EP0018658A2 - Linear,plane or spatial structure and hinge joint for such a structure - Google Patents

Abstract

The structure comprises structural elements (BE, FE1b) connected to one another linearly, in a plane or also in three dimensions by joints (GS). For pivoting or bending, the joints can be set up about an axis arranged transversely to the central connecting line between adjacent structural elements and/or, for torsion, set up about this central connecting line, and, in particular, for a change in the relative position of adjacent structural elements in the sense of pivoting, bending or torsion, can also be set up about a multiplicity of different axes. Suitable joints for this purpose are ball-and-socket joints or bending and torsion joints which can move in all directions. In addition to a freely reversible movement or a movement retained with only small counter forces, of the structural elements connected to one another by the joints, a movement is also possible in which, after relative motion, the structural elements retain the position attained and can be subjected to a load up to a certain limit without departing from this position. For the desired change in position, this limit must then be exceeded by appropriate deformation forces. Plastically deformable joint elements (BE1b) are especially suitable for this purpose. The structures are suitable for decorative purposes, for instance room dividers, wall hangings and underpinnings for ceilings in interior architecture as well as for technical purposes, for instance as fences, two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices for subsoil reinforcement, screen elements and the like. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to components for a deformable line, surface or spatial structure with articulated connections arranged between adjacent components. The invention further relates to articulated connections for such structures. The subject of the invention also includes a linear, planar or spatial structure itself.

Flat structures consisting of articulated components, in special cases also linear structures, can be used, inter alia, as floor coverings; Wall hangings, room dividers and suspended ceiling cladding are used as well as for many other purposes in interior design as well as for technical purposes, for example when attaching soil to slopes and embankments and the like. In such applications, it is often a question of a pivoting movement of the components relative to one another about at least two axes, preferably about one lying essentially in the plane of the flat structure and transversely and symmetrically between adjacent components Pivot axis and in addition about a second pivot axis arranged at right angles thereto, for example running through the centers of adjacent components, which likewise runs in the plane of the fabric or parallel to it. Such mobility enables the surface structure to be adapted to curved or otherwise curved surface shapes of a base or any other predetermined surface shape, for example for special aesthetic effects for architectural or decorative purposes. In the same context, an expansion of the flat structures mentioned into spatial structures by arranging additional articulated connections and corresponding components that are applied transversely to the plane of a flat structure is also possible. Such spatial structures can be used in particular for interior design purposes with a particular decorative effect, for example as suspended ceiling cladding with suspension elements or with additional vertical surface elements hanging underneath the actual cladding surface.

Common to the present and other applications is the comparatively large number of components which are connected to one another in an articulated manner and a correspondingly greater number of joints between them. Accordingly, there is a need for an articulation that compares the mentioned and other mobility requirements with as low manufacturing costs for the connecting elements and for the components themselves is sufficient. The object of the invention is therefore to create an articulated connection of the type mentioned at the outset, which is distinguished by a simple structure and allows a configuration with a plurality of degrees of freedom of the positional adjustment of adjacent components.

The object of the invention is to create components or articulated connections of the type mentioned at the outset or a deformable structure, by means of which deformation - at least transversely to a surface area of the structure - is possible with a comparatively small number of joints. The inventive solution to this problem is characterized by the features specified in claim 1 or 2.

The two solution variants are based on the same principle, namely the connection of adjacent components by only a pairing of articulated parts, which enables a quick and comparatively simple assembly of structures of larger dimensions with a correspondingly large number of components.

The object of the invention extends further to the creation of a component which can be connected in an articulated manner and which is distinguished by the simple manufacture of concave joint parts. The inventive solution to this problem is characterized by the features specified in claim 16. If necessary, three-dimensional structures can also be assembled with components that have at least one additional joint part.

The joint parts of a component can be connected to form a unit by supporting bodies of different shapes, the shape of the supporting body being adapted to the particular application. If the application does not depend on a more or less approximately closed surface formation of the deformable structure, but rather on a mesh, sieve or filter function or on a flexible supporting or reinforcing function, a cross-shaped or star-shaped configuration is recommended of the support body, wherein the joint parts are arranged at the ends of the star or the cross. Such designs are also suitable for hanging or lying, mat-shaped structures which are composed of components of the present type and e.g. can be used as room dividers or wall hangings in interior design and as floor coverings. The components with a cross-shaped or star-shaped support body have the additional advantage of a decorative appearance and versatility, both in terms of the material used, as well as the surface structure and the structural design in detail, for example by optically emphasizing the cross or star center or the cross or star arms.

A largely dense surface coverage results for components with three joint parts, preferably with essentially triangular, for components with four joint parts, preferably with essentially square support bodies. If it is possible to dispense with the greatest possible area coverage, there is also a round disk-shaped, e.g. circular or elliptical design of the support body, in particular decorative designs.

