EP0073499A1 - Dispositif d'indication des paramètres d'un plongeon - Google Patents

Dispositif d'indication des paramètres d'un plongeon Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0073499A1
EP0073499A1 EP82107904A EP82107904A EP0073499A1 EP 0073499 A1 EP0073499 A1 EP 0073499A1 EP 82107904 A EP82107904 A EP 82107904A EP 82107904 A EP82107904 A EP 82107904A EP 0073499 A1 EP0073499 A1 EP 0073499A1
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Prior art keywords
time
depth
decompression
dive
diving
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EP82107904A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0073499B1 (fr
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Jürgen Hermann
Roland Vogler
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DIVETRONIC AG
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DIVETRONIC AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
    • B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
    • B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
    • B63C11/32—Decompression arrangements; Exercise equipment

Definitions

  • the pressure device When diving with compressed air, the pressure device creates a pressure balance. This means that the air that the diver inhales is under the same pressure as the water surrounding it.
  • this is the dissolved nitrogen, since the excess of oxygen and carbon dioxide is significantly less. This is because a large part of the oxygen is consumed by the tissues and because of its high rate of diffusion, the carbon dioxide leaves the organism faster than other gases.
  • the nitrogen If the nitrogen accumulates in excess when the pressure drops too quickly, it can bubble out of its solution to form bubbles. This leads to decompression sicknesses that can be avoided if the nitrogen is allowed to release from the blood and tissues so slowly that there are no gas bubbles.
  • the disease-causing factor of gas bubble formation is that the nitrogen gas bubbles cause damage in the tissues, that they occur in the blood vessels and get stuck in their end branches, the capillaries. Here they prevent the blood and oxygen supply to the surrounding tissue.
  • the duration and depth of the decompression stops depends on the tissue saturation of the diver. Tissue saturation in turn is affected by various factors.
  • Zero time is the time that a diver can stay at a certain depth, so that he does not have to make any decompression stops when surfacing.
  • the pressure chamber laboratory at the University of Zurich recommends a minimum stop of 3 minutes at a depth of 3 m for each dive.
  • the decompression breaks depend on the duration and depth of the dive and must be spent at certain depths.
  • the decompression conditions can thus be read from the table by means of the maximum diving depth and the total diving time (time from the beginning of the diving to the beginning of the surfacing).
  • Tables 1 to 4 for 0 - 700 m above sea level and 5 to 8 for 701 - 1500 m above sea level can be found at the end of the description.
  • decompression measuring instruments Since the decompression measuring instruments available today can only reproduce the saturation of human body tissue very imprecisely, this instrument must never be used solely for determining decompression. At the moment this must be determined based on other factors - such as depth and duration - using a decompression table before each dive. The "decometer" can therefore be carried at best for inspection. The reason for this is that decompression meters work according to Boyle-Mariotte's law and can only simulate the influence of nitrogen under increased pressure on the human body. Decompression meters can never work exactly because the gas diffusion through the sintered filter in both directions happens quickly. In the human body (especially with short dives) there are never even conditions. A decompression meter is no guarantee of preventing a decompression accident.
  • the bottom timer is an automatic dive time measuring device. It is pressure controlled and therefore switches on automatically when a calibrated depth is reached. The bottom timer also switches off shortly before reaching the water surface. It is nothing more than a waterproof "stopwatch", which switches itself on and off by a simple mechanism - pressure-controlled. The bottom timer gives the diver the effective diving time. However, this diving time can also be read on a normal diving watch (adjustable by means of a collar).
  • Diving time and depth are essential, but not the only factors for determining decompression.
  • a dive computer could record all of the data precisely and evaluate it accordingly. It would be ideal if the dive computer simulates a diver, composed of a finite number of standard tissues. The degree of saturation of the individual tissues as a function of the depth and the saturation factor of the tissue in question would be integrated over time. The decompression conditions could be determined by continuously comparing the critical degree of saturation with the degree of saturation of the individual tissues.
  • the invention has for its object to enable a more accurate display of the decompression conditions based on the actual diving times and depths. This is achieved according to the invention in that the total ascent time required as a function of the depths and times immersed, including the prescribed decompression stops, and / or a converter device for the current base time when entering a new diving depth level, in this new diving depth level, can be displayed at any time during the dive equivalent basic time is provided.
  • the air pressure - preferably measured with the aid of a measuring device - can also be taken into account with the aid of the converter device.
  • the switching device preferably has at least one FET switch, which is followed by an impedance converter for decoupling from the input of the downstream stage, in particular an analog-digital converter.
  • the converter device itself expediently consists of a computer, and memory (s) for basic times and / or decompression times and / or repetitive groups, which memories e.g. Can be table storage.
  • a differentiation stage is connected to the output of the pressure meter because, on the one hand, the ascent rate can be controlled by this stage; on the other hand, it is also possible that the switching device for switching from air to water pressure measurement comprises a step detection step for the pressure, which at is formed, for example, by the differentiation stage.
  • this switching device is a manually operated switch (the operation of which could be forgotten, however) or a switch which can be operated by a moisture sensor.
  • the jump detection level ensures safe switching and the same display.
  • the jump detection stage can also be solved differently than by a differentiation stage, for example with the aid of a threshold switch, with memory circuits and corresponding comparison stages or the like.
  • a range switchover for example by switching the gain or the bit range of an analog-digital converter upstream of the evaluation and logic stage, can be advantageous with the aid of a switching device.
  • the switching device can be formed by the same device that also switches the pressure gauge.
  • the actual air pressure is also to be included in the calculation, it is necessary to work with a display device with an arbitrarily, that is to say in particular manually operated, main switch, because the start of operation of the device is automatically not detectable.
  • a second switching device for switching further parts of the device when diving into water is additionally provided with the pressure meter.
