EP0056915B1 - Dispositif de fusion par induction directe en cage froide avec confinement électromagnétique supplémentaire de la charge - Google Patents

Dispositif de fusion par induction directe en cage froide avec confinement électromagnétique supplémentaire de la charge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0056915B1
EP0056915B1 EP81401845A EP81401845A EP0056915B1 EP 0056915 B1 EP0056915 B1 EP 0056915B1 EP 81401845 A EP81401845 A EP 81401845A EP 81401845 A EP81401845 A EP 81401845A EP 0056915 B1 EP0056915 B1 EP 0056915B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
inductor
cold
cage
load
confinement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81401845A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0056915A1 (fr
Inventor
Jean Reboux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe dApplications de la Physique Moderne et de lElectronique SAPHYMO Stel
Original Assignee
Societe dApplications de la Physique Moderne et de lElectronique SAPHYMO Stel
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Publication of EP0056915A1 publication Critical patent/EP0056915A1/fr
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Publication of EP0056915B1 publication Critical patent/EP0056915B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/06—Crucible or pot furnaces heated electrically, e.g. induction crucible furnaces with or without any other source of heat
    • F27B14/061—Induction furnaces
    • F27B14/063—Skull melting type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/22—Furnaces without an endless core
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
    • F27D99/0006—Electric heating elements or system
    • F27D2099/0015—Induction heating
    • F27D2099/0016—Different magnetic fields, e.g. two coils, different characteristics of the same coil along its length or different parts of the same coil used

