EP0072072B1 - Drilling device - Google Patents

Drilling device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0072072B1
EP0072072B1 EP82200977A EP82200977A EP0072072B1 EP 0072072 B1 EP0072072 B1 EP 0072072B1 EP 82200977 A EP82200977 A EP 82200977A EP 82200977 A EP82200977 A EP 82200977A EP 0072072 B1 EP0072072 B1 EP 0072072B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cutting
fact
drilling
disc
rotating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82200977A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0072072A1 (en
Inventor
Oscar William Kaalstad
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cledisc International BV
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Cledisc International BV
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Publication date
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Priority to AT82200977T priority Critical patent/ATE19810T1/en
Publication of EP0072072A1 publication Critical patent/EP0072072A1/en
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Publication of EP0072072B1 publication Critical patent/EP0072072B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/08—Roller bits
    • E21B10/12—Roller bits with discs cutters
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/02—Core bits
    • E21B10/04—Core bits with core destroying means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/02—Core bits
    • E21B10/06—Roller core bits
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/26—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers
    • E21B10/28—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with non-expansible roller cutters
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/26—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers
    • E21B10/32—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools
    • E21B10/34—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools of roller-cutter type
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
    • E21B17/1057—Centralising devices with rollers or with a relatively rotating sleeve