  • the switching device mentioned above can take on the role of this second switching device in order to save costs for additional components.
  • a shunt circuit be provided for the converter device and that this shunt circuit can be switched on by the detector circuit, when the abnormal function occurs - for example also when Actuation of the main switch only under water, if the storage capacity or the like is exceeded. - a warning signal through this shunt circuit and / or a drag value display for the maximum reached. Diving depth can be switched on.
  • an astable multivibrator circuit is provided for clocked activation of at least one display, e.g. 3 to 4 signals per second.
  • a further increase in the accuracy of the display can be achieved in that the circuit having the converter device also has a memory for the equivalent diving time resulting from repeated diving with the converter device, through any decompression taking account of the decompression parameters and taking account of the surface times of repetitive groups having.
  • Repeated diving and an intermediate stay on the The surface of the diver's tissue may still be saturated with nitrogen as a result of the previous dive, provided this has not already become zero due to a correspondingly long surface stay.
  • a "repetitive group zero" which means that the diver can dive without any pre-load. If, on the other hand, the repetitive group is not equal to zero, it can be included in the calculation when diving again in accordance with the above proposal.
  • table memories are preferably provided for the repetitive group tables known per se, but table memories can also be provided for the basic times and the decompression times within the converter device. Such table memories simplify the construction effort. Furthermore, however, it is also expedient if the converter device has a memory circuit for the depths and times immersed in each case and, if appropriate, also for the resulting correction values.
  • a stop is made at 19 m during the ascent. According to the tables, this does not count as a decompression stop, but must be added at the dive time. 1A, the decompression conditions are fully used, whereas in the case of FIG. 1B, decompression would have to be decompressed far too long at the expense of the security required for the dive according to FIG. 1A. Of course, most divers are also aware of this, who will then be tempted to arbitrarily shorten the decompression time found in the tables.
  • This conversion method is based on the fact that when changing the depth level to a greater depth, the previous dive is considered a completed dive, which is now followed by a next dive in the sense of a repetitive dive with zero surface interval time.
  • This conversion of the bottom time of a depth level into the equivalent bottom time of the next / greater depth level can be carried out with each change in depth level from a higher to a lower depth level and is referred to as a gradual descent.
  • the conversion itself is carried out using the two depth levels and the current bottom time in the time surcharge table.
  • Examples 1A to 1H see Tables 9 and 10 at the end of the description, and FIGS. 1A to 1H.
  • FIG. 1A shows a dive with repetitive group zero, as used as the basis for the decompression tables.
  • 1B shows a dive with repetitive group zero, in which the surfacing occurs in stages - but within the so-called zero time limit.
  • This no decompression limit (Table 2, or for 701 - 1500 m above sea level, Table 6) specifies the limit values of a dive up to which decompression does not have to take place, ie up to which the diver can do so at any time (of course while observing the maximum ascent rate of 10 m / min) can return to the surface.
  • every previous total dive time in this area can be reached in the equivalent level Dive time of the next depth level can be converted using table 4 (or for 701 - 1500 m above sea level table 8).
  • the current dive time at one point of the dive is equal to the equivalent dive time of the previous point plus the time that has actually passed since then. If, at this point in the dive, you go down a diving level - or as long as the diver is within the no decompression limits, this current diving time is converted into a new equivalent diving time by first subtracting any repetitive surcharge contained therein, the remaining current one Diving time is converted to the new - always rounded up - diving level and the repetitive surcharge corresponding to this new diving level is added again. As long as the diver is within the no-decompression limit, the conversion is carried out according to the time surcharge or repetitive table (tables 4 and 8), otherwise according to the decompression table (tables 1 and 5).
  • the dive according to FIG. 1C shows a gradual ascent, which however takes place outside the no-decompression limit. In this case, even after the decompression tables of the pressure chamber laboratory of the University of Zurich, no equivalency conversion may be carried out, and it must be decompressed as if the dive had taken place over the entire dive time at the maximum diving depth reached.
  • 1D shows a dive, again with repetitive group zero, in which the diving takes place in stages, but within the no-stop time.
  • Table 5 each time a diving depth level is passed, the conversion into an equivalent diving time can be carried out, which lastly saves a total of 10 minutes diving time compared to conventional calculation, which results in a decompression time gain of even 13 minutes.
  • the calculation of the gradual submersion would be allowed, but in practice this has turned out to be far too complicated to make use of this possibility. Only the display device according to the invention has created the possibility of realizing the time savings possible according to the tables.
  • Table 1E shows a dive with repetitive group zero, in which the diving takes place gradually, but outside the no-decompression limit.
  • the order The calculation can be carried out in the same way as for gradual descent within no-stop time.
  • FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C end - as indicated in the figures - with the diver being in the repetitive group J.
  • a surface interval time e.g. 185 min at 0-700 m above sea level - as can be seen from Table 3 - in repetitive group B; the next smaller time listed in the table must be selected for this determination; Rounding up or down or interpolation are not permitted.
  • FIG. 1F A dive in which the diver dives again with repetitive group B after such a surface interval time is shown in FIG. 1F. After 7 min and 30 m depth, the repetitive group is subjected to the equivalent dive time for the first time and then carried along continuously. After the dive, which actually only lasts 26 minutes, the decompression has to take place as if it had taken 34 minutes.
  • the repetitive group C is taken into account at the diving time 9 min of the new dive with 16 min (from Table 4, at 20 m depth). Because the diver is still within the 18 m depth level at point c, he remains in the no decompression limit, although for the determination of the respective decompression conditions rounded up to 20 m and therefore the no decompression limit would have been exceeded with 30 min.
  • point d the no-stop limit for a depth of 18 m (50 min) has been reached; the diver is at this time in the 12 m depth level, i.e. on an equivalent diving time of 113 min at 12 m and has therefore not yet exceeded the no decompression limit at 12 m at 200 min.