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for direct induction melting in a cold cage, known as a “self-crucible”, with additional electromagnetic confinement of the charge, in order to separate it from the inner side wall of this cage.
  • the charge to be melted is generally introduced into the cold cage, the bottom of which is closed by means of a hollow refractory or metallic insulating plate and cooled from above in a powdery or granular form.
  • a hollow refractory or metallic insulating plate When it consists of a mixture of materials, at least one of which is cold insulating, the latter agglomerates, during melting, in the vicinity of the inner wall of the cold cage so as to form a thin sheath or electrically insulating film covering it.
  • the load is metallic (that is to say metal or metal alloys) and cold conductive
  • this sheath formed in contact with the cold wall is also conductive and puts the insulated elements (segments in tube copper) of the cage in short circuit.
  • the electromagnetic confinement of a molten metal flow by means of an axial alternating magnetic field is known per se, for example, from the publications GB-A893445, FR-A-1 509 962, 2106545, 2160281, 2 316 026 and 2396612
  • the axial magnetic confinement field is generated using an inductor supplied with alternating current, coaxially surrounding the crucible or the nozzle carrying the casting, substantially at its lower orifice.
  • the ingot has surface irregularities in the form of longitudinal ridges, at the locations of the partitions between the segments of the cage, where the cooling effect is less effective.
  • a horizontal oven by direct induction with electromagnetic levitation of the load of solid conductive material has been described in the publication FR-A-1 508 992, where an inductor with three longitudinal strands (parallel to the horizontal axis), two of which are connected in parallel and one of which (the lower one) is connected in series with the others to form a levitation cradle, is surrounded by a cylindrical or solenoidal monospire inductor which ensures the heating of the metallic body and contributes to its maintenance in levita tion, especially when it is in fusion.
  • Such a horizontal furnace without a crucible cannot be used with divided loads (powdery or grainy) and does not allow continuous casting or drawing of ingots or crystals.
  • its maximum load is limited to a few kilograms due to the force necessary for levitation which is opposed to gravitation.
  • these “anti-parallel” inductors are formed using several conductive strands, parallel to the vertical axis of the ingot and connected in series so that the currents which flow through the neighboring strands are respectively in opposite directions, in order to 'exert on the molten upper part of the ingot electromagnetic forces of repulsion (confinement) which are added to those generated by the main inductor and which are analogous to those of the above-mentioned publication DE-B-1 147 714.
  • the subject of the present invention is a device for direct induction melting in a cage whose cylindrical side wall is formed by one or more “antiparallel” inductors which serve at the same time as a cold sheath and an additional confinement device, making it possible in particular to receive pulverulent or granular fillers (divided into particles) of various materials which may be insulating or cold conducting or made up of mixtures of such materials.
  • This fusion device is oriented vertically to allow the casting of the molten material or the drawing of ingots (known per se) and, therefore, the additional confinement magnetic field does not have to overcome gravitation and can act on the molten part of the charge, when it is cold insulating, to facilitate the formation of the agglomerate shell or gangue which replaces the crucible and whose increased thickness ensures better thermal insulation of the molten part.
  • the magnetic field generated by the currents flowing through the sections of the cage can also act on the upper non-melted part of the load, if their intensity exceeds a certain threshold.
  • the cold side wall of the cage is arranged such that it constitutes at the same time a confinement inductor of a type known per se, which is supplied by a second power generator of a high or medium second frequency and which comprises, in addition to the juxtaposed tubular sections, electrical connection means connecting together the adjacent ends of two neighboring tubular sections, so that these are respectively traversed by the same alternating current in opposite directions, generating in the conductive part from the periphery of the load of the additional confinement forces.
  • a confinement inductor of a type known per se, which is supplied by a second power generator of a high or medium second frequency and which comprises, in addition to the juxtaposed tubular sections, electrical connection means connecting together the adjacent ends of two neighboring tubular sections, so that these are respectively traversed by the same alternating current in opposite directions, generating in the conductive part from the periphery of the load of the additional confinement forces.
  • These electrical connection means can be constituted by conductive plates or transverse tube sections which join together, for example, by one of their respective adjacent ends, two neighboring tubular sections so as to form pin-shaped segments. to hair which are then juxtaposed electrically insulated to form the side wall of the cold cage.
  • the hairpin segments forming the side wall are respectively electrically connected in parallel, in series or in various series-parallel combinations, so that a set of inductor elements thus connected can have an impedance adapted to the frequency of the second generator.
  • the additional confining power provided by the second generator is a function of the diameter and the height of the cold cage and, consequently, of the volume of the load. It is generally between one tenth and one fifth of the power supplied by the first generator to the main inductor surrounding the cage.
  • a small proportion of a cold insulating substance is added to the charge to be melted, when all of its components are metallic (cold conductive). a melting point lower than that of the metal or alloy, to form a slag.
  • This slag preferably fluorite (or calcium fluoride) or silica, optionally mixed with adjuvants such as borates, has in the molten state a surface tension significantly lower than that of the metal to which it is mixed in the state pulverulent and it is, therefore, expelled from the molten metal stirred towards the periphery of the charge, where under the effect of the cold cage it solidifies becoming again insulating.
