air can enter the groove 51 and merge with the spray 15 to facilitate dispersion of the sprayed material.
  • the outlet passageway 89 preferably terminates in a conical taper 53 because such a shape is easy to form, the passageway 89 may terminate in a reduced section which is parabolic, hyperbolic or spherical in side-section. It is thought that a reduced section which is parabolic in side-section and elliptical in cross-section in the manner described in U.S. Patent No. 4,097,000 might prove to be advantageous. However, these shapes are somewhat difficult to form, and very satisfactory results are obtained if the reduced section is conical in side-section, as illustrated.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show a sprayhead assembly 97 including an outlet tube 99 which has dimensions so as to provide an outlet chamber 101 having a diameter of 1.9 mm and a length of 22.1 mm.
  • the tube 99 is crimped or molded to form a rectangular orifice 103, the longitudinal center of which is located 11 mm from the end of the outlet tube 99 inserted in a sprayhead 105.
  • the orifice 103 is approximately 2 mm in length and, as best seen in Figure 7, is rectangular with rounded ends in cross-section and has a dimension between flat surfaces 107 and 109 of 0.75 mm.
  • Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the efficacy of providing an orifice 95 or 103 located within the sprayhead assembly 79 or 97 between the container 1 and the nozzle opening 13, 77, 91 or 113.
  • Figure 8 illustrates a portion of a fan spray pattern 115 produced by a sprayhead assembly similar to that of Figure 2, but not including the orifice 95, as it would appear when sprayed from above onto a horizontal surface from a container 1 held at approximately 45 degrees with the nozzle opening 13 approximately 150 mm from the surface.
  • the spray pattern 115 is distinguished by sharply defined and stringy margins or "tails" 117 on both ends, and areas of light coverage 119 toward the ends of the pattern 115. Also, the amount of material sprayed is found to be much heavier toward the top of the pattern 115 than toward the bottom.
  • Figure 9 illustrates a fan spray pattern 121 produced under the same conditions by a sprayhead assembly-79 or 97 including any of the orifices 95 or 103 illustrated by Figures 2 or 6.
  • the spray pattern 121 of Figure 9 is distinguished from the spray pattern 115 of Figure 8 by the absence of tails 117 and much less severe areas of light coverage 119. There is generally found to be one area of light coverage 123 located in the bottom half of the spray pattern 121, but this area 123 is found to contain more sprayed material than the areas of light coverage 119 in the spray pattern 115 of Figure 8.
  • the spray pattern 121 produced when an orifice-95 or 103 is used has been found to be more uniform end-to-end than the spray pattern 115 produced by a sprayhead assembly not containing an orifice 95 or 103.
  • This formulation was placed in a 475 cm 3 aerosol container 1 and capped with a conventional can valve 5.
  • the container 1 was filled with 24 g of dimethyl ether through the valve 5, thereby providing an 11.1 percent adhesive solids level in the container 1.
  • the pressure inside the aerosol container 1 reached approximately 0.17 megapascals.
  • the sprayhead assemblies 79 and 97 of Figures 2, and 8 and a sprayhead assembly similar to that of Figure 2, but not including the orifice 95, 103, were then sequential placed on the container valve 5 and for each the container 1 was held at an angle of approximately 45° with the nozzle opening 13, or 113 approximately 150 mm above a foil sheet located on a horizontal surface.
  • the above-identified solution was sprayed on the foil and allowed to dry, after which the spray pattern was cut into five equal widths, each comprising 20% of the pattern dimension transverse to the direction of sprayhead motion. Each width was weighed, the material removed with a solvent, and the widths then dried and re-weighed to obtain the amount of adhesive material originally on each width.
  • the particular nozzle opening 13, and 113 configuration described above produces by itself a commercially acceptable fan spray pattern when spraying soluble elastomeric adhesive polymers at low pressures, and, as has been demonstrated, the various embodiments of the restriction-93 and 103 enhance the uniformity of the spray pattern produced.
  • This sprayhead structure permits polymeric adhesives in solution to be sprayed at typical aerosol container pressures of between approximately 0.14 and 0.69 megapascals, as opposed to the approximately 6.9 megapascals necessary when using airless spray gun equipment. It is thought that this ability to spray at low pressures and the dramatic difference in pressures is at least partially attributable to the fact that the propellant is in solution with the adhesive and that a portion of the propellant is sprayed along with the adhesive solution.
  • Propellants which have been used advantageously have included dimethyl ether, propane, isobutane, chlorofluorocarbons and combinations thereof.
  • Other propellants typically used in aerosol applications such as carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide which do not enter into solution will produce an acceptable spray pattern at low adhesive solids levels, but not at the desirably high levels described herein.
  • noncrosslinked nitrile polymers natural rubber, acrylic resin, butyl rubber, non-crosslinked SBR polymers, crosslinked SBR polymers, butadiene-styrene copolymers, aliphatic segmented polyester, urethane polymers and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
  • Formation Of Various Coating Films On Cathode Ray Tubes And Lamps (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Claims (9)