  • the repetitive dive that takes place after the short descent and ascent of FIG. 1G follows the second minute scale, which is recorded under the time abscissa.
  • FIG. 1H shows a dive which the diver begins after having been preloaded with repetitive group E from the previous dive 1C and a surface interval of 110 min; the dive consists of a short descent followed by a repetitive dive with pendulum diving.
  • the conventional calculation method would result in the repetitive group F after the ascent beginning in point a and the decompression plan for 72 min at 20 m, ie a decompression stop of 18 min at 3 m in point g.
  • the converter device according to the invention however, the - unchanged because repetitive table row A (10 min at 15 m) is not exceeded steps have been taken - Repetitive group E is taken into account in the calculation of the current or equivalent dive time after exceeding the repetitive table line A by the time allowance of 34 min.
  • the conversion with the display device according to the invention results in an equivalent dive time which is less redundant in safety, so that it is worthwhile for the diver to convert if the equivalent dive time is shorter than the current dive time.
  • the respective dive time must also be determined when surfacing, but here the pressure chamber laboratory stipulates that all stops during the surfacing (outside the no-decompression limit) must be added to the dive time in their entire duration, including the ascent time from the maximum diving depth to the stop .
  • bottom time means the current, or at most converted (equivalent) base time, “deco” the prescribed decompression conditions.
  • Point a Gradual descent conversion 17 min / 9 m to 12 min / 12 m; Time saving 5 min.
  • Point c Gradual descent taking into account repetitive group G.
  • Point d Gradual descent taking into account repetitive group G
  • repetitive group B would arise with a surface interval of 190 min at 0 - 700 m above sea level.
  • Point b Gradual descent taking into account repetitive group A.
  • Point c Gradual descent taking into account repetitive group A.
  • Point a - h Gradual descent within no-stop time with maximum time gain of 11 min.
  • Point 1 conversion 18min / 45m to 16min / 50m; Time saving 2 min; Bottomtime 16min / 50m - Deco: 6m / 5min and 3m / 17min.
  • Point m conversion 18min / 50m to 17min / 55m; Time saved lmin. Bottomtime 17min / 55m - Deco: 12m / lmin, 9m / 4min, 6m / 8min and 3m / 24min.
  • Point o conversion 23min / 55m to 22min / 60m; Time saved 1 min.
  • Point p conversion 24min / 60m to 23min / 65m; Time saving lmin; Bottomtime 23min / 65m - Deco: 15m / 2min, 12m / 4min, 9m / 10min, 6m / 13min and 3m / 40min.
  • Point q Bottomtime 26min / 65m - Deco: 18m / 1min, 15m / 2min, 12m / 8min, 9m / 14min, 6m / l8min and 3m / 46min.
  • Point r bottom time 31min; diving depth 65m; no decompression conditions can be determined for this - table values exhausted. "Out of range” LED lights up, decompression conditions and ascent time are deleted, maximum depth reached is output.
  • Point a Gradual descent conversion 15min / 10m to 13min / 12m; Time gain 2min
  • Point b Gradual descent conversion 13min / 12m to 11min / 15m; Time saved Imin
  • Point c Gradual descent, conversion from 11min / 15m to 8min / 20m; Time saving 3min
  • Point d Gradual descent No-stop limit of the 20 m depth level (15min / 20m) exceeded conversion 15min / 20m to 23min / 15m
  • Bottom time bottom time of the depth of 20 m at point d plus the time elapsed since point d.
  • Point f Bottomtime 2lmin xxsec - Deco. For 25min / 20m - 2m / 6min
  • Point g Gradual immersion conversion 25min / 20m to 20min / 25m Bottomtime 20min / 25m - Deco. For 25min / 25m - 4m / 4min 2m / 8min
  • Point i leaving the ascending cone, the bottom time is increased by the time spent in the ascending cone.
  • repetitive group A would be created at a surface interval of 150 min at 701 - 1500 m above sea level.
  • Point c No-stop limit (15min / 35m) exceeded conversion 15min to 22min / 30m Bottomtime 22min / 30m - Deco. For 25min / 30m - 3m / 5min
  • Point d Gradual descent with correction calculation conversion 32min / 30m - 6min repetitive time surcharge A 26min / 30m
  • Bottomtime bottomtime at point c at 35m plus the time that has passed since c.
  • Point f Bottomtime 3lmin xxsec - Deco. For 35min / 35m - 6m / 5min 3m / 17min
  • Point g Bottomtime 36min xxsec - Deco. For 40min / 35m - 6m / 7min 3m / 20min
  • Point i During the decompression phase, submerge more than 3 m below the lowest decompression level (7m).
  • Point k Start of decompression again, but now for 50min / 35m.
  • This new method gives a significant advantage, because it makes it possible to assemble a dive both in the dive and in the dive to a certain extent from successive repetitive dives according to the tables, thereby creating the conditions for digitization.
  • the digitization of the dive was given so much attention because the values required to determine the decompression conditions, the bottom time and the maximum depth can be determined optimally.
  • the procedure is as follows. The associated decompression conditions are read in the decompression table with the bottom time and the maximum diving depth.
  • Decompression conditions are the decompression times of the individual decompression stages in the decompression table, which times the diver has to observe.
  • each dive is assigned a repetitive group at the beginning of the surface interval, which corresponds to the degree of saturation of nitrogen in the diver's tissue, in order to determine a corresponding surcharge for the decompression parameters.
  • the repetitive group is determined for the end of the surface interval.
  • the repetitive group is continuously updated during the surface interval in order to shorten the surface interval table required for this and ultimately to save storage space for the display device according to the invention.
  • the result, i.e. the repetitive group resulting at the end of the surface interval is the same.
  • the continuous determination of the repetitive group will be described later with the explanation of the program sequences.