  • a proportion by weight of 0.5 to 1.5 percent is used in relation to the total weight of the filler.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a melting device by direct induction in a cold cage of the prior art.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view in pers pective of an embodiment of the direct induction fusion device with additional electromagnetic confinement of the charge, in which for the simplicity of the drawing, the hairpin segments are connected in parallel.
  • the conventional melting device of FIG. 1 comprises a heating inductor 1 of helical shape, made of copper tube and comprising several turns which cover a predetermined height.
  • the two ends 3, 4 of this inductor 1 are respectively combined here at two output terminals (low impedance, for example) of a first power generator 2 which can generate an alternating current 1 1 high (30kHz-10MHz) or medium (1-30 kHz) frequencies (industrial) which are respectively intended for the fusion of cold insulating refractory materials, such as oxides or silicates for example, or semiconductors, such as silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide, for example, and that of cold conductive materials, such as metals or metal alloys.
  • the power supplied to the inductor 1 is a function, in particular, of the nature (melting point, resistivity cold and hot, relative permeability up to the Curie point etc.) of the material, the volume of the charge to be melted (that is to say the diameter of the cold cage and the height of the inductor 1) and the coupling between the load and the inductor (the thickness of the cage).
  • the generator 2 must therefore be dimensioned so as to provide a power of between 50 and 250 kilowatts, for example.
  • the cold cage or “self-crucible 5 includes a cylindrical side wall 6 with vertical axis of symmetry, composed of a large number of juxtaposed tubular segments 7, which are of elongated shape and oriented parallel to the geometric axis or to the generator of the cylinder that they form together.
  • These segments 7 can be produced in metal tube sections of rectangular, circular, trapezoidal or delimited section, as in FIG. 1, by two concentric arcs of circle whose center coincides with the axis of the wall 6 and by two sections radial lines having an intersection on this axis (see, for example, FR-A-1 492 063).
  • the walls (radial) of the adjacent segments 7 which are located opposite, are insulated from each other by means of an insulating coating 8 in the form of an electrically insulating layer deposited, for example, in a ceramic material (alumina or other) by "shooping", or by means of rigid separation plates or felt tapes or fabrics of a similar insulating material, preferably refractory, inserted between these walls.
  • an insulating coating 8 in the form of an electrically insulating layer deposited, for example, in a ceramic material (alumina or other) by "shooping", or by means of rigid separation plates or felt tapes or fabrics of a similar insulating material, preferably refractory, inserted between these walls.
  • each of the ends of the tubular sections forming the segments 7 is closed by a transverse plate 10 and provided with tubular connection end pieces 11, oriented in radial projection towards the outside.
  • the circulation of the cooling fluid is ensured by means of an intake collecting ring 12 and an evacuation collecting ring 13 of diameters greater than that outside of the wall 6 as well as that of the heating inductor 1.
  • These collecting rings 12 and 13 are respectively provided with connection end pieces 14 and 15, oriented inwardly projecting radially, which are hydraulically connected to those 11 of the segments 7 by means of insulating tubular seals 16, preferably flexible, of so as to maintain the electrical isolation between the segments 7.
  • These collector rings 12, 13 are respectively joined using other tubular ends 17, 18 to a circuit of the refrigerant fluid (not shown) whose circulation takes place in the direction of the arrows W1.
  • the bottom of the cold cage 5 is closed using a base or sole 19 also cooled, either in the form of a hollow metal disc connected by two end pieces 20, 21 to another fluid circuit represented by arrows W2, or in the form of a ceramic disc (see, for example, GB-A-1 130 070), the underside of which can be sprinkled, for example.
  • This hearth 19 can be produced using sectors isolated from each other or in the form of a ring crossed by a heated discharge nozzle for the molten charge (see FR-A-1 188576 or 2 054 464 , for example).
  • the hearth 19 When the hearth 19 is made of a conductive material and the charge to be melted is conductive when cold, it may be advantageous to completely cover its upper face with a layer or a lining of insulating material (ceramic).
  • the outer (annular) part of the upper face of the floor 19, which is in contact with the lower end of the side wall 6, is preferably isolated in all cases from the latter, for example, by means of '' a ceramic felt washer or a powder bed of an insulating refractory material (alumina, for example).
  • the heating inductor 1 which surrounds the side wall 6 of the cage 5 and which ensures the direct induction melting of the charge and the stirring of the liquid bath, is also produced in a tube and connected to a fluid circuit cooling symbolized by the arrows W3. It will also be noted that in the cage 5, a necking effect has been observed produced by the inductor 1 on the part of the liquid bath which is at its level.
  • the load is introduced into the cage 5 in powder or granular form by means of a hopper (not shown) from the top, in the direction of the arrow C.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a possible embodiment of a vertical melting device with additional electromagnetic confinement of the charge, according to the invention.
  • the segments 70 forming the side wall 60 of the cold cage 50 have been produced by means of tubular elements in the form of hairpins (or “U”) using two sections of parallel tube 71, 72, placed side by side insulated from each other by a slot 73 which can be closed by felt or by a ceramic layer, and one of which 71 has an end hydraulically and electrically connected to that, adjacent of the neighboring section 72 by means of a transverse (circumferential) joining section 74, perpendicular to the two parallel sections 71, 72.
  • hairpins or “U”
  • These segments 70 are juxtaposed as in the state of the art, so as to form the cylindrical side wall 60 of the cage 50, the bottom of which is closed by a conventional sole 19 (see FIG. 1 and the state of the art mentioned above. ).
  • the free adjacent (unconnected) ends of the sections 71, 72 forming the same segment 70 are respectively hydraulically and electrically connected by joints or metallic tubular sections 22, 23 conductive, one of which (22) is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the sheath 50 and the other (23) inclined with respect to this axis, to two hollow metal collecting rings 120, 130 of which the first (120) comprises the inlet nozzle 17 and the second (130) the nozzle 18 for evacuating the coolant from the cage 50, the circulation of which is indicated by the arrows W1.