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a drilling device comprising a drilling head comprising a rotary body axially traversed by a distribution pipe under pressure of air or gas or any other drilling fluid and supporting at least one rotary element of size and at least one feedback element mounted on the rotary body in a position diametrically opposite to that of the cutting element and disposed at a radial distance from the rotary body ensuring the centering of the drilling head.
  • Drilling devices comprising a drilling head provided with three substantially conical or frustoconical cutting elements have been known and used since the 1930s.
  • the three fictitious vertices of the cutting elements coincide with a point on the axis of rotation of the drilling head.
  • the lateral surface of each cone is provided with teeth, the dimensions and sharpening of which depend on the nature of the soil to be drilled.
  • Each cone is mounted on the drilling head so that it rests on the ground along one of its generatrices and the teeth of a cone penetrate into the spaces between teeth of the adjacent cone.
  • the action of three cones on the ground is the same as if it were three rollers with teeth.
  • Each cone is retained radially by an axis on which is mounted a ball bearing retaining the cone axially.
  • US-A-1 124 243 has already proposed the construction of a drilling head provided with a hemispherical disc fixed on an axis almost perpendicular to the axis of the rotating body.
  • the circumference of the disc is provided with means for cutting and profiling the wall while the spherical surface bears against the bottom of the well to break by compression the bottom and the pieces cut by the edge of the disc.
  • the invention aims to allow the production of a drilling device operating under a low stable load, the cutting element being easily mounted to the drilling head and allowing the removal of large pieces of cuttings and able to work in any soil.
  • the drilling device according to the invention is characterized by the characteristic clause of claim 1.
  • the position of the feedback element allows the stabilization of the drilling head which tends to oscillate around the drilling axis and allows to slightly offset the lower point of the cutting surface relative to the axis drilling.
  • the arrangement of the crown allows it to act on the wall to be cut by the largest part of at least one annular surface provided with means for cutting, the action of the crown being to plane the wall and not to compress it to get it disintegrated. There is certainly a slight compression on the part of the crown at the very bottom of the well but it is not essential for the work of the device.
  • the element of the feedback resting on the opposite wall allows the centering of the tool and compensates for the radial reaction of the wall which tends to drive out the crown.
  • the load required for drilling is relatively low, the drilling being obtained by planing and not by compression. A more stable wall is thus obtained.
  • the drilling head is provided with at least two crowns of size spaced axially and arranged alternately on two opposite sides of the rotary body. This head being mainly used to widen the diameter of a previously drilled well, the dimensions of a size crown and / or the length of its axis of rotation are larger than those of the previous crown and smaller than those of the following crown going from the lower end to the upper end of the rotating body.
  • the lower drilling member which serves only as a guide can be a conventional drill bit.
  • the size of the crown may have an approximately frustoconical shape or that of a spherical ring.
  • the cutting crown is driven in rotation independently of the rotation of the rotary body and thus its cutting effect is increased, which allows on the one hand to accelerate the drilling work and on the other side to decrease still the load exerted parallel to the direction of drilling.
  • the feedback element is a roller having an elliptical section perpendicular to the axis of the borehole.
  • the roller is made of deformable material and its lateral surface is made of hard material.
  • a circular section roller mounted on a radially extendable arm can be used.
  • the feedback element is a simple friction surface mounted on a radial arm.
  • the drilling head (fig. 1) comprises a rotary body 1 which is screwed to the end of a rod, not shown, driven in rotation.
  • the upper part of the rotary body 1 has a frustoconical part 2 provided with a thread 3.
  • the body 1 has on its lower part a cylindrical part 4 whose axis diverges downward relative to the axis of rotation of the body 1.
  • a crown 5 is fixed on the cylindrical part 4.
  • the size surface of the crown has a frustoconical shape or, as shown in Figure 1, it is composed of two opposite frustoconical surfaces 6 and 7.
  • the annular surface 7 is provided with means for cutting.
  • the cylindrical part 4 serving as an axis of rotation for the crown 5, is provided with a ball bearing 8 facilitating the rotation of the crown 5.
  • a shoulder 9 of the cylindrical part 4 serves as a thrust bearing for the crown and can also be provided with a ball bearing 10.
  • a nut 12 ensures the fixing of the crown 5 on its axis 4, a seal 11 protecting the ball bearing 8, is disposed between the nut 12 and the bearing balls 8.
  • a roller of axis 14 parallel to the axis of rotation of the drilling head is mounted between two horizontal plates 15 and 16 forming part of the body 1.
  • the generatrices 17 and 7 of the roller 13 and of the crown 5, the most distant from the axis of rotation of the device are diametrically opposite. It is possible to provide the device with other rollers spaced angularly or axially.
  • the body 1 is traversed axially by a conduit 18 opening out through an orifice 19 in the drilled hole.
  • the conduit 18 is used to bring air, water or mud to the bottom of the hole to lubricate and cool the crown and remove the cuttings from the ground.
  • the axis 4 of the crown 5 can also be crossed by a bypass of the conduit 18 opening out through a hole in the nut 12. In this way better cooling of the radial ball bearings 8 and of the thrust bearing is obtained. It is possible to provide the crown on its active surface with the holes through which a liquid is ejected under great pressure against the surface to be cut. This liquid penetrates, according to the nature of the soil, into the wall and facilitates cutting.
  • the drilling is carried out as follows: The body 1 is rotated in a conventional manner and a small load is exerted on the drilling head.
  • the lateral surface of the crown 5 being provided with teeth or being simply sharpened according to the nature of the ground, planes the ground and creates a hole whose bottom has an axial section having an approximately parabolic profile.
  • each point of the wall is cut under the action of a force substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the drilling head and tangent to the wall 20 and a force perpendicular to the axis 4 of rotation of the crown 5.
  • These forces are due respectively to the rotation of the drilling head and to the free rotation of the crown 5.
  • a hole a few centimeters deep must be drilled by other means so that a large part of the active surface of the size 5 crown is in contact with the soil. Without this precaution at the start of drilling, especially on hard ground, the crown 5 tends to roll around its axis 4, a small part of its circumference being only in contact with the ground.
  • the fulcrum 21 of the cutting surface being the lowest is distant from the geometric axis of rotation 23 by at least 1 mm.
  • the roller 13 during drilling is supported on the lateral surface of the hole and serves as a feedback to the reaction of the soil against the crown and it firms the wall.
  • the variant illustrated in FIG. 2 differs from the previous variant only as regards the shape of the roller and the cutting surface.
  • the roller 13 has the shape of a truncated paraboloid to collaborate with the wall of the bottom of the well. It is obvious that this same roller can be in place of the roller 13 of the previous variant.
  • the lateral surface 7 of the crown has the shape of a spherical ring.
  • the cutting surface being in contact with the wall has a maximum diameter which can be defined in this figure by the length of the segment connecting the points 21 ′ and 22 ′.
  • Point 22 'and point 17' of the roller must be at the same level as a maximum, the arrangement of the roller relative to the crown must be such that the head remains balanced during drilling, i.e. it does not does not oscillate around the drilling axis.
  • the point 17 ' is the highest point of the roller 13' in contact with the wall. It seems that the optimal length of the largest diameter of the cutting surface is that which corresponds to the length of the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle having the same diameter as the diameter of the borehole. This length is shown in Figures 1 and 2 by the segments 21-22 respectively 21'-22 '.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows an alternative embodiment serving to widen the diameter of a borehole 44 obtained by a drilling device in accordance with the first embodiment described or by other conventional means.
  • the device shown has three rings of size 45, 46, 47 axially spaced and arranged alternately on two opposite sides of the rotary body.
  • the diameter of the lower ring 45 is smaller than that of the second ring 46 which is also smaller than that of the third ring 47. The same goes for the length of their respective axes of rotation 52 to 53.
  • crowns of the same diameter and axes of rotation of different length or vice versa.
  • the rotary body supporting the three axes of rotation 51 to 53 of crowns of size 45 to 47 may be in one piece but this embodiment has the disadvantage of rigidity of use and especially in the event of failure of one of the crown the change of the whole drill head.
  • each ring size 45 to 47 is mounted on a clean rotary body 48 to 50.
  • the lower drilling element corresponds to the device of FIG. 1 and we refrain from describing it again.
  • On the top of the rotary body 48 is fixed the rotary body 49 carrying the crown 46 so that the two crowns 45, 47 are on two opposite sides of the new rotary body thus obtained.
  • To guarantee the relative position of two crowns 45, 46 the fixing of two rotary bodies 48, 49 must be done by a bayonet system or any other.
  • the third rotary body 50 is mounted on the second 49 in the same way but this time by placing the size 47 crown on the same side of the rotary body obtained as the first.
  • Each of the rotary bodies is provided with an axial duct 54 for the passage of the cooling fluid and for evacuating the cuttings from the ground.
  • the axial conduits communicate with each other and each has two branches, one (referenced 33) axially crossing the axis of rotation 51, 52, 53 of the corresponding size 45, 46, 47 crown, the other opening radially on the lateral face of the rotating body.
  • the duct 54, 33 is a distribution duct under pressure of air, water, or mud or any other drilling fluid emerging either near the center of the crown or at orifices arranged on the cutting surface for the pressure ejection of the fluid against the wall of the well.
  • the first drilling element only serves as a guide and feedback to the second and so on.
  • the first drilling element may be a conventional drill bit used for drilling well 44.
  • the axis of rotation of the size ring can be slightly offset with respect to the axis of rotation of the device so that part of the size surface bears more strongly against the wall from the well and favors the torque tending to rotate the crown around its axis.
  • the angle defined by the virtual axis of rotation offset from the crown and by the line passing through the center of the crown and the point of intersection of the virtual axes of rotation of the rotary body and the non-offset crown must be between 1 ° and 5 ° to obtain the above effect.
  • the drilling device described can be used for all kinds of vertical, oblique or horizontal drilling for the search for water, oil or research and mining.
  • a low load being sufficient to ensure the proper functioning of the device described, it is advantageously used for underwater drilling where it is necessary to cross very different hardness layers ranging from sand to the hardest rocks.
  • the same is true for horizontal drilling because a low axial load is sufficient for proper operation.
  • It can be advantageously used in the construction of tunnels.
  • Bearings used only to facilitate rotation of the crown can be ball, roller or needle. They are tightly mounted which has the consequence of extending their life.
  • the cutting surface can be either a hard surface or provided with diamond or tungsten carbide teeth or the like, their choice being dictated by the nature of the soil to be drilled.
  • the speed of rotation of the crown around its axis for the variants described above depends on the speed of rotation of the rod of the drilling device on which the drilling head is fixed and on the vectorial result of the forces applied to the surface of the crowned. This dependence reduces the cutting action of the crown and prolongs the working time and can cause asymmetrical wear of the size crown.
  • the variant of Figure 4 overcomes these drawbacks.
  • the drilling head comprises a rotary body 101 screwed to the end of the rod 102 carrying a motor block 103.
  • a size 105 crown illustrated quite schematically, is mounted on an oblique axis 104 housed in an oblique part 106 of the rotary body 101.
  • a roller 108 is disposed on the side diametrically opposite to the oblique part 106 of the rotary body, its axis 109 being supported by two parallel arms 110 and 111.
  • the crown 104 is kinematically connected to the motor 103 by means of two shafts 104 and 112 each provided at one end with a bevel gear 113 respectively 114, the two gears 113 and 114 being coupled by a toothed wheel 115.
  • the drive shaft 112 independently of the rotation of the rod 102 drives the toothed wheel 115 in rotation which transmits the movement to the shaft 104 which rotates the crown 105 and which cuts the wall 116 of the well.
  • the engine block 103 may be a turbine driven by the liquid circulating inside a conduit (not shown) of the rod 102 and of the rotary body 101 intended for the removal of cuttings, or any other motor device.
  • the speed of rotation of the crown 105 being independent of the speed of rotation of the rod, the load to be exerted on the head is lower.
  • the cutting crown 105 works like a circular saw or a milling cutter, the main cutting force being provided by the proper rotation of the crown.
  • the cutting crown 105 is filled with teeth made of diamond, tungsten or other hard material.
  • a machine for horizontal drilling can be produced for the extraction, for example, of coal.
  • the essential difference is that the tunnels drilled for mining have a much larger diameter. It then suffices to mount on the existing shaft of a machine drilling tunnels a rotary body whose oblique part is much longer than the oblique part 106 of the body 101 of FIG. 4 as well as the arm or arms supporting the roller. feedback.
  • the oblique part of the rotary body being longer, it is possible to accommodate a motor device for driving the crown directly on this part of the rotary body.
  • the work of such a device is the same in di mensions near that of the device of figure 4.
  • the roller can be mounted on an extendable arm.
  • FIG. 5 Another solution is to use a roller whose cross section perpendicular to the drilling axis is elliptical (fig. 5).
  • the roller shown in Figure 5 is formed of an elliptical ring 120 of hard material such as tungsten surrounding a core 121 of another material, for example rubber.
  • the core 121 is axially crossed by a cylindrical hole 122 for the passage of the axis 109 of the roller 108.
  • This roller is intended to rub against the wall and to roll only when there is an irregularity in the wall until the crown 105 is in contact with the wall 116 of the well.
  • the roller As soon as the roller is no longer in contact with the wall due to an irregularity (hole) in the wall, the head is offset under the effect of the reaction of the wall on the crown of size 105. The roller then enters in contact with the wall and begins to roll until the size 105 crown is brought into contact with the wall.
  • the variation in the diameter of the well must correspond to the difference in length between the semi-small and the semi-major axis of the ellipse to guarantee the proper functioning of the device.
  • the roller returns to its initial position as soon as the variation in the diameter of the borehole has been eliminated.
  • the friction surface can be the side surface of an approximately cylindrical or prismatic fixed guide member. When the part of its surface in contact with the wall of the drilled well has been worn, it can be turned so that part of the unworn side surface comes in front of the wall of the well.
  • a guide element 130 is shown in FIG. 6. It is a prism whose edges and the lateral surface are rounded. The lateral surface can be provided with elastically deformable teeth to absorb variations in the wall of the drilled well.
  • the element 130 is fixed and arranged parallel to the drilling axis so that one of its lateral faces (or edges) faces the wall of the well. When this face or edge is worn, the element 130 can be turned and one of the other faces or edges can be presented.
  • This upper non-rotating compensation guide is effectively a surface predisposed to one of many positions capable of matching the wall of the borehole cut by the lower crown.
  • the compensation guide can be placed so that it acts only against the vertical wall of the well or can be placed at a lower level so that it rests on the upper end of the profiled base of the bottom. of Wells.
  • the main objective of the upper compensation guide is to ensure that the lower crown is arranged, especially at the beginning of a drilling, in a position causing the digging of an eccentric ditch relative to the axis of the well (fig. 2).

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Description

La présente invention a pour objet un dispositif de forage comprenant une tête de forage comportant un corps rotatif traversé axialement par un conduit de distribution sous pression d'air ou de gaz ou tout autre fluide de forage et supportant au moins un élément rotatif de taille et au moins un élément de contre-réaction monté sur le corps rotatif dans une position diamétralement opposée à celle de l'élément de taille et disposé à une distance radiale du corps rotatif assurant le centrage de la tête de forage.The subject of the present invention is a drilling device comprising a drilling head comprising a rotary body axially traversed by a distribution pipe under pressure of air or gas or any other drilling fluid and supporting at least one rotary element of size and at least one feedback element mounted on the rotary body in a position diametrically opposite to that of the cutting element and disposed at a radial distance from the rotary body ensuring the centering of the drilling head.