  • the repetitive group is only taken into account at the beginning of the surfacing, because if you look at the table, the conversion of the base time would have to take into account the repetitive group.
  • the corresponding correction can easily be carried out independently.
  • the repetitive surcharge of the previous change in depth level is subtracted from the current base time before converting the current base time, then the conversion is carried out in the manner described above and finally the repetitive time addition of each next lower depth level added to the current base time.
  • the air pressure curve shown in FIG. 3 is approximated by means of a straight line 4 through the points (0/1) and (3300 / 0.67), where ⁇ L is the maximum change in air pressure at sea level and S is the scattering range of the air pressure fluctuations, which makes up about 5%.
  • ⁇ L is the maximum change in air pressure at sea level
  • S is the scattering range of the air pressure fluctuations, which makes up about 5%.
  • the relative error increases to a maximum of + 72% (-500 m to 700 m), and remains at a minimum above 10% (+ 350 m to 3200 m).
  • a diver is at a mountain lake at 1300 m above sea level and uses the table set for the altitude level (700/1500) m above sea level for his dive.
  • the prevailing air pressure may have risen so much as a result of a sudden fall in the weather that it now corresponds to an equivalent height of less than 700 m above sea level.
  • the diver could use the table set of the altitude level 0-700 m above sea level if he used an altimeter instead of the map to select the table set.
  • a precision altimeter is not required to achieve greater accuracy in the selection of the table set than with the aid of a map.
  • the relative error of this altimeter only has to be smaller than the minimum relative error of the cartographic altitude in relation to the height equivalent to air pressure.
  • the relative error of the altimeter therefore only needs to be less than 10%.
  • the display device according to the invention takes sufficient account of the air pressure and therefore, under the conditions of the example mentioned, correctly accesses the table set 0 - 700 m above sea level, which corresponds to the prevailing air pressure, even though the diver is at 1300 m above sea level.
  • the water pressure (P w ) is the difference between absolute pressure (P abs ) and air pressure (P h ). It therefore applies to the diving depth (DEPTH) in meters and the pressures (P abs ), (P h ) in bar:
  • an absolute pressure sensor In order to determine the diving depth when diving at different heights above sea level, an absolute pressure sensor must be selected and the diving depth calculated according to (3).
  • the actual diving depth is determined according to (3), taking g into account, at an actual diving depth of 10 m, then the diving depth in fresh water is 10 m, and the diving depth in sea water is 10.25 m.
  • the relative error of the depth in the sea water with respect to the real depth is + 2.5%. This accuracy can be used, especially since the error is on the safe side and therefore the depth is never determined too low.
  • the relative error must not exceed 3.5% in order to be able to guarantee a sufficiently high accuracy of the height measurement and depth measurement.
  • the diving time T 1 is 50 minutes and the decompression time D is 3 minutes on the basis of this diving time and the depth (10 m), which results in a repetitive group F after surfacing and at the beginning of the surface interval.
  • the surface interval Oi is 100 min.
  • the excess gas content in the body of the diver decreases and a repetitive group C occurs, which corresponds to a smaller amount of gas. This can be found in the surface interval table.
  • the diver who is now in repetitive group C, wants to dive to 30 m.
  • the time surcharge In the C line of the time surcharge table, he finds the time surcharge of 10 minutes in the 30 m column. This means that there is still as much gas in the diver's body as if he had been at 30 m for 10 minutes. To determine an appropriate decompression, the time surcharge must now be added to the new, real diving time. If the real diving time is now 20 minutes, for example, he must select the decompression plan for 30 minutes at 30 m.
  • the times with which a certain repetitive group is reached are shorter. It is permitted to calculate the surface interval in height using a lower table set; the reverse, however, is not permitted.
  • the remaining 49 min surface interval time is taken into account in table set 701 - 1500 m above sea level and comes from group F at 12.55 p.m. Group D. According to his new diving depth, he now looks for the time allowance. The dive ends at 1.30 p.m. and he is now in Group G. At 3.10 p.m. he drops below the altitude limit of 700 m above sea level.
  • Fig. 6 shows an embodiment by means of which this goal can be achieved.
  • the ambient pressure ie both air and water pressure
  • a further input variable is provided by a timer 7, which - as will become apparent from the description below - can also be integrated in the converter device.
  • there has to be one Voltage supply circuit 8 can be provided, which can be switched on via a main switch 9 which can be operated arbitrarily, ie directly manually or at most via a remote control.
  • a starting value At for the expected surfacing time (including the decompression time), the decompression parameters D (ie depth levels and times for the decompression), the depth information Tm (such as the current depth and maximum depth) and the total diving time can be used as the output variables of such a converter device 5 Determine Tt. Furthermore, it is also expedient if abnormal functions are displayed, ie faulty behavior of the diver and / or the display device itself. Thus, a display Va for exceeding the maximum ascent rate of the diver and at least one further display An can be provided, which indicate a battery monitoring signal inadequate energy supply and / or a signal if values occur that do not appear in the stored tables, for example because the diver is in too has casually exceeded the maximum depth of 70 m.
  • the display device must of course be accommodated in a pressure-proof housing, a leak sensor with a corresponding display can also be provided.
  • the display device must be captively attachable to the body of the diver, expediently on the arm, but in the event of a loss (for example when removing the device because the device interferes with work under water), it can include a motion detector which, in the absence of one, of After a short period of time, divers cause an optical, acoustic and / or other targetable signal to facilitate retrieval.
  • the decompression parameters (output variables D) can no longer be determined exactly. It will be explained later that in this case a shunt to the actual converter device can be provided, by means of which shunt circuit the current diving depth and the diving time are displayed to the diver, but the decompression conditions and the ascending time are deleted, because the latter result from the abnormal behavior of the Divers can no longer be charged. For example, in the event of an emergency ascent without complying with the prescribed decompression stop, in order not to leave the diver completely without information, the maximum diving depth reached is also displayed so that he can determine a decompression plan for himself using the diving time and the maximum diving depth achieved after self-improvisation.