  • the respective electrical connection between the collector rings 120, 130 and the respective ends of the hairpin segments 70 makes it possible, by connecting them respectively to the two output terminals of a second AC power generator 24, to pass through the two parallel sections 71, 72 of the alternating electric currents respectively in opposite directions.
  • centripetal forces that is to say repulsion forces, substantially uniformly distributed at the periphery of the bath and oriented radially in the direction of its geometric axis.
  • the confinement forces generated by the cage 50 according to the invention also act on the parts of the solid charge but having exceeded the inducibility temperature, which are then separated from its inner wall and replaced by particles (grains) insulating from the substance.
  • the preferred method of using the melting device by direct induction in a cold cage, with additional electromagnetic confinement of the charge, when the latter is purely metallic, consists in adding to it in the divided state (pulverulent or granular), a small amount of a cold insulating substance and having a melting temperature close to its inducibility temperature and lower than that of the metal or alloy, to form a slag.
  • This slag having to present in the molten state a surface tension notably lower than that of the metallic part of the load, is precipitated from the mass of molten metal towards its periphery, where by cooling under the effect of the cold cage 50, it fills the space provided by the confining forces and becomes insulating and solid again in contact with the interior wall of the latter.
  • the slag loses its inducibility under the effect of the cage 50 and fills the peripheral space between the latter and the load, forming an electrically and thermally insulating shell therein.
  • the mixture constituting the filler comprises in this case a proportion by weight of between 0.5 and 1.5 percent of the slag-forming substance, which is preferably constituted by fluorine (or calcium fluoride-CaF 2 ) or silica, optionally mixed with adjuvants such as borates allowing its melting point to be lowered to around 1400 ° C.
  • the cage 50 therefore comprises juxtaposed hairpin inductors formed by the segments 70 and connected in parallel by means of the two collector rings 120, 130 which are respectively connected to the two low-impedance output terminals formed, for example, by the terminals of a secondary winding of an adaptation transformer (not shown) whose primary winding is connected to the terminals of the second generator 24.
  • These inductors (in U 70) are each supplied with a current 1 2 / N of a few tens of effective amperes (where N is the number of segments 70 forming the cage 50), the exact intensity of which is then determined experimentally as a function of the dimensions of the bath and of the necking effect already provided by the heating inductor 1, so that they produce an adequate additional electromagnetic confinement of the load.
  • a significantly lower power than that consumed by the inductor 1 is sufficient to supply the segments 70 of the cage 50 in parallel and to obtain sufficient confinement of the bath.
  • the second generator 24 supplying the inductors of the cage 50 in parallel will therefore have to supply, for example, a power which is between one fifth and one tenth of that supplied by the first generator 2 to the inductor 1 (from 50 to 250 kW ).
  • a power of the order of a few kilowatts to a few tens of kilowatts (10 to 30 kW, for example) is sufficient for the electromagnetic confinement of charges of metal or of metal alloys.
  • the same frequency ranges will be used for the fusion-stirring and for the confinement by the cage 50, that is to say the high frequencies from 30 kHz to 10 MHz for the refractory oxides, the silicates and the semiconductors and medium frequencies from 1 to 20 kHz for the melting of cold conductive and possibly refractory metals or alloys.
  • different frequencies are chosen to carry out the operations of melting and stirring by the heating inductor 1 and the electromagnetic confinement operation by the cage 50, which are distinct functions and separately controllable by means of two generators. It is also possible to use the range of high frequencies for heating and mixing and that of medium frequencies for confinement, or vice versa.
  • the main advantage of the electromagnetic confinement according to the invention by the cage 50 is that the periphery of the conductive part of the load, even composed of a cold conductive material, is spaced from the internal face of the side wall 60 of the latter, over substantially its entire height and not only at the level of the main inductor 1, with the concomitant reduction of the heat losses by conduction, and of the risks of flows through the slots of the side wall 60.
  • each hairpin inductor instead of connecting the two free ends of each hairpin inductor to two separate collecting rings 120, 130, it is possible to connect them electrically and even hydraulically in series, that is to say to connect together, for example, by means of transverse junction sections, similar to those designated by the reference 74, the neighboring lower ends of the different segments 70.
  • It is also possible to make series-parallel combinations of these hairpin inductors by bringing a number together in series with groups of equal inductance and to bring these groups together in parallel in order to obtain the impedance that the it is desired according to the dimensions of the cage 50 and the frequency of the second generator 24, chosen accordingly.
  • transverse sections 74 which also provide hydraulic continuity. It is also possible to supply the coolant as illustrated in FIG. 1, that is to say by using insulating tubular joints, and the electrical supply in series by means of transverse metallic conductive plates. (in copper, for example) in the form of circular arcs of sufficient length to at least partially cover the ends (10, FIG. 1) of two neighboring sections (7, FIG. 1) to form a segment 70 in hairpin .
  • These connecting plates can be made mechanically and electrically integral with the ends of sections which they cover by welding or brazing. They can even replace the end plates (10, Figure 1) closing the ends of the tubular sections (7, Figure 1) which they must then completely cover.
  • metallic tubes of copper or of a copper alloy (brasses, bronzes) or of a nickel alloy with other metals, such as copper or chromium can be used in a known manner.
  • a copper alloy brasses, bronzes
  • a nickel alloy with other metals such as copper or chromium

