EP0065228B1 - Process to improve the filling capacity of tobacco - Google Patents
Process to improve the filling capacity of tobacco Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0065228B1 EP0065228B1 EP82103924A EP82103924A EP0065228B1 EP 0065228 B1 EP0065228 B1 EP 0065228B1 EP 82103924 A EP82103924 A EP 82103924A EP 82103924 A EP82103924 A EP 82103924A EP 0065228 B1 EP0065228 B1 EP 0065228B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tobacco
- pressure
- filling capacity
- treatment
- bar
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/18—Other treatment of leaves, e.g. puffing, crimpling, cleaning
- A24B3/182—Puffing
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for improving the filling capacity of tobacco by treating the tobacco with gases under pressure and then heating after relaxation, in which the tobacco is filled with nitrogen and / or argon at working pressures up to 1000 bar and at a working temperature in the range from 0 to Treated 50 ° C and is subjected to a brief thermal after-treatment after relaxation.
- Such a method is e.g. known from DE-A-2 903 300; the tobacco is subjected to a high-pressure gas treatment once and a thermal aftertreatment in a further step.
- the high-pressure gas treatment causes the gas to be absorbed by the tobacco, the high final pressure, short pressure reduction times and humidification of the tobacco prior to the treatment to at least 20% moisture causing the absorption of a sufficiently large amount of gas in the tobacco.
- the enclosed gas expands due to the external supply of heat and generates an outward pressure and thus an expansion of the tobacco structure.
- the tobacco was preferably additionally moistened to a moisture of 25% H 2 O before the pressure treatment, while the thermal after-treatment was carried out either in drying cabinets or by means of microwave or infrared heating, with the tobacco drying to a desired level Final water content took place.
- the present invention therefore has the task of eliminating these deficiencies and improving the method according to DE-A 2 903 300 in order to carry out the increase in the filling capacity of the tobacco in a simpler and more energy-saving manner.
- the tobacco can optionally be provided with suitable flavors both before the high-pressure gas treatment and after the thermal steam aftertreatment, without a loss in filling capacity being observed.
- a very important advantage for the technical implementation of the method according to the invention is that the tobacco used with its normal humidity does not clump together when relaxing after the high-pressure gas treatment and can be processed further without further process steps, such as, for example, crushing the "block". In addition, there is no additional moistening as a further process step.
- Virginia tobacco was treated with nitrogen on a conventional installation as described in DE-A-2 903 300, the weight of the tobacco being 200 g each.
- the treatment was carried out at the pressures, tobacco moisture levels given in Table I below and at pressure reduction times of approximately 1.3 to 2 minutes.
- the tobacco treated in this way was then immediately subjected to a thermal aftertreatment lasting about one minute, in that the tobacco was once treated according to the invention with saturated steam at 100 ° C., and on the other hand, as a comparison, as usual with a microwave or in a drying cabinet.
- the tobacco present after the high-pressure gas treatment was worked out into a fleece immediately after decompression and this was carried out at a constant speed under a steam nozzle.
- the steam-treated samples were then dried to the desired humidity with hot air.
- the samples were taken at standard conditions from 21 ° C and a relative humidity of 60% conditioned for about 36 h.
- the filling power of the samples was determined with a Borgwaldt densimeter after adjustment of the equilibrium moisture.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Füllfähigkeit von Tabaken durch Behandlung des Tabaks mit Gasen unter Druck und anschliessendem Erwärmen nach Entspannung, bei dem der Tabak mit Stickstoff und/oder Argon bei Arbeitsdrücken bis zu 1000 bar und bei einer Arbeitstemperatur im Bereich von 0 bis 50°C behandelt und nach Entspannung einer kurzzeitigen thermischen Nachbehandlung unterworfen wird.The invention relates to a process for improving the filling capacity of tobacco by treating the tobacco with gases under pressure and then heating after relaxation, in which the tobacco is filled with nitrogen and / or argon at working pressures up to 1000 bar and at a working temperature in the range from 0 to Treated 50 ° C and is subjected to a brief thermal after-treatment after relaxation.
