Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/06—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting
  • C10L5/10—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives

Definitions

• the present-invention relates to solid fuels which can easily ignite and the ignition characteristics of which do not deteriorate after preservation under high humidity atmosphere.
• the solid fuels emit radiation energy more than liquid fuel or gaseous fuel does, and not so dangerous in stock, so that they have a firm demand for domestic cook and heating.
• a formed coal is used generally as heating source for fireplace and cooking oven in Europe, and a briquet is used as fuel for heating floor and cooking in Korea.
• These solid fuels are difficult to ignite as they are.
• the ignition characteristics are improved by the addition of oxidizing agent of them at high percentage, for example, above twenty or thirty percents.
• these improved fuels absorb moisture to become less ignitible or not ignitible in extreme case under high humidity atmosphere.
• the high humidity atmosphere means a relative moisture being higher than 60 percents, which commons in summer in Japan.
• Solid fuels are deteriloated in ignition characteristics by absorbing morsture to become not ignitible some times. Further, even igniting in part, the ignited fuel gives out a large amount of white or black smoke or goes out. Such a phenomenon is attributed to absorption of the moisture by moisture absorbable materials contained in the solid fuels.
• carbonic materials such as charcoal; wood chip, powder or shavings; or paper are used as the solid fuels, but these materials have moisture-absorbing characteristics from atmosphere at high humidity.
• a combustion accelerating agent used for the solid fuels includes nitrates, perchromates, permanganates, and oxalates as typical examples, most of which have a high water solubility.
• a combustion accelerating agent is used for making ignition of solid fuels easier, accelerating combustion or preventing going-out.
• the combustion accelerating agent is roughly classified to following three kinds of material:
• the combustion accelerating agent which is a moisture- absorbable absorbes moisture in atmosphere, in which a part of water soluble material in the solid fuels is dissolved. Repeating such processes again and again, the moisture is absorbed more and more to deteriolate the ignition characteristics of the solid fuels extremely.
• this composition can easily ignite by a piece of match, it gives out a large amount of white or black smoke.
• This composition is inferior to the composition of the above Reference Example 1 in the ignition characteristics, and moreover it gives out white smoke during combustion. In addition, it does not ignite in the humidity resistance test as described hereinafter.
• An object of the present invention is to improve the aforementioned problems, which is based on treatment for humidity resistance according to microidea but not macroidea.
• the combustion accelerating agent is microencapsulated with combustible materials having a water repellency or waterproofness to give solid fuels improved in the humidity resistance so that the above problems in the usual humidity resistant igniting agent are solved.
• the carbonic materials of the present invention include coal and charcoal as a main component and they may be combined with other materials such as coke, activated carbon, carbon black, wood piece and paper.
• the combustion accelerating agent of the present invention includes metal compounds such as nitrates, perchlorates, chlorates, dichromates chromates, permanganates, oxalated carbonates and hydroxides of alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals salt; organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, petroleum ether, hexamethylenetetramine, ethylenediamine, and triethylamine; iron family metals compounds such as nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, oxalates, carbonates, oxides of iron, cobalt, nickel and the like.
• metal compounds such as nitrates, perchlorates, chlorates, dichromates chromates, permanganates, oxalated carbonates and hydroxides of alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals salt
• organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, benzene
• chlorates and oxalates are poison and the chlorates are dangerous for explosion. Therefore, they must be handled with sufficient care.
• perchlorates have the nearly same properties as those of chlorates, while not so dangerous, and burn with a spark as fireworks, which is also dangerous.
• Dichromates and chromates which include chromium are poisonous materials.
• Nitrates give out white smoke including alkaline materials, which corrode metals and are poisonous for livings.