  • an embodiment of the display device according to the invention is expediently designed such that the diver only has to switch it on or off by means of the main switch 9 - before entering the water 1.
  • the device then works fully automatically and its operation is reduced to observing the display.
  • the diver will appreciate this simplicity of handling because the diver's ability to concentrate is anesthetized with increasing depth and his dizziness increases. In extreme cases, anesthesia can turn into a deep intoxication, which has been a fatal fate for many divers. It is therefore all the more important to have an easily readable and understandable display in which only those values are shown that the diver really needs.
  • the display is implemented with four 4-digit LCD numeric displays 13-16 and with three LED indicators 10-12.
  • LED display devices are more advantageous because of their low power consumption and good readability with diffuse and concentrated light
  • LED display devices should be selected for the most important displays because LCD displays are very difficult or impossible to read at maximum depth and especially in the dark .
  • they can be operated clocked if necessary.
  • control via an astable multivibrator with a clock ratio of 1: 1 would theoretically already save 50% of the energy required for this, but under certain circumstances a lower clock ratio of lighting and extinguishing times, e.g. 1: 2 or 1: 3, may be sufficient.
  • a switch can be provided for this, by means of which the LED displays or only a selection thereof can optionally be switched over from continuous to clocked operation.
  • An adjustable resistor for changing the clock ratio may also be provided in the circuit of the astable multivibrator. The setting handle for this setting resistor is then expediently combined with the handle for the switch mentioned to form a single handle.
  • the LED 11 indicates that the counting of the decompression time has started. It lights up as soon as the lowest decompression depth for a particular dive has been reached and goes out when the decompression ends, regardless of whether it has been completed correctly or not. At most, improper behavior of the diver can be indicated by flashing signals from this light-emitting diode 11.
  • the light-emitting diode 12 indicates when the end of the table of the stored tables is exceeded for some reason or the display device comes out of its normal function for another reason. This LED 12 can then only be extinguished by briefly turning off the main switch 9 on the water surface.
  • LCDs 13 to 16 are also provided. They are used to display numbers and are designed as segment displays.
  • the converter device 5 In the main operating state "out of range", the converter device 5 (see FIG. 6) is bridged by a shunt (expediently provided within a single integrated circuit), so that the display device now only performs the function of a depth gauge with drag indicator and diving time timer .
  • the "Out of Range" display mode begins as soon as the display device can no longer work according to the stored table values and their processing instructions.
  • a switchover device provided and expediently integrated in the display device is used for this purpose. If, for example, the light-emitting diode 11 should have lighted up when this main operating state occurs, it goes out during this operating state, just as the displays 15 and 16b are also deleted. Only the light emitting diode 12 lights up continuously to indicate the changed operating state, whereas the light emitting diode 10 continues to perform its normal function.
  • the diode 10 lights up and that when the operating state begins, "decompression countdown", i.e. with the start of the counting of the decompression time from reaching the lowest compression level, the diode 1.1. lights up.
  • the third operating state "power-down” is an operating state in which the display device is to draw attention to a critical value when the battery voltage drops. In practice, this can be done in such a way that the LCD display (s) of the respective main operating state, e.g. every 0.5 seconds, flash as soon as the battery voltage has dropped below a value sufficient for the next two hours. As already explained, the control of the displays via an astable multivibrator saves electricity, which is important in this operating state.
  • the fourth operating state "software error” means the state in which an error occurs for technical reasons. This assumes that the programs for the display device are created accordingly, i.e. in practical cases, the programs are constructed in such a way that the display device itself can recognize an error in the timing of the programs and thereby switch the display to the software error operating state. From this point on, all functions of the display device are out of operation. All LCD displays are now deleted. Only in the first digit in the display field of the dive time an E appears to indicate the error. The LEDs are all extinguished.
  • the diver must be able to see the calculated data and any error messages on a display.
  • the diver must be able to turn the device on and off and reset the device to its initial state. If clock operation is provided, he must be able to enter the time and possibly be able to switch the display mode to display the time.
  • the device should be battery-operated, ie an operating voltage of approx. 5 - 8 V is available; Any voltage above or with a different sign must be generated from the battery voltage with the corresponding effort; To prevent the battery from discharging too quickly, the circuit must be designed so that it consumes as little power as possible. The battery voltage must be checked and if it drops below a certain minimum this must be indicated; In order to avoid changing the battery in the water and pressure-proof housing, it is advisable to use a rechargeable battery.
  • the device should be installed in a pressure-resistant housing up to 100 m water depth, ie connections to the outside, such as charging connection for the battery, switch axes, etc. represent a great mechanical effort and should be reduced to a minimum.
  • the heart of the converter device 5 is a microprocessor 27, which i.a. - If it is assigned a program - works as a computer and is therefore usually referred to as computer in the following.
  • a single chip computer 8748 from Intel is used. This contains lk EPROM and 64 RAM slots (including working register and stack), i.e. Space for 64 variables. If you subtract the stack and the working register (1 bank) from this, there are about 45 variables left for free use. Lk is available for the tables and the program.
  • the ROM and RAM area can be expanded with additional modules.
  • the timer can also intervene directly in the running program via a "timer interrupt” interrupter (with each timer overflow).
  • the input T 1 or the computer clock (divided by 32 by means of a division stage 23) can be switched to the timer / counter as shown in FIG. 8.
  • a changeover switch can be symbolically connected to either one of two terminals 18, 19 or a stop terminal 20. The most important commands and their effects can also be seen from the block diagram in FIG. 8.
  • the timer / counter is switched as an interrupt timer. This means that the crystal frequency must be determined for the computer clock and a timer interrupt program (HTIME) must be written.