Des dispositifs de forage comprenant une tête de forage munie de trois éléments de taille sensiblement coniques ou tronconiques sont connus et utilisés depuis les années 1930. Les trois sommets fictifs des éléments de taille coïncident avec un point de l'axe de rotation de la tête de forage. La surface latérale de chaque cône est munie de dents dont les dimensions et l'affûtage sont fonction de la nature du sol à forer. Chaque cône est monté sur la tête de forage de sorte qu'il s'appuie sur le sol suivant une de ses génératrices et les dents d'un cône pénètrent dans les espaces entre dents du cône adjacent. L'action de trois cônes sur le sol est la même que s'il s'agissait de trois rouleaux munis de dents. Chaque cône est retenu radialement par un axe sur lequel est monté un roulement à billes retenant le cône axialement. Lors du forage, surtout s'il s'agit d'un sol rocailleux, il faut exercer une grande pression pour casser le roc et ensuite le découper et le déblayer. Les trois cônes travaillant le long d'une de leurs génératrices la surface de travail est grande et il faut donc exercer une grande charge sur la tête de forage pour obtenir la pression nécessaire. Le sol subit une grande compression qui a pour effet de casser le roc, surtout s'il s'agit d'un roc fissuré, sur une surface plus étendue radialement que celle du forage en créant ainsi un profil de forage irrégulier et une paroi instable.Drilling devices comprising a drilling head provided with three substantially conical or frustoconical cutting elements have been known and used since the 1930s. The three fictitious vertices of the cutting elements coincide with a point on the axis of rotation of the drilling head. drilling. The lateral surface of each cone is provided with teeth, the dimensions and sharpening of which depend on the nature of the soil to be drilled. Each cone is mounted on the drilling head so that it rests on the ground along one of its generatrices and the teeth of a cone penetrate into the spaces between teeth of the adjacent cone. The action of three cones on the ground is the same as if it were three rollers with teeth. Each cone is retained radially by an axis on which is mounted a ball bearing retaining the cone axially. When drilling, especially if it is a rocky ground, it is necessary to exert a great pressure to break the rock and then to cut it and clear it. The three cones working along one of their generators the working surface is large and it is therefore necessary to exert a large load on the drilling head to obtain the necessary pressure. The ground undergoes a great compression which has the effect of breaking the rock, especially if it is a cracked rock, on a more radially extended surface than that of the drilling, thus creating an irregular drilling profile and an unstable wall. .

L'injection continue d'un fluide de forage au . fond du puits assure l'évacuation des déblais de terrain découpés par les trois cônes. Le diamètre de la surface du fond du puits est approximativement le même que le diamètre de la tête de forage et l'évacuation de déblais n'est assurée que si leurs dimensions leur permettent de passer entre la périphérie de la tête et la paroi du puits. Il faut donc que les morceaux de déblais soit cassés jusqu'à ce qu'ils puissent passer entre la paroi du puits et la périphérie de la tête de forage en ralentissant ainsi l'avancement du forage et permettant à une partie de déblais véhiculée par le fluide d'arriver jusqu'aux roulements et provoquer leur destruction.Continuous injection of drilling fluid into the. bottom of the well ensures the evacuation of the cuttings cut by the three cones. The diameter of the bottom surface of the well is approximately the same as the diameter of the drilling head and the removal of cuttings is only ensured if their dimensions allow them to pass between the periphery of the head and the wall of the well. . It is therefore necessary that the pieces of cuttings are broken until they can pass between the wall of the well and the periphery of the drill head thereby slowing the advancement of drilling and allowing a portion of cuttings carried by the fluid to reach the bearings and cause their destruction.

Le remplacement d'un cône en cas de panne est long car il faut démonter le roulement pour pouvoir retirer le cône.It takes a long time to replace a cone in the event of a breakdown since the bearing must be removed in order to be able to remove the cone.

On a déjà proposé dans le US-A-1 124 243 la construction d'une tête de forage munie d'un disque hémisphérique fixé sur un axe presque perpendiculaire à l'axe du corps rotatif. La circonférence du disque est munie de moyens pour couper et profiler la paroi tandis que la surface sphérique s'appuie contre le fond du puits pour casser par compression le fond et les morceaux découpés par l'arête du disque.US-A-1 124 243 has already proposed the construction of a drilling head provided with a hemispherical disc fixed on an axis almost perpendicular to the axis of the rotating body. The circumference of the disc is provided with means for cutting and profiling the wall while the spherical surface bears against the bottom of the well to break by compression the bottom and the pieces cut by the edge of the disc.

On a également proposé dans le brevet US-A-1852 843 un dispositif de forage comprenant un disque en forme de soucoupe volante dont la périphérie est tranchante et disposé de sorte que le plan contenant la périphérie tranchante soit parallèle au sens du forage. L'axe de rotation du disque est fixé à l'extrémité inférieure excentrée et en forme de fourche d'un côrps rotatif. Un élément de contre-réaction sert à presser le disque contre la paroi. L'élément de contre-réaction se présente sous la forme d'un rouleau disposé sur le corps rotatif et peu avant le coude de la partie excentrée, donc bien plus haut que le disque tranchant. Le disque coupe la paroi seulement par son arête tranchante et uniquement sur environ la moitié inférieure de sa périphérie. Par la forme du disque ce dispositif de forage est surtout prévu pour forer un sol relativement mou.There has also been proposed in patent US-A-1852 843 a drilling device comprising a disc in the form of a flying saucer whose periphery is sharp and arranged so that the plane containing the sharp periphery is parallel to the direction of drilling. The axis of rotation of the disc is fixed to the eccentric and fork-shaped lower end of a rotating frame. A feedback element is used to press the disc against the wall. The feedback element is in the form of a roller placed on the rotating body and shortly before the bend of the eccentric part, therefore much higher than the cutting disc. The disc cuts the wall only by its sharp edge and only on about the lower half of its periphery. By the shape of the disc, this drilling device is especially intended for drilling relatively soft soil.

L'invention a pour but de permettre la réalisation d'un dispositif de forage opérant sous une faible charge stable, l'élément de taille étant facilement monté à la tête de forage et permettant l'évacuation de grands morceaux de déblais et apte à travailler dans n'importe quel sol.The invention aims to allow the production of a drilling device operating under a low stable load, the cutting element being easily mounted to the drilling head and allowing the removal of large pieces of cuttings and able to work in any soil.

Le dispositif de forage selon l'invention est caractérisé par la clause caractéristique de la revendication 1.The drilling device according to the invention is characterized by the characteristic clause of claim 1.

La position de l'élément de contre-réaction permet la stabilisation de la tête de forage qui a tendance à osciller autour de l'axe de forage et permet d'excentrer légèrement le point inférieur de la surface de taille par rapport à l'axe de forage.The position of the feedback element allows the stabilization of the drilling head which tends to oscillate around the drilling axis and allows to slightly offset the lower point of the cutting surface relative to the axis drilling.

La disposition de la couronne lui permet d'agir sur la paroi à tailler par la plus grande partie d'une au moins de surfaces annulaires pourvues de moyens pour tailler, l'action de la couronne étant de raboter la paroi et non de la comprimer pour obtenir sa désintégration. Il y a certes une légère compression de la part de la couronne tout au fond du puits mais elle n'est pas essentielle pour le travail du dispositif. D'autre part, l'élément de la contre-réaction s'appuyant sur la paroi opposée permet le centrage de l'outil et compense la réaction radiale de la paroi qui a tendance à chasser la couronne. La charge nécessaire au forage est relativement faible, le forage étant obtenu par rabotage et non par compression. On obtient ainsi une paroi plus stable. La paroi ayant moins tendance à s'affaisser que dans le cas de l'utilisation d'une tête de forage conventionnelle, on peut limiter les frais d'installation de tubes prévenant l'affaissement de la paroi. La couronne de taille s'appuie seulement sur une partie du fond du puits, moins que la moitié, et elle laisse un grand espace pour l'évacuation de grands morceaux de déblais.
Selon une variante la tête de forage est munie d'au moins deux couronnes de taille espacées axialement et disposées alternativement sur deux côtés opposés du corps rotatif. Cette tête étant surtout utilisée pour élargir le diamètre d'un puits précédemment foré les dimensions d'une couronne de taille et/ou la longueur de son axe de rotation sont plus grands que ceux de la couronne précédente et plus petits que ceux de la couronne suivante en allant de l'extrémité inférieure vers l'extrémité supérieure du corps rotatif. Enfin dans le cas de l'élargissement du diamètre du puits l'organe de forage inférieur qui sert uniquement en tant que guide peut être un trépan conventionnel. La surface de taille de la couronne peut avoir une forme approximativement tronconique ou celle d'un anneau sphérique.The arrangement of the crown allows it to act on the wall to be cut by the largest part of at least one annular surface provided with means for cutting, the action of the crown being to plane the wall and not to compress it to get it disintegrated. There is certainly a slight compression on the part of the crown at the very bottom of the well but it is not essential for the work of the device. On the other hand, the element of the feedback resting on the opposite wall allows the centering of the tool and compensates for the radial reaction of the wall which tends to drive out the crown. The load required for drilling is relatively low, the drilling being obtained by planing and not by compression. A more stable wall is thus obtained. Since the wall has less tendency to collapse than when using a conventional drilling head, the cost of installing tubes can be limited to prevent the wall from collapsing. The cutting crown rests only on a part of the bottom of the well, less than half, and it leaves a large space for the evacuation of large pieces of cuttings.
According to a variant, the drilling head is provided with at least two crowns of size spaced axially and arranged alternately on two opposite sides of the rotary body. This head being mainly used to widen the diameter of a previously drilled well, the dimensions of a size crown and / or the length of its axis of rotation are larger than those of the previous crown and smaller than those of the following crown going from the lower end to the upper end of the rotating body. Finally, in the case of enlarging the diameter of the well, the lower drilling member which serves only as a guide can be a conventional drill bit. The size of the crown may have an approximately frustoconical shape or that of a spherical ring.