• oxidizing agents have peculiar defects severally, nitrates are more desirable to be used because of their mild activity and explosion characteristics in comparison with chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates, and oxalates which are dangerous for explosion and poisonous.
• it is important that the oxidizing agents to be used are minimized.
• easily ignitible solid fuels are composed with the consideration of safety in use under dry condition, the oxidizing agent is minimized to amount required at dry condition. Accordingly, under a high humidity, these solid fuels become not only extremely less ignitible and lower in a combustion rate but also in extreme case not ignitible.
• the solid fuels according to the present invention in which the oxidizing agents are microencapsulated, can maintain the ignition characteristics at dry even under high humidity condition by the microencapsulation of the oxidizing agents.
• evacuated unburned gas containing carbon monoxide, aldehydes, hydrocarbon such as methane and the like which cause very serious problem in the usual solid fuels is perfectly oxidized so that the evacuated gas characteristics are also improved.
• the iron family metal compounds include chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, oxalates, carbonates, acetates and oxides of iron, cobalt or nickel.
• the ignition points of main components of solid fuels such as coal, coke, graphite and the like, which are about 400 to 600°C, are lowered by the addition of a small amount of the iron family metal salts by 100 to 150°C, so that the solid fuels become more ignitible.
• the addition can reduce the amount of the oxidizing agents used for the improvement of ignition of solid fuels so as to reduce the poisonous gas such as NO given out by decomposition of the oxidizing agents.
• the untreated metal salts become not only extremely less ignitible but also not ignitible under high humidity.
• the moisture absorbance is protected from moisture absorption even under the high humidity by microencapsulation of the iron family metal salts, and the combustible microcapsule melts to burn at the same time of the combustion of the solid fuels, so that the metal salts can act with the same activity as the initial state.
• the results are excellent.
• organic solvents which are easily ignitable materials can be used for the solid fuels, the ignition characteristics will be improved.
• the most of organic solvent are volatile and volatilize on standing, so that they can not be used as a component of the solid fuels as they are.
• the volatilization of the organic solvents can be prevented by microencapsulation thereof, and the ignition characteristics are maintained without any change on standing.
• the capsule melts and the organic solvent volatilizes to burn in flames.
• hydrides such as sodium boron hydride is decomposed to give out hydrogen gas. Therefore, if the hydrides can be applied to the solid fuels in small amount, they can burn in mild flames. However, the hydrides are liable to be decomposed easily by moisture in atmosphere to become not usable in general. According to the present invention the hydride can be shielded against the atmosphere so as to be used as a combustion accelerating agent of the solid fuels. The resultant fuels have excellent properties.
• the ignition characteristics can be improved by the microencapsulation of the combustion accelerating agent for the solid fuels.
• the humidity resistance characteristics of the solid fuels are improved moreover by the microencapsulation of the moisture absorbable materials in the solid fuels as well-as it becomes possible to produce solid fuels which do not make hands dirty with carbonic materials when they are picked up contrary to usual solid fuels including the moisture absorbable materials.
• the microcapsule is a vessel, a package, or-a container having a microscopic size such as about 5 to 300u in general and surrounded by polymer cell, in which fine particles of materials are contained.
• microcapsule examples include applications to pressure sensitive carbon paper, drug, perfume, oil capsule and the like.
• microcapsule of leuco dye with acacia and gelatin in the carbon paper microcapsule of aspirin with ethyl cellulose in drug
• microcapsule of menthol of tabacco in perfume examples include gun oil or lubricant with alginic acid in oil capsule respectively.
• combustible materials having water repellency or waterproofness are used as film forming materials for microcapsule.
• the combustible materials include hydrocarbon polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and resins such as silicone resin, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy resin, polymethyl methacrylate, polyamide resin, acrylonitrile-vinylidene chloride copolymer, polyvinyl formal, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, gelatine and acacia.
• the microencapsulation includes chemical, physical-chemical and mechanical or physical method roughly. There are exemplified an interfacial polymerization as the chemical method, a phase-separation from aqueous solution or organic solvent as the physical-chemical method and a spray drying as mechanical or physical method.