  • HTIME timer interrupt program
  • the cycle frequency of the computer is 15 times lower than the quartz frequency, i.e. 400 kHz.
  • the interrupt timer is increased by 1 every 32 machine cycles, i.e. every 80 ps.
  • At least one register must be reserved either as an auxiliary timer or as a pointer to the auxiliary timer.
  • a program should be aimed for that only needs one register for the auxiliary timer and for setting the interrupt timer.
  • the interrupt timer is allowed to run a few times and is initialized with a correction value each time before the jump to the main program (for the first run).
  • the power supply 8 (FIG. 6) can be conventional in terms of its structure, it will not be dealt with in detail and rather the input of the third input value, namely that of the pressure meter 6 and the rest of the circuitry, will be shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B be made clear.
  • the selected pressure sensor still has the advantages of a pressure range of 0 to 10 bar and thus a measuring range of up to 90 m water depth and is located in a robust steel housing, whereby the external pressure acts on a steel membrane that is resistant to salt water.
  • the pressure gauge is connected directly to the 5V operating voltage (instead of 14 V). This reduces the output signal from the pressure sensor. This signal is too small for the analog / digital converter 22 and must therefore be amplified by a factor of approximately 12 so that it is between 0 and 4 V.
  • the amplifier 21 must then be designed in such a way that an operating voltage of only 5 V is sufficient J and that the amplifier 21 itself can follow a small input signal to zero ("normal" operational amplifiers usually require a supply of + and - 15 V, and the output signal only comes up to approx. 2 V to the supply voltage).
  • a differential amplifier 21 was selected as the amplifier, which will be discussed later.
  • a buffer (latch) for addressing the memory 28 is also connected between the memory 28 and the converter 27.
  • the data bus is used for data transfer from the memory 28 or from the analog / digital converter 22 to the computer. In order not to control both components at the same time, the correct component must be selected with a control signal (control line: port 2, bit 4).
  • Port Pl is used to control the display with the following bit assignment:
  • the binary chip address is converted into the chip enable signals in a 1 out of 4 decoder 36. Since the data is only accepted by the LCD decoder driver with every positive edge of the chip enable signal, this signal must not be applied statically. For this reason, the 1 out of 4 decoder is clocked with the ALE signal. (The ALE signal appears once every computer cycle.)
  • Port P2 is used for page addressing of the memory for switching from analog / digital converter 22 to memory 28 and for controlling the LEDs (10-12).
  • the LEDs 10-12 are controlled via a jump detection and driver stage 35, which will be described later.
  • the URL of a value in the external memory 28 is formed from the Pa g e-address (Port 2 Bit 0-3) and an address on the data bus.
  • the address part that is transferred on the data bus must be recorded in a latch 29 (CMOS buffer).
  • a power-down detector (battery voltage threshold switch) TO is used to indicate that the battery will soon be exhausted.
  • Logical "0" at the input TO means that the computer 27 has a flashing display to inform the diver of the limitation of the remaining time.
  • the computer 27 thus also takes on the function of an astable multivibrator.
  • inputs T1 and 28 must be used to set the time of day and to switch the display mode.
  • PortPl as well as bits 5 and 7 of the port P2 of the computer 27 are fed to a display circuit shown schematically in FIG. 9B, which contains the three light-emitting diodes and the four liquid crystal displays, the latter of which is preceded by a decoding and driver stage 30 to 33.
  • FIG. 9B contains the three light-emitting diodes and the four liquid crystal displays, the latter of which is preceded by a decoding and driver stage 30 to 33.
  • the structure of these decoding and driver stages 30 to 33 can be seen in FIG. 10, which will be briefly described below.
  • the ICM7211 type AM from Intersil was selected as the decoder and driver stage 30-33 (LCD decoder driver).
  • This module contains an oscillator, as well as all the necessary decoding and driver stages to control a 4-digit display.
  • a frequency-determining capacitor is required as an external component.
  • the AM type is microprocessor compatible and has a code that allows a digit to be deleted. It is therefore possible to suppress leading zeros in the display.
  • the binary code is shown in column B of FIG. 11 and the hexadecimal code in column HD.
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 only serve to explain the very schematic FIG. 9B, a comparison should now be made between the detail 39 of FIG. 9A and two alternative designs according to FIGS. 12 and 13.
  • the reason for favoring FET switches is as follows: In order not to use too much energy, the cross current through the voltage divider should be kept as small as possible. That means: the voltage divider should be designed as high-resistance as possible. In order not to burden the voltage divider to the input of the analog / digital converter 22, the voltage divider is connected via an impedance converter / to the analog / digital converter 22nd
  • a switchable reference voltage source 39 was therefore chosen according to FIG. 9A because it is the solution in which the on-resistance of the switch has no influence on the accuracy of the reference switchover, and a CMOS switch can be used.
  • This fact takes into account the fact that the FET switch of the switching stage 34 is located in the input branch of the impedance converter 40, in which practically no current flows, which is why no voltage drop across the on-resistance is to be expected.
  • the switching stage 34 contains two switches S1, S2, which are alternately open or closed.
  • an advantage for the alternatives according to FIGS. 12 and 13 could be seen in the fact that only a single switch S is required for the switchover.
  • the maximum ascent rate of 10 m / min is to be monitored and an exceedance thereof is to be indicated.
  • This monitoring can be done either digitally or analog. In both cases, the "depth signal.” be differentiated.
  • the DISPLY program section operates the display and then changes to a wait loop, which must never finish, since the auxiliary timer must restart the main program beforehand. If the wait loop is nevertheless completed (after approx. 1.5 seconds), the program runs in the software error.
  • a subroutine collection (LIB) is required so that all programs can work properly. These subroutines are called individually by the various programs.