Ein derartiges Verfahren ist z.B. gemäss DE-A-2 903 300 bekannt; hierbei wird der Tabak einmal einer Gashochdruckbehandlung und in einem weiteren Schritt einer thermischen Nachbehandlung unterworfen. Die Gashochdruckbehandlung bewirkt die Gasaufnahme des Tabaks, wobei durch den hohen Enddruck, durch kurze Druckabbauzeiten und eine Auffeuchtung des Tabaks vor der Behandlung auf mindestens 20% Feuchte die Aufnahme einer ausreichend grossen Gasmenge im Tabak bewirkt wird. Bei der anschliessenden thermischen Nachbehandlung expandiert das eingeschlossene Gas durch die äussere Wärmezufuhr und erzeugt einen nach aussen gerichteten Druck und damit ein Aufblähen der Tabakstruktur.Such a method is e.g. known from DE-A-2 903 300; the tobacco is subjected to a high-pressure gas treatment once and a thermal aftertreatment in a further step. The high-pressure gas treatment causes the gas to be absorbed by the tobacco, the high final pressure, short pressure reduction times and humidification of the tobacco prior to the treatment to at least 20% moisture causing the absorption of a sufficiently large amount of gas in the tobacco. In the subsequent thermal aftertreatment, the enclosed gas expands due to the external supply of heat and generates an outward pressure and thus an expansion of the tobacco structure.
Bislang war man der Auffassung, dass die Füllfähigkeitsverbesserung um so grösser ist, je grösser die aufgenommene Gasmenge ist, wobei man ferner davon ausging, dass der eingesetzte Tabak eine relativ hohe Feuchte besitzen müsse, da man der Ansicht war, dass man einen Tabak mit einer Ausgangsfeuchte von weniger als 20% nach dem Verfahrengemäss DE-A-2 903 300 nicht hinreichend blähen könne.Until now, it was believed that the greater the amount of gas consumed, the greater the improvement in filling capacity, and it was also assumed that the tobacco used had a relatively high moisture content, since it was believed that a tobacco with a Initial moisture of less than 20% according to the process according to DE-A-2 903 300 could not expand sufficiently.
Demzufolge wurde daher bei diesem bekannten Verfahren der Tabak vor der Druckbehandlung vorzugsweise zusätzlich bis zu einer Feuchte von 25% H20 aufgefeuchtet, während die thermische Nachbehandlung entweder in Trockenschränken oder mittels einer Mikrowellen- oder Infraroterwärmung erfolgte, wobei eine Abtrocknung des Tabaks auf einen gewünschten Wasserendgehalt stattfand.Accordingly, in this known method, the tobacco was preferably additionally moistened to a moisture of 25% H 2 O before the pressure treatment, while the thermal after-treatment was carried out either in drying cabinets or by means of microwave or infrared heating, with the tobacco drying to a desired level Final water content took place.
Bei dem bekannten Verfahren wurde es als nachteilig empfunden, dass ein beispielsweise auf etwa 20% Feuchte eingestellter Tabak nach der Gashochdruckbehandlung häufig einen zusammenhängenden Block bildete, der anschliessend mechanisch zerkleinert werden musste, was zusätzlich zu einer Erhöhung des unerwünschten Bruch- und Staubanteils führte.In the known method, it was found to be disadvantageous that a tobacco, for example adjusted to about 20% moisture, often formed a coherent block after the high-pressure gas treatment, which then had to be mechanically crushed, which additionally increased the undesirable fraction of breakage and dust.
Die vorliegende Erfindung hat sich daher die Aufgabe gestellt, diese Mängel zu beseitigen und das Verfahren gemäss DE-A 2 903 300 zu verbessern, um die Erhöhung der Füllfähigkeitdes Tabaks auf einfachere und energiesparendere Weise durchzuführen.The present invention therefore has the task of eliminating these deficiencies and improving the method according to DE-A 2 903 300 in order to carry out the increase in the filling capacity of the tobacco in a simpler and more energy-saving manner.
Überraschenderweise wurde nun gefunden, dass sehr gute Bläheffekte auch dann erhalten werden, wenn Tabak ohne gesonderte, vorherige Befeuchtung, und zwar nunmehr mit seiner Normalfeuchte von 10 bis 15% der Gashochdruckbehandlung unterworfen und einer anschliessenden thermischen Nachbehandlung mit Dampf mit einem Wassergehalt von 0,5 bis 10 kg/m3, vorzugsweise Sattdampf dieser Dichte, unterzogen wird.Surprisingly, it has now been found that very good blowing effects are also obtained when tobacco without separate, prior moistening, and now with its normal humidity of 10 to 15%, is subjected to the gas high-pressure treatment and a subsequent thermal aftertreatment with steam with a water content of 0.5 up to 10 kg / m 3 , preferably saturated steam of this density.