• the microencapsulation does not restricted to the above exemplified methods.
• One of the examples is the method in which mixture of carbonic materials (coal, charcoal and the like), microencapsulated combustion accelerating agent (potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate and the like) and binding materials are mixed and formed to a desirable shape followed by dried to give the solid fuels.
• metal powders such as aluminium and metal silicon, and forming auxiliaries such as clay for example bentonite may be added if desired.
• auxiliaries such as clay for example bentonite may be added if desired.
• binding materials molasses, carboxymethyl cellulose, tar, pitch, waste liquor of pulp and the like may be used in the present invention.
• the present invention is illustrated according to Examples hereinafter.
• humidistat is prepared according to JIS Z8806 in order to make the experimental conditions uniform under the high humidity atmosphere. That is, the saturated aqueous solution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and potassium chromate are added into desicca- tors separately, in which the former makes humidistat of relative humidity of 55 percent and the latter makes that of relative humidity of 88 percent.
• this humidistat combustible characteristics of the solid fuels composed with following formulations are experimented under a high humidity atmosphere.
• Potassium nitrate is added to polyvinyl acetate solution (10% by weight) in methyl ethyl ketone and dispersed sufficiently and then n-hexan is added. The mixture is mixed at room temperature for one hour and held for 12 hours at 0°C. Then, solid is separated, rinsed with cold n-hexan (about 4°C), and dried to give microencapsulated potassium nitrate.
• potassium permanganate is also microencapsulated.
• potassium nitrate and potassium permanganate solid fuels are prepared with following formulation:
• ferric chloride, ferric nitrate and potassium nitrate are microencapsulated with polyvinyl acetate.
• solid fuels 10 and 11 are prepared.
• the formulations of the solid fuels are as follows:
• Example 2 Sodium boron hydride is added to polystyrene solution (10% by weight) in xylene and treated in the same manner as Example 1 to give a microencapsulated sodium boron hydride, two parts by weight of which are added to the solid fuel of the Example 1 to prepare solid fuel 12.
• solid fuels 13, 14 and 15 are prepared, in which the solid fuel 13 is prepared in the same formulation as Example 1 excepting that the potassium nitrate and potassium permanganate are not microencapsulated, solid fuel 14 is prepared in the same formulation of Example 4 excepting that the sodium boron hydride, potassium nitrate and potassium permanganate are not microencapsulated and solid fuel 15 is prepared by the same formulation of the solid fuel 10 of the Example 3 excepting that the ferric chloride is not microencapsulated.
• solid fuels prepared using microencapsulated oxalates, perchlorates or dichromates as a combustion accelerator give the same excellent effects as the results of the aforementioned solid fuels 1 to 12 in the humidity resistance test.
• benzyl cellulose or nitrocellulose is used as a microencapsulating agent for humidity resistant treatment, they give the same excellent effects as methyl cellulose gives.
• microencapsulation of the above Examples are one produced by physical-chemical treatments
• the microencapsulation for the humidity resistance treatment is not restricted to the above treatments, but microencapsulation according to chemical or physical method may be used and, of course, the resultant solid fuels having the same effects as those from the above physical-chemical method can be obtained.
• the solid fuels 1 to 12 which include the microencapsulated combustion accelerating agent are improved remarkably in the humidity resistance in comparison with the solid fuels 13 and 15 in which the combustion accelerating agent is not microencapsulated.
• the fuels are burned in mild flames whereas the solid fuels 13 and 15 burn without flames.
• the amount of the resin to be used is too much in usual humidity resistance treatment.
• the amount of the cell materials of the microcapsule to be used is a little, that is, generally less than about 5% by weight of the solid fuels, gas is given out in suitable amount to burn in flames without smoke, which is desirable for solid fuels.

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Citations (2)

• 1981
  • 1981-08-12 JP JP56126101A patent/JPS5832094A/ja active Pending
• 1982
  • 1982-08-10 EP EP82107205A patent/EP0072521A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1982-08-10 KR KR8203591A patent/KR850001277B1/ko active

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