Selon une autre variante- la couronne de taille est entraînée en rotation indépendamment de la rotation du corps rotatif et ainsi on augmente son effet de découpage ce qui permet d'un côté d'accélérer le travail de forage et de l'autre côté de diminuer encore la charge exercée parallèlement au sens de forage.According to another variant - the cutting crown is driven in rotation independently of the rotation of the rotary body and thus its cutting effect is increased, which allows on the one hand to accelerate the drilling work and on the other side to decrease still the load exerted parallel to the direction of drilling.

Selon une variante l'élément de contre-réaction est un galet présentant une section elliptique perpendiculairement à l'axe du forage. L'avantage de ce galet, qui en réalité ne roule pas continuellement mais frotte contre la paroi découpée, est qu'il permet le centrage automatique de la tête même aux endroits où la paroi du puits est découpée plus profondément à cause de l'instabilité du sol ou parce que un plus grand morceau de roc est découpé. En effet, on peut considérer que dans les conditions normales le galet frotte contre la paroi par une partie de sa surface latérale perpendiculaire au petit axe de l'ellipse et que lorsque le galet, à cause d'une irrégularité de la paroi, ne sera plus en contact avec la paroi la tête de forage sera décentrée sous l'action de la réaction de la paroi contre la couronne de taille jusqu'à ce que le galet entrera de nouveau en contact avec la paroi et à ce moment recentrera la tête en roulant par sa surface latérale et en poussant la couronne contre la paroi. Bien sûr la profondeur de l'irrégularité ne doit pas être supérieure à la différence de longueur entre le demi-petit et le demi-grand axe de l'ellipse. Le roulement du galet est inférieur à 90°. Dès que la couronne entre en contact avec la paroi le galet ne roule plus mais frotte uniquement contre la paroi par une partie de sa surface latérale qui est plus éloignée de l'axe du galet que la partie considérée dans les conditions normales.According to a variant, the feedback element is a roller having an elliptical section perpendicular to the axis of the borehole. The advantage of this roller, which in reality does not roll continuously but rubs against the cut wall, is that it allows the automatic centering of the head even at the places where the wall of the well is cut more deeply because of the instability from the ground or because a larger piece of rock is cut. Indeed, we can consider that under normal conditions the roller rubs against the wall by a part of its lateral surface perpendicular to the minor axis of the ellipse and that when the roller, because of an irregularity of the wall, will not no longer in contact with the wall, the drilling head will be off-center under the action of the reaction of the wall against the cutting crown until the roller will again come into contact with the wall and at this time will refocus the head in rolling by its lateral surface and pushing the crown against the wall. Of course the depth of the irregularity must not be greater than the difference in length between the half-small and the semi-large axis of the ellipse. The roller bearing is less than 90 °. As soon as the crown comes into contact with the wall, the roller no longer rolls, but only rubs against the wall by a part of its lateral surface which is further from the axis of the roller than the part considered under normal conditions.

Préférablement le galet est en matière déformable et sa surface latérale est en matériau dur. Un galet à section circulaire monté sur un bras extensible radialement peut être utilisé.Preferably the roller is made of deformable material and its lateral surface is made of hard material. A circular section roller mounted on a radially extendable arm can be used.

Selon une autre variante préférée l'élément de contre-réaction est une simple surface de friction montée sur un bras radial.According to another preferred variant, the feedback element is a simple friction surface mounted on a radial arm.

Le dessin annexé représente à titre d'exemple quatre formes d'exécution de l'invention.

  • La figure 1 est une vue en coupe axiale d'une première variante d'exécution.
  • La figure 2 représente la même variante que la figure 1 la couronne de taille et le galet étant différents.
  • La figure 3 est une vue schématique d'une tête de forage destinée à élargir un forage existant.
  • La figure 4 est une vue schématique et en coupe axiale et de profil d'une tête de forage munie des moyens pour entraîner en rotation la couronne de taille.
  • La figure 5 est une vue en plan d'un galet de contre-réaction de section elliptique.
  • La figure 6 est une vue en perspective d'un élément de contre-réaction de forme particulière.
The accompanying drawing shows by way of example four embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 1 is an axial sectional view of a first alternative embodiment.
  • Figure 2 shows the same variant as Figure 1 the size of the crown and the roller being different.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view of a drill head for expanding an existing borehole.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view in axial section and in profile of a drilling head provided with means for rotating the size ring.
  • Figure 5 is a plan view of a feedback roller of elliptical section.
  • Figure 6 is a perspective view of a feedback element of a particular shape.

La tête de forage (fig. 1) comporte un corps rotatif 1 qui vient se visser à l'extrémité d'une tige, non représentée, entraînée en rotation. La partie supérieure du corps rotatif 1 présente une partie tronconique 2 munie d'un filetage 3.The drilling head (fig. 1) comprises a rotary body 1 which is screwed to the end of a rod, not shown, driven in rotation. The upper part of the rotary body 1 has a frustoconical part 2 provided with a thread 3.

Le corps 1 présente sur sa partie inférieure une partie cylindrique 4 dont l'axe diverge vers le bas par rapport à-l'axe de rotation du corps 1. Une couronne 5 est fixée sur la partie cylindrique 4. La surface de taille de la couronne a une forme tronconique ou, comme représentée à la figure 1, elle est composée de deux surfaces tronconiques opposées 6 et 7. La surface annulaire 7 est munie de moyens pour tailler. La partie cylindrique 4 servant d'axe de rotation pour la couronne 5, est munie d'un roulement à billes 8 facilitant la rotation de la couronne 5. Un épaulement 9 de la partie cylindrique 4 sert de palier de butée pour la couronne et peut être également muni d'un roulement à billes 10. Un écrou 12 assure la fixation de la couronne 5 sur son axe 4, une garniture d'étanchéité 11 protégeant le roulement à billes 8, est disposée entre l'écrou 12 et le roulement à billes 8. Un galet d'axe 14 parallèle à l'axe de rotation de la tête de forage est monté entre deux plaques horizontales 15 et 16 faisant partie du corps 1. Les génératrices 17 et 7 du galet 13 et de la couronne 5, les plus éloignées de l'axe de rotation du dispositif sont diamétralement opposées. Il est possible de munir le dispositif d'autres galets espacés angulairement ou axialement. Le corps 1 est traversé axialement par un conduit 18 débouchant par un orifice 19 dans le trou foré. Le conduit 18 sert à amener de l'air, de l'eau ou de la boue au fond du trou pour lubrifier et refroidir la couronne et évacuer les déblais du terrain. L'axe 4 de la couronne 5 peut être également traversé par une dérivation du conduit 18 débouchant par un trou de l'écrou 12. De cette façon on obtient un meilleur refroidissement des roulements à billes radiaux 8 et de butée 10. Il est possible de munir la couronne sur sa surface active des orifices à travers lesquels un liquide est éjecté sous une grande pression contre la surface à découper. Ce liquide pénètre, selon la nature du sol, dans la paroi et facilite le découpage.The body 1 has on its lower part a cylindrical part 4 whose axis diverges downward relative to the axis of rotation of the body 1. A crown 5 is fixed on the cylindrical part 4. The size surface of the crown has a frustoconical shape or, as shown in Figure 1, it is composed of two opposite frustoconical surfaces 6 and 7. The annular surface 7 is provided with means for cutting. The cylindrical part 4 serving as an axis of rotation for the crown 5, is provided with a ball bearing 8 facilitating the rotation of the crown 5. A shoulder 9 of the cylindrical part 4 serves as a thrust bearing for the crown and can also be provided with a ball bearing 10. A nut 12 ensures the fixing of the crown 5 on its axis 4, a seal 11 protecting the ball bearing 8, is disposed between the nut 12 and the bearing balls 8. A roller of axis 14 parallel to the axis of rotation of the drilling head is mounted between two horizontal plates 15 and 16 forming part of the body 1. The generatrices 17 and 7 of the roller 13 and of the crown 5, the most distant from the axis of rotation of the device are diametrically opposite. It is possible to provide the device with other rollers spaced angularly or axially. The body 1 is traversed axially by a conduit 18 opening out through an orifice 19 in the drilled hole. The conduit 18 is used to bring air, water or mud to the bottom of the hole to lubricate and cool the crown and remove the cuttings from the ground. The axis 4 of the crown 5 can also be crossed by a bypass of the conduit 18 opening out through a hole in the nut 12. In this way better cooling of the radial ball bearings 8 and of the thrust bearing is obtained. It is possible to provide the crown on its active surface with the holes through which a liquid is ejected under great pressure against the surface to be cut. This liquid penetrates, according to the nature of the soil, into the wall and facilitates cutting.