  • the 3k table values require approximately 4k memory, which means: one height level requires 3 pages or 3/4 k. So if you use 4k ROM, 1 page (256 bytes) is left for other data or programs.
  • the computer 27 (FIG. 9A) has an internal lk memory. In view of the large number of data to be processed and the scope of the program required for this, its capacity is by no means sufficient for program storage.
  • the 4k EPROMs are wired so that they can be used as program and data storage. Since the entire main program, including all subroutines, requires more than 2k of memory, the tables to be saved have a little more than 2k. It can accommodate 3 tables. Because the normal scuba diver generally does not dive at altitudes of more than 2000 m above sea level, only the 3 tables of altitudes 0 - 700 m, 701 - 1500 m, 1501 - 2000 m are saved.
  • the memory allocation looks like FIG. 17, the first half of the program in the internal memory 17a of the computer 27 (FIG. 9A), the second half of the program in 17b, the subroutines in 17c and the tables in 17d to 17f Memory 28 are housed.
  • pages 7 to 9 in the right part of FIG. 15 e.g. shown that the first half of the decompression table, the second half of the decompression table and the surface interval table, and the page 9 (17i) finally contain the zero time table and the repetitive table. Saving the tables seems tedious, but it is at least cheaper with regard to the components used than if you only wanted to calculate the display values with the help of saving only legal relationships (as far as this is possible at all).
  • the table must therefore be equipped with time and depth level identifiers in such a way that the identifiers can be found easily and compared with the input values.
  • STID means a depth level identifier
  • ZID a time level identifier
  • RG the repetitive group
  • ZEND a line end mark
  • STEND a depth level end mark
  • TABEND a table end mark
  • Selecting a line is essentially done in the XDECTB subroutine used in the above subroutines.
  • the second input variable is either the repetitive group, which, when correctly selected, specifies the number of the line in which the time allowance can be found; or the time it takes to compare the value in the table with the row whose position corresponds to the repetitive group.
  • a data arrangement was chosen that contains no identifiers, but only line end marks.
  • the position of a value in the repetitive group is known if the row and the column in which the value is located are known.
  • the column corresponds to the position of the value within a row.
  • the header of the repetitive table (the line with the depth levels) is saved as a pointer line before the actual data, separated by a TABEND mark.
  • the position of the desired value in the line can now be determined by comparing the input value "depth" with the values in the pointer line. It is not necessary to identify the row because the repetitive group has been selected so that it matches the position of the rows in the table.
  • the selected data arrangement of the repetitive tables can be seen with regard to the pointer line in FIG. 15C and with regard to the table values in FIG. 15D.
  • the data in the repetitive table are saved linearly, starting with the header.
  • the program part for reading the repetitive table namely determining the position of a value within a line, can be implemented by comparing the depth of the input with the pointer line.
  • the POS variable now contains the position of the value within the line.
  • variable POS is not "counted up", but determined from the difference of the pointer value at the beginning and at the end of this program part.
  • the next lower depth level can be determined in the pointer line without using the other table values. You simply determine the position in the line and read the next value, but in the pointer line itself.
  • the position within the line is essentially determined in the subroutine XREPTB, which is used by the 3 subroutines above.
  • the zero time table is saved and read in the same way as the repetitive table. Thus a pointer line and (in contrast to the repetitive table) only one data line are saved.
  • an offset must be determined which corresponds to the page of the first table for this area. Another offset must be added to this offset, which corresponds to the position of the table in the table set. The sum of these two offsets is to be applied as a page address to the bottom 4 bits of port 2. If the page is determined in this way, the table must also be selected, since sometimes 2 tables are accommodated in one page. Therefore, if the table is not at the beginning of the page, you have to "leaf through" the values in the page to the first TABEND mark in order to set the pointer to the beginning of the second table.
  • the subroutine FNEXTT was written, which searches a memory area for the TABEND mark and sets the pointer to the value behind this mark.
  • the program documentation is structured in such a way that it describes the flowchart verbally and congruently. Using the flowchart and the program documentation, any desired position in the assembler code can be found quickly and easily.
  • the program starts with the restart program RSTART after the main switch 9 is switched on (cf. FIG. 6). This takes place according to Table 11.
  • the auxiliary timer program HTIME is processed every 0.02 sec according to Table 12, which generates the 0.5 sec cycle with which it cyclically restarts the main program every 0.5 sec, starting with the program part Printer Detection-PSNORC.
  • the pressure change of 0.02 bar corresponds to an air column of 200 m. Although no one can get 200 m of air column without jet drive in one second, the diver reaches a pressure change rate of 0.02 bar / s when changing from air to water. A mere 20 cm water column is enough to generate the pressure of 0.02 bar and every diver will dive 20 cm deep within one second when entering the water.
  • This 20 cm water column results on the one hand from the resolution of the pressure gauge 6 and on the other hand from the fact that the pressure change must be at least 2 digital quanta. If the display device was incorrectly switched on under water (an abnormality), this is recognized by a test that determines whether the first measured pressure is greater than 1.2 bar. This is important because in such a case the air pressure could not be determined in advance.
  • the reason for choosing the limit of 1.2 bar is that the air pressure at sea level can reach a maximum of 1.06 bar. If you divorce the case that the diver is in a lake dives, the height of which is below that of the sea level, the test to 1.2 bar can easily be made.
  • 1 bar corresponds to the air pressure at sea level and is therefore the zero point for our system from which either the water depth or the height above sea level is determined.
  • the program sequence of the program part PSNORC can be seen in detail from FIG. 17 and from Table 13.
  • 10 bar in the computer 27 or in the analog / digital converter 22 each correspond to 200 bits, so that one bit gives a resolution of 0.5 m.
  • the depth gauge is accurate to 0.5 m, which makes it very easy to prepare the data for use in the tables, since the digitally determined depth divided by two corresponds exactly to the real depth in meters.