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Induction Heating (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
EP81401845A 1980-12-23 1981-11-20 Dispositif de fusion par induction directe en cage froide avec confinement électromagnétique supplémentaire de la charge Expired EP0056915B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8027320A FR2497050A1 (fr) 1980-12-23 1980-12-23 Dispositif de fusion par induction directe en cage froide avec confinement electromagnetique de la charge fondue
FR8027320 1980-12-23

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0056915A1 EP0056915A1 (fr) 1982-08-04
EP0056915B1 true EP0056915B1 (fr) 1984-07-25

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EP81401845A Expired EP0056915B1 (fr) 1980-12-23 1981-11-20 Dispositif de fusion par induction directe en cage froide avec confinement électromagnétique supplémentaire de la charge

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Country Link
US (1) US4432093A (Direct)
EP (1) EP0056915B1 (Direct)
CA (1) CA1179022A (Direct)
DE (1) DE3165120D1 (Direct)
FR (1) FR2497050A1 (Direct)

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JP2001007149A (ja) 1999-06-24 2001-01-12 Nec Corp 高出力半導体装置
FR2871151B1 (fr) * 2004-06-07 2006-08-11 Centre Nat Rech Scient Cnrse Installation d'affinage de silicium
KR101307745B1 (ko) * 2012-02-14 2013-09-11 한국수력원자력 주식회사 냉각흐름이 개선된 저온용융로
KR101340877B1 (ko) * 2012-02-14 2013-12-13 한국수력원자력 주식회사 외부냉각유로를 이용한 저온용융로 및 금속섹터 조립체
FR3092656B1 (fr) * 2019-02-07 2021-03-19 Inst Polytechnique Grenoble Creuset froid
FR3092655B1 (fr) * 2019-02-07 2021-02-12 Inst Polytechnique Grenoble Creuset froid
CN115896475B (zh) * 2022-11-07 2024-05-31 宁波锦越新材料有限公司 一种超高纯铝细晶制备设备
WO2025248548A1 (en) * 2024-05-25 2025-12-04 Bhandari Shailesh Bhanwarlal Coil assembly with coil section and method of manufacturing thereof
CN118492333B (zh) * 2024-07-18 2024-11-29 北京理工大学 一种用于一体化负压成型的坩埚底座及其加工方法

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US4215738A (en) * 1979-03-30 1980-08-05 Olin Corporation Anti-parallel inductors for shape control in electromagnetic casting
AU1634992A (en) * 1991-08-01 1993-02-04 B.F. Goodrich Company, The Composite and fairwater structures for marine vessels

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3940029A1 (de) * 1989-12-04 1991-06-13 Leybold Ag Tiegel fuer die induktive erwaermung

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CA1179022A (fr) 1984-12-04
FR2497050B1 (Direct) 1984-06-22
DE3165120D1 (en) 1984-08-30
EP0056915A1 (fr) 1982-08-04
FR2497050A1 (fr) 1982-06-25
US4432093A (en) 1984-02-14

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