Le forage s'effectue de la manière suivante: Le corps 1 est entraîné en rotation d'une manière conventionnelle et une faible charge est exercée sur la tête de forage. La surface latérale de la couronne 5 étant munie de dents ou étant simplement affûtée suivant la nature du sol, rabotte le sol et crée un trou dont le fond présente une section axiale ayant un profil 20 approximativement parabolique.The drilling is carried out as follows: The body 1 is rotated in a conventional manner and a small load is exerted on the drilling head. The lateral surface of the crown 5 being provided with teeth or being simply sharpened according to the nature of the ground, planes the ground and creates a hole whose bottom has an axial section having an approximately parabolic profile.

Pour expliquer le fonctionnement du dispositif on peut considérer le cas d'une couronne munie de dents sur la surface annulaire 7 et bloquée par rapport à son axe de rotation, lors de la rotation de la tête les dents creusent une série de gradins. A cause de la charge exercée sur la tête de forage la couronne s'enfonce au fur et à mesure de la rotation et la face horizontale du gradin créée par une dent est rabotée par une dent voisine décrivant une circonférence d'un diamètre plus grand que celui de la circonférence décrite par la dent précédente. Si l'on considère maintenant que la couronne 5 est libre en rotation autour de son axe 4 et que la somme vectorielle de forces s'exerçant sur sa surface de taille n'est pas nulle il en résulte un couple qui entraîne la couronne 5 en rotation autour de son axe 4. Ainsi chaque point de la paroi est découpé sous l'action d'une force sensiblement perpendiculaire à l'axe de rotation de la tête de forage et tangente à la paroi 20 et d'une force perpendiculaire à l'axe 4 de rotation de la couronne 5. Ces forces sont dues respectivement à la rotation de la tête de forage et à la rotation libre la couronne 5.
Auparavant et suivant la nature du sol il faut qu'un trou de quelques centimètres de profondeur soit foré par d'autres moyens afin qu'une grande partie de la surface active de la couronne de taille 5 soit en contact avec le sol. Sans cette précaution au début du forage surtout sur un terrain dur la couronne 5 a tendance à rouler autour de son axe 4, une petite partie de sa circonférence étant seulement en contact avec le sol. Pour assurer la rotation de sa couronne 5 autour de son axe 4 lors du forage il faut que le point d'appui 21 de la surface de taille se trouvant le plus bas soit éloigné de l'axe géométrique de rotation 23 d'au moins 1 mm. Le galet 13 lors du forage s'appuie sur la surface latérale du trou et sert de contre-réaction à la réaction du sol contre la couronne et il raffermit la paroi.To explain the operation of the device, we can consider the case of a crown provided with teeth on the annular surface 7 and blocked with respect to its axis of rotation, during the rotation of the head the teeth dig a series of steps. Because of the load exerted on the drilling head the crown sinks as the rotation and the horizontal face of the step created by a tooth is planed by a neighboring tooth describing a circumference of a diameter larger than that of the circumference described by the preceding tooth. If we now consider that the crown 5 is free to rotate about its axis 4 and that the vector sum of forces exerted on its size surface is not zero, this results in a torque which drives the crown 5 in rotation about its axis 4. Thus each point of the wall is cut under the action of a force substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the drilling head and tangent to the wall 20 and a force perpendicular to the axis 4 of rotation of the crown 5. These forces are due respectively to the rotation of the drilling head and to the free rotation of the crown 5.
Beforehand and depending on the nature of the soil, a hole a few centimeters deep must be drilled by other means so that a large part of the active surface of the size 5 crown is in contact with the soil. Without this precaution at the start of drilling, especially on hard ground, the crown 5 tends to roll around its axis 4, a small part of its circumference being only in contact with the ground. To ensure the rotation of its crown 5 around its axis 4 during drilling, it is necessary that the fulcrum 21 of the cutting surface being the lowest is distant from the geometric axis of rotation 23 by at least 1 mm. The roller 13 during drilling is supported on the lateral surface of the hole and serves as a feedback to the reaction of the soil against the crown and it firms the wall.

La variante illustrée à la figure 2 diffère de la variante précédente seulement quant à la forme du galet et de la surface de taille.The variant illustrated in FIG. 2 differs from the previous variant only as regards the shape of the roller and the cutting surface.

En effet, le galet 13' a une forme d'un paraboloïde tronqué pour collaborer avec la paroi du fond du puits. Il est évident que ce même galet peut être à la place du galet 13 de la variante précédente. La surface latérale 7 de la couronne a pour cette variante la forme d'un anneau sphérique. La surface de taille étant en contact avec la paroi a un diamètre maximum qui peut être défini sur cette figure par la longueur du segment reliant les points 21'et 22'. Le point 22'et le point 17'du galet doivent se trouver au maximum au même niveau, la disposition du galet relativement à la couronne doit être telle que la tête reste équilibrée lors du forage c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'oscille pas autour de l'axe de forage. Le point 17' est le point le plus élevé du galet 13' en contact avec la paroi. Il semble que la longueur optimale du plus grand diamètre de la surface de taille est celle qui correspond à la longueur du côté d'un triangle équilatéral inscrit dans un cercle ayant le même diamètre que le diamètre du forage. Cette longueur est représentée sur les figures 1 et 2 par les segments 21-22 respectivement 21'-22'.Indeed, the roller 13 'has the shape of a truncated paraboloid to collaborate with the wall of the bottom of the well. It is obvious that this same roller can be in place of the roller 13 of the previous variant. For this variant, the lateral surface 7 of the crown has the shape of a spherical ring. The cutting surface being in contact with the wall has a maximum diameter which can be defined in this figure by the length of the segment connecting the points 21 ′ and 22 ′. Point 22 'and point 17' of the roller must be at the same level as a maximum, the arrangement of the roller relative to the crown must be such that the head remains balanced during drilling, i.e. it does not does not oscillate around the drilling axis. The point 17 'is the highest point of the roller 13' in contact with the wall. It seems that the optimal length of the largest diameter of the cutting surface is that which corresponds to the length of the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle having the same diameter as the diameter of the borehole. This length is shown in Figures 1 and 2 by the segments 21-22 respectively 21'-22 '.

Pour le reste de la figure 2 les mêmes références indiquent les mêmes éléments décrits précédemment. La distance du point 21' à l'axe du puits est fortement exagérée sur le dessin. En réalité elle est de quelques millimètres et la pointe restante au fond du puits est écrasée par la surface latérale de la couronne. D'autre part, cette pointe sert à retenir centrée la tête de forage et dans ce cas le galet ou l'élément de contre-réaction n'est pas en contact continu avec la paroi du forage.For the rest of Figure 2, the same references indicate the same elements described above. The distance from point 21 'to the axis of the well is greatly exaggerated in the drawing. In reality it is a few millimeters and the tip remaining at the bottom of the well is crushed by the lateral surface of the crown. On the other hand, this point serves to retain centered the drilling head and in this case the roller or the feedback element is not in continuous contact with the wall of the drilling.

Il est possible de profiler la surface de taille de sorte que au fur et à mesure de l'usure de surfaces annulaires de taille (munies ou non de dents) les surfaces adjacentes prennent la relève tout en continuant à donner le même profil au trou foré. En effet, le profil du trou approximativement en double parabole de la figure 2 est souhaité car la pointe du milieu permet justement d'autostabiliser la tête, la couronne étant à une position légèrement excentrée.It is possible to profile the cutting surface so that as the annular cutting surfaces wear (with or without teeth) the adjacent surfaces take over while continuing to give the same profile to the drilled hole . Indeed, the profile of the hole in approximately double parabola of FIG. 2 is desired because the point of the middle allows precisely to stabilize the head, the crown being in a slightly eccentric position.