1. Récipient pour aérosol (1) comprenant une valve (5), un sous-ensemble de tête d'atomisation (79, 97) comportant une tige d'entrée (17) qui définit une entrée (23) et qui est montée de façon coulissante et étanche dans la valve (5), un tube de sortie (85, 99) en intersection avec la tige d'entrée (17) et qui se termine en une ouverture d'ajutage (13, 113) et des passages intérieurs (25, 89, 111) reliant l'entrée (23) et l'ouverture d'ajutage (13, 113), un étranglement (93, 103) qui définit un orifice (95, 103) ayant une section transversale de surface sensiblement inférieure à celle desdits passages (25, 89, 111) et qui est placé entre ladite ouverture d'ajutage (13, 113) et ladite entrée (23), une chambre de sortie (87, 101) coaxiale audit passage de tube de sortie (89, 111) et disposée à l'intérieur dudit tube de sortie (85, 99) et ayant une section transversale de surface sensiblement supérieure à celle dudit passage de tube de sortie (89, 111), ledit orifice (95, 103) étant coaxial audit passage de tube de sortie (89, 111) et disposé à l'intérieur de ladite chambre de sortie (87, 101), une gorge allongée (51) orientée transversalement audit passage de tube de sortie (89, 111) et qui définit une surface terminale pour ledit tube de sortie (85, 99) ladite gorge (51) coupant ledit passage de tube de sortie (89, 111) de manière à engendrer la dite ouverture (13, 113) et étant sensiblement plus longue que ladite ouverture (13, 113), le récipient (1) étant rempli avec une matière à faible pression qui peut être atomisée à travers l'ouverture d'ajutage (13, 113) par enfoncement de la tête d'atomisation (79, 97) dans la valve (5).
2. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en outre en ce que ledit étranglement (93) définit une pluralité d'orifices (95) coaxiaux mutuellement et avec ledit passage de tube de sortie (89) et disposés à l'intérieur de la dite chambre de sortie (87) et espacés de façon égale les uns des autres le long de la dite chambre de sortie (87).
3. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en outre en ce que ledit orifice (103) a une section transversale sensiblement rectangulaire et est disposé à l'intérieur de ladite chambre de sortie (101) et centré par rapport à la section transversale de ladite chambre de sortie (101).
4. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ledit orifice (95) ou lesdits orifices (95) ont une section transversale circulaire, d'une surface sensiblement égale à celle de ladite ouverture d'ajutage (13).
5. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en outre en ce que ladite gorge (51) s'étend sur toute la largeur dudit tube de sortie (85, 99) et présente des extrémités ouvertes.
6. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en outre en ce que ladite gorge (51) a une section transversale en forme de V et comporte des côtés (55, 57) disposés suivant un angle inclus compris entre 40 degrés et 120 degrés.
7. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant la revendication 6, caractérisé en outre en ce que ledit passage de tube de sortie (89, 111) se termine par un cône (53) qui coupe ladite gorge (51) de manière à engendrer une ouverture d'ajutage (13, 113) ayant une forme correspondant à deux paraboles inclinées sécantes.
8. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en outre par un fluide propulseur soluble dans ladite matière, une partie de ce propulseur étant atomisée avec ladite matière.
9. Récipient pour aérosol (1) suivant la revendication 8, caractérisé en outre en ce que ledit fluide propulseur soluble dans ladite matière est choisi dans une groupe comprenant diméthyl éther, propane, isobutane, trichloromonofluoro- méthane, dichlorodifluorométhane, monochloro- trifluorométhane, dichloromonofluoroéthane, monochlorodifluorométhane, trichlorotrifluoro- éthane, et dichlorotétrafluoroéthane.
EP82902419A 1981-07-10 1982-07-01 Tete d'atomisation en eventail pour aerosol Expired EP0083634B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/282,243 US4401271A (en) 1981-07-10 1981-07-10 Aerosal fan spray head
US282243 1981-07-10
US06/378,789 US4401272A (en) 1982-05-17 1982-05-17 Aerosol fan sprayhead
US378789 1982-05-17