  • the ratio of 10: 200 means that the numerical value of the pressure processed in the computer is too large by a factor of 20 compared to the actual pressure. It should also be mentioned that the calculation of the diving depth by means of the pressures PNEU and PNULL is reduced to:
  • this subroutine recognizes leading zeros and sets the (F) -Hex instead of the leading BCD zero, thus the code required in FIG. 11 is taken into account for the blank. It would be an advantage if the library was not saved as a coherent program block, but rather that the individual subroutines were inserted into the main program in such a way that as many pages as possible were used, ie that there were few "holes" in the program memory and few page jumps were necessary will.
  • the sequence of the SURFAC program part can be seen in FIG. 18 and in table 15. Details of the Diving program section, DIVE, are shown in Table 16.
  • 46 means a test whether the diver is snorkeling; 47 a test of whether the diver is leaving the water; 48 a test of whether the diver has switched to diving; 49 a test of whether the diver is in a surface interval; and 50 a test of whether the repetitive group has become zero.
  • DIVEUP In order to be able to control the surfacing at a minimum speed of 8m / min, the diver must be "observed” over a longer period of time. This "observation” consists in checking whether the diver is in the "ascending cone".
  • the surfacing cone is the area that the diver travels over a period of 30 seconds, surfacing at least 4 m in the direction of the vertical and not diving below the depth level at which the surfacing started. A new ascending cone is set every 30 seconds if the diver has not left the ascending cone and continues to emerge. The sequence of this program is shown in table 17.
  • Table 21 contains a list of all the variables and subroutines used.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
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  • Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
  • Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
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EP82107904A 1981-08-27 1982-08-27 Dispositif d'indication des paramètres d'un plongeon Expired EP0073499B1 (fr)

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AT82107904T ATE23307T1 (de) 1981-08-27 1982-08-27 Anzeigeeinrichtung fuer die parameter eines tauchganges.

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CH5530/81 1981-08-27
CH553081 1981-08-27

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EP (1) EP0073499B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE23307T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3274096D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK184983A (fr)
NO (1) NO831476L (fr)
WO (1) WO1983000670A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA826212B (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1986000589A2 (fr) * 1984-06-13 1986-01-30 Battelle Memorial Institute Ordinateur subaquatique
EP0324259A2 (fr) * 1988-01-11 1989-07-19 William D Budinger Méthode pour la détermination et l'affichage d'informations critiques d'un apport de gaz

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5189646A (en) * 1988-07-20 1993-02-23 Seiko Epson Corporation Small-sized electronic device with depth gauge
DE69103167T2 (de) * 1990-01-10 1994-12-08 Seiko Epson Corp Elektronisches Gerät mit Tiefenanzeiger.

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH437021A (de) * 1964-11-10 1967-05-31 Secr Defence Brit Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Simulieren der in einem menschlichen Körper beim Atmen von Luft unter wechselnden Drücken auftretenden Auswirkungen
GB1461277A (en) * 1973-10-19 1977-01-13 Skinner Co Ltd E T Electronic devices for divers
FR2349128A1 (fr) * 1976-04-21 1977-11-18 Haneuse Louis Dispositif de mesure et d'indication de parametres utiles pour un plongeur,appareil de commande automatique de la remontee d'un plongeur et ensemble de plongee
FR2385150A1 (fr) 1976-12-07 1978-10-20 Guillemot Philippe Micro-ordinateur de plongee
FR2445266A1 (fr) * 1978-12-27 1980-07-25 Mainot Techni Ind Procede et dispositif pour la determination automatique des paliers de decompression au cours d'une plongee sous-marine
FR2454655A1 (fr) * 1979-04-20 1980-11-14 Marsollier Bruno Console extensible multifonctions d'assistance au plongeur

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH437021A (de) * 1964-11-10 1967-05-31 Secr Defence Brit Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Simulieren der in einem menschlichen Körper beim Atmen von Luft unter wechselnden Drücken auftretenden Auswirkungen
GB1461277A (en) * 1973-10-19 1977-01-13 Skinner Co Ltd E T Electronic devices for divers
FR2349128A1 (fr) * 1976-04-21 1977-11-18 Haneuse Louis Dispositif de mesure et d'indication de parametres utiles pour un plongeur,appareil de commande automatique de la remontee d'un plongeur et ensemble de plongee
FR2385150A1 (fr) 1976-12-07 1978-10-20 Guillemot Philippe Micro-ordinateur de plongee
FR2445266A1 (fr) * 1978-12-27 1980-07-25 Mainot Techni Ind Procede et dispositif pour la determination automatique des paliers de decompression au cours d'une plongee sous-marine
FR2454655A1 (fr) * 1979-04-20 1980-11-14 Marsollier Bruno Console extensible multifonctions d'assistance au plongeur

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1986000589A2 (fr) * 1984-06-13 1986-01-30 Battelle Memorial Institute Ordinateur subaquatique
WO1986000589A3 (fr) * 1984-06-13 1986-07-03 Battelle Memorial Institute Ordinateur subaquatique
EP0324259A2 (fr) * 1988-01-11 1989-07-19 William D Budinger Méthode pour la détermination et l'affichage d'informations critiques d'un apport de gaz
EP0324259A3 (fr) * 1988-01-11 1990-04-04 William D Budinger Méthode pour la détermination et l'affichage d'informations critiques d'un apport de gaz

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0073499B1 (fr) 1986-11-05
DE3274096D1 (en) 1986-12-11
ATE23307T1 (de) 1986-11-15
DK184983D0 (da) 1983-04-26
WO1983000670A1 (fr) 1983-03-03
ZA826212B (en) 1983-08-31
DK184983A (da) 1983-04-26
NO831476L (no) 1983-04-26

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