Les formes arrondies tant du galet et de son support ainsi que de la couronne de taille facilitent le retrait de la tête de forage.The rounded shapes of both the roller and its support as well as the cutting crown facilitate the removal of the drilling head.

La figure 3 montre schématiquement une variante d'exécution servant à élargir le diamètre d'un forage 44 obtenu par un dispositif de forage conforme à la première réalisation décrite ou par un autre moyen conventionnel.FIG. 3 schematically shows an alternative embodiment serving to widen the diameter of a borehole 44 obtained by a drilling device in accordance with the first embodiment described or by other conventional means.

Le dispositif représenté présente trois couronnes de taille 45, 46, 47 espacées axialement et disposées alternativement de deux côtés opposés du corps rotatif. Le diamètre de la couronne inférieure 45 est plus petit que celui de la deuxième couronne 46 lequel est également plus petit que celui de la troisième couronne 47. Il va de même de la longueur de leurs axes de rotation respectifs 52 à 53.The device shown has three rings of size 45, 46, 47 axially spaced and arranged alternately on two opposite sides of the rotary body. The diameter of the lower ring 45 is smaller than that of the second ring 46 which is also smaller than that of the third ring 47. The same goes for the length of their respective axes of rotation 52 to 53.

Afin de normaliser la construction il est possible soit d'avoir des couronnes de taille de même diamètre et d'axes de rotation de longueur différente ou vice versa. Le corps rotatif supportant les trois axes de rotation 51 à 53 de couronnes de taille 45 à 47 peut être d'une seule pièce mais cette exécution présente l'inconvénient d'une rigidité d'utilisation et surtout en cas de panne d'une des couronnes le changement de toute la tête de forage.To standardize the construction it is possible either to have crowns of the same diameter and axes of rotation of different length or vice versa. The rotary body supporting the three axes of rotation 51 to 53 of crowns of size 45 to 47 may be in one piece but this embodiment has the disadvantage of rigidity of use and especially in the event of failure of one of the crown the change of the whole drill head.

Afin d'éviter ces inconvénients chaque couronne de taille 45 à 47 est montée sur un corps rotatif propre 48 à 50. L'élément de forage inférieur correspond au dispositif de la figure 1 et nous renonçons à le décrire à nouveau. Sur le haut du corps rotatif 48 vient se fixer le corps rotatif 49 portant la couronne 46 de sorte que les deux couronnes 45, 47 se trouvent des deux côtés opposés du nouveau corps rotatif ainsi obtenu. Pour garantir la position relative de deux couronnes 45, 46 la fixation de deux corps rotatifs 48, 49 doit se faire par un système à baïonnette ou tout autre. Le troisième corps rotatif 50 est monté sur le deuxième 49 de la même manière mais en plaçant cette fois la couronne de taille 47 du même côté du corps rotatif obtenu que la première.In order to avoid these drawbacks, each ring size 45 to 47 is mounted on a clean rotary body 48 to 50. The lower drilling element corresponds to the device of FIG. 1 and we refrain from describing it again. On the top of the rotary body 48 is fixed the rotary body 49 carrying the crown 46 so that the two crowns 45, 47 are on two opposite sides of the new rotary body thus obtained. To guarantee the relative position of two crowns 45, 46 the fixing of two rotary bodies 48, 49 must be done by a bayonet system or any other. The third rotary body 50 is mounted on the second 49 in the same way but this time by placing the size 47 crown on the same side of the rotary body obtained as the first.

Chacun des corps rotatifs est muni d'un conduit axial 54 pour le passage du fluide de refroidissement et d'évacuation des déblais de terrain. Les conduits axiaux communiquent entre eux et chacun présente deux dérivations, une (référencée 33) traversant axialement l'axe de rotation 51, 52, 53 de la couronne de taille 45, 46, 47 correspondante, l'autre débouchant radialement sur la face latérale du corps rotatif. Le conduit 54, 33 est un conduit de distribution sous pression d'air, d'eau, ou de boue ou de tout autre fluide de forage débouchant soit près du centre de la couronne soit à des orifices disposés sur la surface de taille pour l'éjection sous pression du fluide contre la paroi du puits.Each of the rotary bodies is provided with an axial duct 54 for the passage of the cooling fluid and for evacuating the cuttings from the ground. The axial conduits communicate with each other and each has two branches, one (referenced 33) axially crossing the axis of rotation 51, 52, 53 of the corresponding size 45, 46, 47 crown, the other opening radially on the lateral face of the rotating body. The duct 54, 33 is a distribution duct under pressure of air, water, or mud or any other drilling fluid emerging either near the center of the crown or at orifices arranged on the cutting surface for the pressure ejection of the fluid against the wall of the well.

Lors de l'élargissement du puits foré 44 le premier élément de forage sert uniquement de guide et de contre-réaction au deuxième et ainsi de suite. Le premier élément de forage peut être un trépan conventionnel ayant servi au forage du puits 44.During the widening of the drilled well 44 the first drilling element only serves as a guide and feedback to the second and so on. The first drilling element may be a conventional drill bit used for drilling well 44.

Il est possible pour cette dernière variante de supprimer les galets correspondants aux couronnes supérieures chacune des couronnes servant de contre-réaction à l'autre.It is possible for this last variant to remove the rollers corresponding to the upper rings each of the rings serving as feedback to the other.

Afin d'éviter les déformations radiales du corps rotatif commun il faut que la distance axiale entre deux couronnes de taille soit limitée.In order to avoid radial deformations of the common rotary body, the axial distance between two size crowns must be limited.

Il semble que si la distance séparant les niveaux du point le plus haut de la première couronne 45 à celui du point le plus bas de la couronne suivante 46 égale au diamètre du puits préalablement foré on obtient une déformation acceptable.It seems that if the distance separating the levels from the highest point of the first ring 45 to that of the lowest point of the next ring 46 equal to the diameter of the previously drilled well, an acceptable deformation is obtained.

Selon une variante, non représentée, on peut décaler légèrement l'axe de rotation de la couronne de taille par rapport à l'axe de rotation du dispositif de sorte qu'une partie de la surface de taille s'appuie plus fortement contre la paroi du puits et favorise le couple tendant à faire tourner la couronne autour de son axe. L'angle défini par l'axe virtuel de rotation décalé de la couronne et par la droite passant par le centre de la couronne et le point d'intersection des axes virtuels de rotation du corps rotatif et de la couronne non décalée doit être entre 1° et 5° pour obtenir l'effet susmentionné.According to a variant, not shown, the axis of rotation of the size ring can be slightly offset with respect to the axis of rotation of the device so that part of the size surface bears more strongly against the wall from the well and favors the torque tending to rotate the crown around its axis. The angle defined by the virtual axis of rotation offset from the crown and by the line passing through the center of the crown and the point of intersection of the virtual axes of rotation of the rotary body and the non-offset crown must be between 1 ° and 5 ° to obtain the above effect.

Le dispositif de forage décrit peut être utilisé pour toute sorte de forage vertical, oblique ou horizontal pour la recherche d'eau, de pétrole ou la recherche et exploitation minière. Une faible charge étant suffisante pour assurer le bon fonctionnement du dispositif décrit, il est avantageusement utilisé pour les forages sous-marins où on doit traverser des couches de dureté très différentes allant du sable aux rocs les plus durs. De même pour les forages horizontaux car une faible charge axiale est suffisante pour le bon fonctionnement. Il peut être avantageusement utilisé à la construction des tunnels. Les roulements servant uniquement à faciliter la rotation de la couronne peuvent être à billes, à rouleaux ou à aiguilles. Ils sont montés de façon étanche ce qui a pour conséquence de prolonger leur vie.The drilling device described can be used for all kinds of vertical, oblique or horizontal drilling for the search for water, oil or research and mining. A low load being sufficient to ensure the proper functioning of the device described, it is advantageously used for underwater drilling where it is necessary to cross very different hardness layers ranging from sand to the hardest rocks. The same is true for horizontal drilling because a low axial load is sufficient for proper operation. It can be advantageously used in the construction of tunnels. Bearings used only to facilitate rotation of the crown can be ball, roller or needle. They are tightly mounted which has the consequence of extending their life.

Il s'est avéré que l'on peut utiliser à la place des paliers à roulements des paliers lisses dont la durée de vie est plus longue.It has been found that plain bearings which have a longer service life can be used in place of rolling bearings.

La surface de taille peut être soit une surface dure soit munie de dents en diamant ou en carbure de tungstène ou autre, leur choix étant dicté par la nature du sol à forer.The cutting surface can be either a hard surface or provided with diamond or tungsten carbide teeth or the like, their choice being dictated by the nature of the soil to be drilled.