Zur Lösung der obigen Aufgabe wird daher ein Verfahren gemäss dem unabhängigen Anspruch 1 vorgeschlagen, wobei eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform im abhängigen Anspruch aufgeführt ist.To achieve the above object, a method is therefore proposed according to independent claim 1, a preferred embodiment being listed in the dependent claim.
Ohne sich auf einen bestimmten Mechanismus festlegen zu wollen, kann man vermuten, dass im Vergleich zu dem bekannten Verfahren die bei Tabak geringerer Feuchte zu beobachtende stärkere Abkühlung beim Abblasen des Prozessgases möglicherweise zum Einschluss einer grösseren Gasmenge führt. Die Zufuhr von Dampf setzt im Vergleich zu den Nachbehandlungsmethoden des bekannten Verfahrens erheblich grössere Energiemengen durch Kondensation frei und führt so bei gleichzeitigem Durchfeuchten und der damit verbundenen Zunahme der Zellwandungselastizität zu besonders schlagartiger Volumenvergrösserung. Dies ergibt als weiteren Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens, dass Gashochdruckbehandlung bei niedrigeren Drücken durchgeführt werden kann und zu höheren Füllfähigkeitsgewinnen führt.Without wishing to commit to a specific mechanism, it can be assumed that, compared to the known method, the greater cooling that can be observed in tobacco with lower moisture when blowing off the process gas may lead to the inclusion of a larger amount of gas. The supply of steam releases significantly larger amounts of energy through condensation compared to the aftertreatment methods of the known method and thus leads to a particularly sudden increase in volume with simultaneous moisture penetration and the associated increase in cell wall elasticity. This results in a further advantage of the method according to the invention that high-pressure gas treatment can be carried out at lower pressures and leads to higher gains in filling capacity.
Überraschenderweise wurde weiterhin gefunden, dass der Tabak wahlweise sowohl vor der Gashochdruckbehandlung als auch nach der thermischen Dampfnachbehandlung mit geeigneten Geschmacksstoffen versehen werden kann, ohne dass ein Verlust an Füllfähigkeitsgewinn beobachtet wird.Surprisingly, it was also found that the tobacco can optionally be provided with suitable flavors both before the high-pressure gas treatment and after the thermal steam aftertreatment, without a loss in filling capacity being observed.
Ein für die technische Realisierung sehr wichtiger Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens ist es, dass der eingesetzte Tabak mit seiner Normalfleuchte beim Entspannen nach der Gashochdruckbehandlung nicht verklumpt und sich ohne weitere Verfahrensschritte wie beispielsweise Zerkleinern des «Blocks» weiterverarbeiten lässt. Ausserdem entfällt die zusätzliche Befeuchtung als weiterer Verfahrensschritt.A very important advantage for the technical implementation of the method according to the invention is that the tobacco used with its normal humidity does not clump together when relaxing after the high-pressure gas treatment and can be processed further without further process steps, such as, for example, crushing the "block". In addition, there is no additional moistening as a further process step.
Die folgenden Beispiele dienen der weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung.The following examples serve to further explain the invention.
Virginia-Tabak wurde auf einer üblichen Anlage, wie sie in der DE-A-2 903 300 beschrieben ist, mit Stickstoff behandelt, wobei die Tabakeinwaage jeweils 200 g betrug. Die Behandlung erfolgte bei den in der folgenden Tabelle I angegebenen Drücken, Tabakfeuchten und bei Druckabbauzeiten von ca. 1,3 bis 2 Minuten. Anschliessend wurde der derart behandelte Tabak sofort einer etwa eine Minute dauernden thermischen Nachbehandlung unterworfen, indem der Tabak einmal erfindungsgemäss mit Sattdampf bei 100°C, und zum anderen als Vergleich wie üblich mit Mikrowelle bzw. im Trockenschrank behandelt wurde.Virginia tobacco was treated with nitrogen on a conventional installation as described in DE-A-2 903 300, the weight of the tobacco being 200 g each. The treatment was carried out at the pressures, tobacco moisture levels given in Table I below and at pressure reduction times of approximately 1.3 to 2 minutes. The tobacco treated in this way was then immediately subjected to a thermal aftertreatment lasting about one minute, in that the tobacco was once treated according to the invention with saturated steam at 100 ° C., and on the other hand, as a comparison, as usual with a microwave or in a drying cabinet.