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0083634A1 EP0083634A1 (fr) 1983-07-20
EP0083634A4 EP0083634A4 (fr) 1984-08-10
EP0083634B1 true EP0083634B1 (fr) 1987-03-04

Family

ID=26961329

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82902419A Expired EP0083634B1 (fr) 1981-07-10 1982-07-01 Tete d'atomisation en eventail pour aerosol

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0083634B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS58501068A (fr)
AU (1) AU558064B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR8207783A (fr)
DE (1) DE3275532D1 (fr)
IT (1) IT1148200B (fr)
MX (1) MX157321A (fr)
WO (1) WO1983000134A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5232127A (en) * 1991-10-30 1993-08-03 The Gillette Company Actuator and hood for dispensing device
US5642860A (en) * 1995-07-07 1997-07-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Pump sprayer for viscous or solids laden liquids
US5639025A (en) * 1995-07-07 1997-06-17 The Procter & Gamble Company High Viscosity pump sprayer utilizing fan spray nozzle
US5890655A (en) * 1997-01-06 1999-04-06 The Procter & Gamble Company Fan spray nozzles having elastomeric dome-shaped tips
JP2000238867A (ja) * 1999-02-25 2000-09-05 Toyo Aerosol Ind Co Ltd 粉末エアゾール用押釦
ATE273633T1 (de) * 2000-07-05 2004-09-15 Unilever Nv Sprühkopf
US6405898B1 (en) 2000-11-16 2002-06-18 The Gillette Company Dispenser for a foaming product
US9029800B2 (en) 2011-08-09 2015-05-12 Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated Compact analyzer with spatial modulation and multiple intensity modulated excitation sources
JP6177519B2 (ja) * 2012-05-10 2017-08-09 小川　修 噴出ノズル管の製造方法
US9327898B2 (en) * 2012-06-26 2016-05-03 Conopco, Inc. Aerosol spray production
EP3237302A1 (fr) * 2014-12-23 2017-11-01 PZ Cussons (International) Limited Capuchon pour un récipient pour une composition nettoyante post-gel moussant

Family Cites Families (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2968441A (en) * 1958-08-15 1961-01-17 Doyle D Holcomb Spray nozzle assembly for use with aerosol can
US3000576A (en) * 1960-03-01 1961-09-19 Spee Flo Company Spray gun
GB1064996A (en) * 1965-02-25 1967-04-12 Bodenbearbeitungsgerate Veb Improvements in or relating to spray nozzles
GB1144385A (en) * 1966-12-19 1969-03-05 Electrolube Ltd Improvements in aerosol containers with extension tubes
GB1164918A (en) * 1966-12-22 1969-09-24 Coster Tecnologie Speciali Spa Discharge Buttons for Aerosol Dispensers.
US3659787A (en) * 1969-04-16 1972-05-02 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Nozzle
DE1942022A1 (de) * 1969-08-19 1971-03-04 Siebel Carl G Einteiliger Spruehkopf fuer Aerosolbehaelter
US3648932A (en) * 1969-10-27 1972-03-14 Pittway Corp Valve button with aspirator passageway
US3698645A (en) * 1971-03-02 1972-10-17 Harris Paint Co Spray head
US3785569A (en) * 1972-08-10 1974-01-15 Diamond Aerosol Corp Aerosol grenade
JPS5073214A (fr) * 1973-09-25 1975-06-17
US3858812A (en) * 1973-11-23 1975-01-07 Spraying Systems Co Spray nozzle for low pressure spray and uniform spray pattern
FR2279008A1 (fr) * 1974-06-05 1976-02-13 Valois Ste Poussoir a sortie calibree pour conditionnement sous pression
FR2394466A1 (fr) * 1977-06-16 1979-01-12 Oreal Embout de distribution destine a etre associe a un recipient equipe d'un organe d'ejection

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0249143B2 (fr) 1990-10-29
IT8248791A0 (it) 1982-07-09
BR8207783A (pt) 1983-07-19
JPS58501068A (ja) 1983-07-07
IT1148200B (it) 1986-11-26
MX157321A (es) 1988-11-15
DE3275532D1 (de) 1987-04-09
EP0083634A4 (fr) 1984-08-10
WO1983000134A1 (fr) 1983-01-20
AU558064B2 (en) 1987-01-15
EP0083634A1 (fr) 1983-07-20
AU8761082A (en) 1983-02-02

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