La vitesse de rotation de la couronne autour de son axe pour les variantes décrites précédemment dépend de la vitesse de rotation de la tige du dispositif de forage sur laquelle la tête de forage est fixée et de la résultante vectorielle des forces appliquées sur la surface de la couronne. Cette dépendance diminue l'action de découpage de la couronne et prolonge le temps de travail et peut provoquer une usure asymétrique de la couronne de taille. La variante de la figure 4 permet de remédier à ces inconvénients. La tête de forage comporte un corps rotatif 101 vissée à l'extrémité de la tige 102 portant un bloc moteur 103. Une couronne de taille 105, illustrée tout à fait schématiquement, est montée sur un axe oblique 104 logé dans une partie oblique 106 du corps rotatif 101. Un galet 108 est disposé du côté diamétralement opposé à la partie oblique 106 du corps rotatif, son axe 109 étant supporté par deux bras parallèles 110 et 111. La couronne 104 est cinématiquement reliée au moteur 103 par l'intermédiaire de deux arbres 104 et 112 munis chacun à une des extrémités d'un pignon conique 113 respectivement 114, les deux pignons 113 et 114 étant couplés par une roue dentée 115. L'arbre moteur 112 indépendamment de la rotation de la tige 102 entraîne la roue dentée 115 en rotation qui transmet le mouvement à l'arbre 104 qui fait tourner la couronne 105 et qui découpe la paroi 116 du puits. Le bloc moteur 103 peut être une turbine entraînée par le liquide circulant à l'intérieur d'un conduit non représenté de la tige 102 et du corps rotatif 101 destiné à l'évacuation de déblais, ou tout autre dispositif moteur. La vitesse de rotation de la couronne 105 étant indépendante de la vitesse de rotation de la tige la charge à exercer sur la tête est plus faible. En effet la couronne de coupe 105 travaille comme une scie circulaire ou une fraise, l'effort principal de coupe étant fourni par la rotation propre de la couronne. Selon la nature du sol la couronne de coupe 105 est garnie de dents en diamant, tungstène ou autre matériau dur.The speed of rotation of the crown around its axis for the variants described above depends on the speed of rotation of the rod of the drilling device on which the drilling head is fixed and on the vectorial result of the forces applied to the surface of the crowned. This dependence reduces the cutting action of the crown and prolongs the working time and can cause asymmetrical wear of the size crown. The variant of Figure 4 overcomes these drawbacks. The drilling head comprises a rotary body 101 screwed to the end of the rod 102 carrying a motor block 103. A size 105 crown, illustrated quite schematically, is mounted on an oblique axis 104 housed in an oblique part 106 of the rotary body 101. A roller 108 is disposed on the side diametrically opposite to the oblique part 106 of the rotary body, its axis 109 being supported by two parallel arms 110 and 111. The crown 104 is kinematically connected to the motor 103 by means of two shafts 104 and 112 each provided at one end with a bevel gear 113 respectively 114, the two gears 113 and 114 being coupled by a toothed wheel 115. The drive shaft 112 independently of the rotation of the rod 102 drives the toothed wheel 115 in rotation which transmits the movement to the shaft 104 which rotates the crown 105 and which cuts the wall 116 of the well. The engine block 103 may be a turbine driven by the liquid circulating inside a conduit (not shown) of the rod 102 and of the rotary body 101 intended for the removal of cuttings, or any other motor device. The speed of rotation of the crown 105 being independent of the speed of rotation of the rod, the load to be exerted on the head is lower. Indeed, the cutting crown 105 works like a circular saw or a milling cutter, the main cutting force being provided by the proper rotation of the crown. Depending on the nature of the soil, the cutting crown 105 is filled with teeth made of diamond, tungsten or other hard material.

En se basant sur le même principe on peut réaliser une machine pour le forage horizontal pour l'extraction par exemple de charbon. La différence essentielle est que les tunnels forés pour l'exploitation minière ont un diamètre beaucoup plus grand. Il suffit alors de monter sur l'arbre existant d'une machine forant des tunnels un corps rotatif dont la partie oblique est beaucoup plus longue que la partie oblique 106 du corps 101 de la figure 4 ainsi que le ou les bras supportant le galet de contre-réaction. La partie oblique du corps rotatif étant plus longue on peut loger un dispositif moteur pour l'entraînement de la couronne directement sur cette partie du corps rotatif. Le travail d'un tel dispositif est le même aux dimensions près que celui du dispositif de la figure 4.Based on the same principle, a machine for horizontal drilling can be produced for the extraction, for example, of coal. The essential difference is that the tunnels drilled for mining have a much larger diameter. It then suffices to mount on the existing shaft of a machine drilling tunnels a rotary body whose oblique part is much longer than the oblique part 106 of the body 101 of FIG. 4 as well as the arm or arms supporting the roller. feedback. The oblique part of the rotary body being longer, it is possible to accommodate a motor device for driving the crown directly on this part of the rotary body. The work of such a device is the same in di mensions near that of the device of figure 4.

Pour mieux suivre les irrégularités du diamètre du trou de forage dûes à la nature du sol on peut monter le galet sur un bras extensible.To better follow irregularities in the diameter of the borehole due to the nature of the soil, the roller can be mounted on an extendable arm.

Une autre solution est d'utiliser un galet dont la section perpendiculairement à l'axe de forage est elliptique (fig. 5). Le galet représenté à la figure 5 est formé d'un anneau elliptique 120 en matériau dur tel que le tungstène entourant un noyau 121 d'un autre matériau par exemple du caoutchouc. Le noyau 121 est traversé axialement par un trou cylindrique 122 pour le passage de l'axe 109 du galet 108. Ce galet est destiné à frotter contre la paroi et à rouler uniquement quand il y a une irrégularité de la paroi jusqu'à ce que la couronne 105 soit en contact avec la paroi 116 du puits. On peut en effet considérer que le galet 108 frotte contre la paroi du puits de forage par. une partie de sa surface latérale qui est la plus proche du centre 122 du galet. Dès que le galet n'est plus en contact avec la paroi à cause d'une irrégularité (trou) de la paroi la tête est décentrée sous l'effet de la réaction de la paroi sur la couronne de taille 105. Le galet entre alors en contact avec la paroi et commence à rouler jusqu'à ce que la couronne de taille 105 soit amenée en contact avec la paroi. Bien sûr il faut que la variation du diamètre du puits corresponde à la différence de longueur en- .tre le demi-petit et le demi-grand axe de l'ellipse pour garantir le bon fonctionnement du dispositif. Le galet revient à sa position initiale dès que la variation du diamètre du forage a été éliminée.Another solution is to use a roller whose cross section perpendicular to the drilling axis is elliptical (fig. 5). The roller shown in Figure 5 is formed of an elliptical ring 120 of hard material such as tungsten surrounding a core 121 of another material, for example rubber. The core 121 is axially crossed by a cylindrical hole 122 for the passage of the axis 109 of the roller 108. This roller is intended to rub against the wall and to roll only when there is an irregularity in the wall until the crown 105 is in contact with the wall 116 of the well. We can indeed consider that the roller 108 rubs against the wall of the wellbore. a part of its lateral surface which is closest to the center 122 of the roller. As soon as the roller is no longer in contact with the wall due to an irregularity (hole) in the wall, the head is offset under the effect of the reaction of the wall on the crown of size 105. The roller then enters in contact with the wall and begins to roll until the size 105 crown is brought into contact with the wall. Of course, the variation in the diameter of the well must correspond to the difference in length between the semi-small and the semi-major axis of the ellipse to guarantee the proper functioning of the device. The roller returns to its initial position as soon as the variation in the diameter of the borehole has been eliminated.