Bei der Dampf-Nachbehandlung des imprägnierten Tabaks wurde der nach der Gashochdruckbehandlung vorliegende Tabak unmittelbar nach dem Dekomprimieren zu einem Vlies ausgearbeitet und dieses mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit unter einer Dampfdüse durchgeführt. Die mit Dampf behandelten Proben wurden anschliessend mit Heissluft auf die gewünschten Feuchten abgetrocknet.In the steam aftertreatment of the impregnated tobacco, the tobacco present after the high-pressure gas treatment was worked out into a fleece immediately after decompression and this was carried out at a constant speed under a steam nozzle. The steam-treated samples were then dried to the desired humidity with hot air.
Die Proben wurden bei Standardbedingungen von 21 °C und einer relativen Feuchtigkeit von 60% etwa 36 h lang klimatisiert. Die Füllkraft der Proben wurde nach Einstellung der Gleichgewichtsfeuchte mit einem Borgwaldt-Densimeter bestimmt.
Es wurden jeweils eine «flue-cured» (Virginia) und eine «air-cured» (Busley) Tabakprobe analog Beispiel 1 behandelt. Die Tabakfeuchte vor der Beschickung des Autoklaven betrug ca. 12%; der Enddruck wurde variiert. Der mit Stickstoff imprägnierte Tabak wurde nach dem Entspannen mit Sattdampf von 100°C erhitzt. In den Tabellen IIa und Ilb sind die Bedingungen der einzelnen Versuche und die erhaltenen Füllfähigkeitsverbesserungen zusammengestellt.
Es wurde analog Beispiel 2 gearbeitet, wobei jetzt jedoch Argon anstelle von Stickstoff als Prozessgas verwendet wurde. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen IIIa und Illb zusammengestellt.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT82103924T ATE14827T1 (en) | 1981-05-15 | 1982-05-06 | METHOD OF IMPROVING THE FILLING ABILITY OF TOBACCO. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3119330A DE3119330C2 (en) | 1981-05-15 | 1981-05-15 | Process for improving the filling capacity of tobacco |
| DE3119330 | 1981-05-15 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0065228A1 EP0065228A1 (en) | 1982-11-24 |
| EP0065228B1 true EP0065228B1 (en) | 1985-08-14 |
Family
ID=6132370
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP82103924A Expired EP0065228B1 (en) | 1981-05-15 | 1982-05-06 | Process to improve the filling capacity of tobacco |
| EP82104212A Withdrawn EP0065290A1 (en) | 1981-05-15 | 1982-05-14 | Process to improve the filling capacity of tobacco |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP82104212A Withdrawn EP0065290A1 (en) | 1981-05-15 | 1982-05-14 | Process to improve the filling capacity of tobacco |
Country Status (29)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4461310A (en) |
| EP (2) | EP0065228B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5933346B2 (en) |
| AR (1) | AR226657A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE14827T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU544763B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE893190A (en) |
| BG (1) | BG38484A3 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8202499A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH654724A5 (en) |
| DD (1) | DD202387A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3119330C2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK156755C (en) |
| EG (1) | EG15731A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES512193A0 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2505618B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2098452B (en) |
| GR (1) | GR76395B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1152173B (en) |
| MD (1) | MD403C2 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX155918A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL188498C (en) |
| PH (1) | PH19043A (en) |
| PT (1) | PT74887B (en) |
| SU (1) | SU1120917A3 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR21396A (en) |
| UA (1) | UA7215A1 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU43264B (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA822820B (en) |
Families Citing this family (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3414625A1 (en) * | 1983-04-21 | 1984-10-25 | H.F. & Ph.F. Reemtsma Gmbh & Co, 2000 Hamburg | Process for improving the filling properties of tobacco |
| ATE34284T1 (en) * | 1983-04-21 | 1988-06-15 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | METHOD OF IMPROVING THE FILLING ABILITY OF TOBACCO. |
| US4791942A (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1988-12-20 | The American Tobacco Company | Process and apparatus for the expansion of tobacco |
| US4727889A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-03-01 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco processing |
| US4898188A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1990-02-06 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco Processing |
| US4962773A (en) * | 1987-08-13 | 1990-10-16 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process for the manufacture tobacco rods containing expanded tobacco material |
| US5031644A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-07-16 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco expansion process and product |
| DE3935774C2 (en) * | 1989-10-24 | 1996-06-20 | Peter Dr Theissing | Process to improve the temperature profile during the bloating of tobacco |