Une autre solution qui a été également testée est d'utiliser à la place du galet de contre-réaction une surface de friction montée sur un support élastique. Cette solution permet de remédier à l'usure que subi l'axe du galet à section circulaire et qui tourne beaucoup plus rapidement que la tête de forage. La surface de friction peut être la surface latérale d'un élément-guide approximativement cylindrique ou prismatique fixe. Lorsque la partie de sa surface en contact avec la paroi du puits foré a été usée, on peut le tourner de sorte qu'une partie de la surface latérale non usée vienne en face de la paroi du puits. Un tel élément-guide 130 est représenté à la figure 6. Il s'agit d'un prisme dont les arêtes et la surface latérale sont arrondies. La surface latérale peut être munie de dents déformables élastiquement pour absorber les variations de la paroi du puits foré. L'élément 130 est fixe et disposé parallèlement à l'axe de forage de sorte qu'une de ses faces (ou arêtes) latérales se présente face à la paroi du puits. Lorsque cette face ou arête est usée on peut tourner l'élément 130 et présenter une des autres faces ou arêtes. Ce guide supérieur de compensation, non rotatif est effectivement une surface prédisposée à une parmi de nombreuses positions capables d'épouser la paroi du forage découpée par la couronne inférieure. Le guide de compensation peut être disposé de sorte qu'il agisse seu- icment contre la paroi verticale du puits ou peut -3;re disposé à un niveau inférieur de sorte qu'il repose sur l'extrémité supérieure de la base profilée du fond du puits. L'objectif principal du guide de compensation supérieur est d'assurer que la couronne inférieure est disposée, surtout au commencement d'un forage, à une position provoquant le creusement d'un fossé excentré par rapport à l'axe du puits (fig. 2).Another solution which has also been tested is to use a friction surface mounted on an elastic support in place of the feedback roller. This solution makes it possible to remedy the wear and tear which the axis of the roller with circular section undergoes and which rotates much faster than the drilling head. The friction surface can be the side surface of an approximately cylindrical or prismatic fixed guide member. When the part of its surface in contact with the wall of the drilled well has been worn, it can be turned so that part of the unworn side surface comes in front of the wall of the well. Such a guide element 130 is shown in FIG. 6. It is a prism whose edges and the lateral surface are rounded. The lateral surface can be provided with elastically deformable teeth to absorb variations in the wall of the drilled well. The element 130 is fixed and arranged parallel to the drilling axis so that one of its lateral faces (or edges) faces the wall of the well. When this face or edge is worn, the element 130 can be turned and one of the other faces or edges can be presented. This upper non-rotating compensation guide is effectively a surface predisposed to one of many positions capable of matching the wall of the borehole cut by the lower crown. The compensation guide can be placed so that it acts only against the vertical wall of the well or can be placed at a lower level so that it rests on the upper end of the profiled base of the bottom. of Wells. The main objective of the upper compensation guide is to ensure that the lower crown is arranged, especially at the beginning of a drilling, in a position causing the digging of an eccentric ditch relative to the axis of the well (fig. 2).

Claims (21)

1. Drilling device comprising a drilling head including a rotating body (1, 101) through which runs axially a duct (18, 112) for supplying under pressure air, gas or another drilling fluid and bearing at least a rotating cutting element (5, 105) and at least a counter-reacting element (13, 13', 108, 120, 130) mounted on the rotating body (1, 101) at a position diametrically opposite to that of the cutting element (5,105) and extending from the rotating body (1, 101) for radial distance ensuring that the drilling head is centered, characterized in that the counter-reacting element (13, 13', 108, 120, 130) is mounted on the same height as the cutting element (5, 105) to allow the drilling head to be in equilibrium and centered and the strengthening of the well wall, in that the cutting element (5, 105) is a disc mounted on a shaft fixed on the rotating body (1, 101) so that the axes of rotation of the rotating body (1, 101) and of the cutting element (5, 105) diverge in the drilling direction, in that the disc is provided with ring-shaped cutting surfaces (7,7'), and in that the cutting element (5, 105) is in permanent contact with the well wall on the largest part of the surface of at least one of the ring-shaped cutting surfaces (7, 7') causing thus to form a bottom of at least partially concave shape.
2. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the counter-reacting element is a roller (13; 13'; 108; 120) mounted on a shaft (14; 109) parallel to the drilling direction.
3. Device according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the roller (13') is in the shape of a truncated paraboloid to correspond to the wall at the base of the drilling.
4. Device according to one of the claims 2 or 3, characterized by the fact that the roller (108) has an elliptical section in a perpendicular direction to its rotating shaft (109).
5. Device according to one of the claims 2 to 4, characterized by the fact that the highest points (17', 22') of the ring-shaped cutting surface (7') and of the roller (13') are at maximum on the same level.
6. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the counter-reacting element is a friction surface (130).
7. Drilling device according to one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized by the fact that the drill bit comprises means (103) for driving the cutting disc (105) in rotation around its shaft independently of the rotation of the rotating body (101).
8. Device according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that the means for driving the cutting disc consist of a motor (103) integral with the rotating shaft (102) bearing the drill bit and a device (104, 112, 113, 114, 115) connecting the motor (103) and the cutting disc (105)'kinematica!!y.
9. Device according to claim 8, characterized by the fact that the motor is a turbine driven by a fluid circulating in the duct (112) of the drilling device.
10. Device according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that the driving means are integral with the rotating shaft of the disc.
11. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized by the fact that the counter-reacting element is supported by an extensible radial arm such as a jack or a piston.
12. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 11, characterized by the fact that the greatest diameter (21-22, 21'-22') of the ring-shaped cutting area (7, 7') is approximately equal to the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle of the same diameter as the drilling diameter.
13. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the drilling head comprises at least two cutting discs (45, 46, 47) whose rotating shafts (51, 52, 53) are fixed on to the said rotating body (48, 49, 50) at regularly spaced positions along its length and placed alternately on two diametrically opposed sides.
14. Device according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the rotating body is made up of at least two rotating bodies (48, 49, 50) each bearing a cutting disc (45, 46, 47) and attached to each other end to end by components that ensure the relative position of the rotating shafts (51, 52, 53) of the respective cutting disc (45, 46, 47).
15. Device according to one of the claims 13 or 14, characterized by the fact that the diameter of the cutting discs (45, 46, 47) and/or the length of their respective rotating shafts (51, 52, 53) increase progressively, the smallest dimensions corresponding to the lower cutting disc (45).
16. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 15, characterized by the fact that the rotating body is equipped with a drill-bit at its lower end.
17. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 15, characterized by the fact that the lower point (21) of the cutting surface of the disc situated at the lower end of the rotating body (1, 48, 101) is at radial distance of at least 1 mm from the virtual rotating axis (23) of the said rotating body.
18. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 17, characterized by the fact that the rotating shaft (4, 51, 52, 53, 104) of the cutting disc (5; 29; 45; 46; 47; iG5) has a duct (33) running through it for supplying, under pressure, air or water or mud or any other drilling fluid emerging either near the centre of the disc (5; 45; 46; 47; 105) or from the ducts provided on the cutting surface for ejecting fluid under pressure against the wall of the hole.
19. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 18, characterized by the fact that the rotating axis of the cutting disc is displaced in relation to the axis of the rotating body.
20. Device according to claim 19, characterized by the fact that the angle formed by the virtual displaced rotating axis of the disc and the straight line joining the centre of the disc to the point where the virtual rotating axes of the rotating body and the disc would intersect if the latter were not displaced, is between 1' and 5'.
21. Device according to one of the claims 1 to 20, characterized by the fact that the cutting surface of the disc (5; 45; 46; 47; 105), profiled or fitted with teeth, is in the form of a calculable surface enabling successive rings of the cutting surface or teeth to maintain the desired profile of the drilling wall even after the wear undergone by the first ring of the cutting surface or the teeth in contact with the material of the hole.
EP82200977A 1981-08-07 1982-07-26 Drilling device Expired EP0072072B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82200977T ATE19810T1 (en) 1981-08-07 1982-07-26 DRILLING JIG.

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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CH510881 1981-08-07
CH5108/81 1981-08-07
CH3230/82 1982-05-26
CH323082 1982-05-26

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EP0072072A1 EP0072072A1 (en) 1983-02-16
EP0072072B1 true EP0072072B1 (en) 1986-05-14

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JPS6158637B2 (en) 1986-12-12
PT75391B (en) 1984-10-31
WO1983000524A1 (en) 1983-02-17
PT75391A (en) 1982-09-01
NO831219L (en) 1983-04-06
KR840001296A (en) 1984-04-30
AU8820382A (en) 1983-02-22
US4549614A (en) 1985-10-29
IL66456A0 (en) 1982-12-31
GR77216B (en) 1984-09-11
ES8307977A1 (en) 1983-08-16
DE3271141D1 (en) 1986-06-19
IE53075B1 (en) 1988-05-25
IN159061B (en) 1987-03-14
DK152783A (en) 1983-04-06
AU548365B2 (en) 1985-12-05
JPS58501240A (en) 1983-07-28
CA1189060A (en) 1985-06-18
IL66456A (en) 1985-08-30
EP0072072A1 (en) 1983-02-16
DK152783D0 (en) 1983-04-06
CS587082A2 (en) 1989-02-10
TR21508A (en) 1984-07-30
BR8207803A (en) 1983-09-06
OA07177A (en) 1984-04-30
IE821909L (en) 1983-02-07
SU1496639A3 (en) 1989-07-23
ES514797A0 (en) 1983-08-16
AR228513A1 (en) 1983-03-15
CS266311B2 (en) 1989-12-13

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