| US5095923A (en) * | 1991-04-11 | 1992-03-17 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco expansion process using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane |
| US5251649A (en) * | 1991-06-18 | 1993-10-12 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Process for impregnation and expansion of tobacco |
| SK139993A3 (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1994-09-07 | Philip Morris Prod | Method of impregnation and expanding of tobacco and device for its performing |
| US5469872A (en) * | 1993-12-06 | 1995-11-28 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco expansion processes and apparatus |
| US5483977A (en) * | 1993-06-14 | 1996-01-16 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco expansion processes and apparatus |
| DE4332019C2 (en) * | 1993-09-16 | 1996-06-13 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Ventilated filter cigarette |
| US5657771A (en) * | 1995-07-10 | 1997-08-19 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process and apparatus for tobacco batch preparation and expansion |
| US5819754A (en) * | 1995-12-29 | 1998-10-13 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco expansion processes and apparatus |
| DE19746664A1 (en) | 1997-10-23 | 1999-05-06 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Thin cigarette |
| DE19854005C2 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 2001-05-17 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Inhalable aerosol delivery system |
| DE19854012C2 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 2001-05-10 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Inhalable aerosol delivery system |
| DE10006424C2 (en) * | 2000-02-14 | 2003-01-23 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Process for improving the fillability of tobacco |
| DE10006425C1 (en) * | 2000-02-14 | 2001-08-16 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Process for improving the fillability of tobacco |
| DE10046124C1 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2002-07-04 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Process for improving the fillability of tobacco |
| DE10103123A1 (en) | 2001-01-24 | 2002-08-01 | Reemtsma H F & Ph | Method of treating tobacco |
| CN104207322B (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2016-08-31 | 姚波 | A kind of process technique of expanded cabo |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4040431A (en) * | 1975-09-05 | 1977-08-09 | American Brands, Inc. | Method of increasing the filling capacity of shredded tobacco tissue |
| AU525910B2 (en) * | 1978-03-29 | 1982-12-09 | Philip Morris Products Inc. | Puffing tobacco leaves |
| US4248252A (en) * | 1978-06-02 | 1981-02-03 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Continuous process for expanding tobacco |
| DE2903300C2 (en) * | 1979-01-29 | 1982-06-09 | H.F. & Ph.F. Reemtsma Gmbh & Co, 2000 Hamburg | Process for improving the filling capacity of tobacco |
| DE2912822A1 (en) * | 1979-03-30 | 1980-10-09 | Siemens Ag | Data communications system connecting telex and teletext stations - stores all message signals and call numbers in RAM belonging to loop device having separate control, connected only during transmission |
-
1981
- 1981-05-15 DE DE3119330A patent/DE3119330C2/en not_active Expired
-
1982
- 1982-04-26 ZA ZA822820A patent/ZA822820B/en unknown
- 1982-04-30 BR BR8202499A patent/BR8202499A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-06 AT AT82103924T patent/ATE14827T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-06 EP EP82103924A patent/EP0065228B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-08 EG EG262/82A patent/EG15731A/en active
- 1982-05-10 PH PH27258A patent/PH19043A/en unknown
- 1982-05-11 YU YU993/82A patent/YU43264B/en unknown
- 1982-05-12 PT PT74887A patent/PT74887B/en unknown
- 1982-05-13 UA UA3436501A patent/UA7215A1/en unknown
- 1982-05-13 AR AR289393A patent/AR226657A1/en active
- 1982-05-13 CH CH2993/82A patent/CH654724A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-13 SU SU823436501A patent/SU1120917A3/en active
- 1982-05-14 TR TR21396A patent/TR21396A/en unknown
- 1982-05-14 US US06/378,390 patent/US4461310A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1982-05-14 MX MX192702A patent/MX155918A/en unknown
- 1982-05-14 DD DD82239875A patent/DD202387A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-14 BE BE0/208094A patent/BE893190A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-14 GB GB8214171A patent/GB2098452B/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-14 FR FR8208426A patent/FR2505618B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-14 IT IT21271/82A patent/IT1152173B/en active
- 1982-05-14 ES ES512193A patent/ES512193A0/en active Granted
- 1982-05-14 BG BG8256663A patent/BG38484A3/en unknown
- 1982-05-14 GR GR68163A patent/GR76395B/el unknown
- 1982-05-14 NL NLAANVRAGE8202006,A patent/NL188498C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-14 JP JP57082303A patent/JPS5933346B2/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-14 AU AU83700/82A patent/AU544763B2/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-14 EP EP82104212A patent/EP0065290A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-05-14 DK DK218682A patent/DK156755C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-12-30 MD MD95-0181A patent/MD403C2/en unknown
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