The already mentioned possibility of expanding the component design by means of additional joint and connecting elements in the third dimension also opens up diverse technical and decorative applications. In this way e.g. suspension devices can easily be attached to a flat structure without the need for complex additional structures. In this context, e.g. to mention the use of flat structures from the present components as a mat or net structure hung under a ceiling for purposes of interior design.

In general, it should be noted that there are no fundamental restrictions with regard to the use of the present components and the two-dimensional or three-dimensional structures composed of them.

A further solution to the object of the invention is characterized by the features specified in claim 23. The flexible element which is provided in the region of an articulation point and which is deformable in a soft-elastic or soft-plastic manner is distinguished by extremely low material and production costs for the _G elenkbildung in fundamentally multidimensional pivotability of the joint advantageous.

An essential further development of the aforementioned solution principle provides that at least one extending over at least two articulation points between interconnected components of the flat or spatial structure

Bending element is provided in this way, above all, the connection of the bending element to the component of the flat or spatial structure is simplified, because corresponding connecting elements are effective for several joint points and therefore only have to be present in a relatively reduced number or extent.

The articulated connection is particularly advantageously designed by a planar, contiguous, at least sectionally soft-elastic or soft-plastic deformable bending element that extends over a plurality of components of the planar or spatial structure. In this case, the forces occurring in the joint structure, for example due to the weight load of a hanging flat structure, can be passed through the structure up to a suspension or the like essentially without stressing the connecting elements between the bending element and the structural element of the flat or spatial structure.

• Fig.l die grundsätzlich Ausbildung von Viergelenk-Bauelementen und ihre Zusammensetzung zu einem Flächengebilde,
• Fig.2 und
• Fig.3 je eine Draufsicht eines Viergelenk-Bauelementes,
• Fig.4 eine Seitenansicht des Bauelementes nach Fig.4,
• Fig.5 sowie
• Fig.5a und
• Fig.5b die grundsätzliche Ausbildung von Dreigelenk-Bauelementen und ihre Zusammensetzung zu einem Flächengebilde,
• Fig.6 und
• Fig.7 die konstruktive Ausführung einer allseitig schwenkbaren, lösbaren Gelenkverbindung, beispielsweise für ein Viergelenk-Bauelement,
• Fig.8 und
• Fig.8a sowie
• Fig.9 ein aus mehreren Teilelementen zusammengesetztes Bauelement mit lösbarer Formschlussverbindung der Teilelemente,
• Fig.10 eine weitere Ausführung eines zusammengesetzten Bau- . elementes in einer Flächen-Draufsicht,
• Fig.ll einen Querschnitt des Bauelementes nach Fig.10 gemäss Schnittebene XI-XI in Fig.10,
• Fig. 12 ein Bauelement in Flächendraufsicht für einen Gelenkabschluss mit nur einem Zusatzelement und
• Fig. 13 eine schematische Draufsicht eines gelenkig verformbaren Flächengebildes mit Sicherung gegen Auflösung durch zusätzliche Anschlagelemente.
  Weiterhin zeigt:
• Fig. 14 ein Flächengebilde mit Bauelementen und Gelenkverbindungen nach der Erfindung,
• Fig. 15 einen Teilquerschnitt einer Gelenkverbindung aus Fig. 14, gemäss der dortigen Schnittebene II-II,
• Fig. 16
  und
  Fig. 17 je eine Ausführung eines Verbindungsgliedes nach der Erfindung,
• Fig. 18
  und
  Fig. 19 ein Flach-Bauelement mit einem besonderen Achs-körper für eine Gelenkverbindung im Querschnitt gemäss Abene V-V bzw. in Draufsicht,
• Fig. 20 eine weitere Ausführung eines Achskörpers im Querschnitt an einem Flach-Bauelement,
• Fig. 21 einen Teilquerschnitt eines Bauelementes grösserer Dicke mit Achskörper,
• Fig. 22 einen an einem Blech-Bauelement einstückig gebildeten Achskörper im Querschnitt
  und
• Fig. 23 eine Gelenkverbindung mit verschiebbarem Achskörper und
• Fig. 24 im Teilquerschnitt bzw. in Draufsicht.
  Ferner zeigt:
• Fig. 25 einen Ausschnitt eines Flächengebildes aus Bauelementen, die durch ein ebenfalls flächenhaftes Biegeelement unter Bildung einer entsprechenden Mehrzahl von Gelenkstellen miteinander verbunden sind,
• Fig. 26 ein Flächengebilde ähnlich Fig. 25, jedoch mit netzartigem, ebenfalls insgesamt flächenhaften und sich über das gesamte Flächengebilde erstreckendem Biegeelement, wobei zusätzlich die Möglichkeit des Anschlusses von Bauelementen in der dritten Dimension angedeutet ist,
• Fig. 27 in grösserem Massstab den Querschnitt einer Gelenkstelle aus einem Flächengebilde gemäss Fig.25 _bzw. Fig. 26,
• Fig. 28 bzw.
• Fig. 29 einen Querschnitt durch ein Bauelement des Flächengebildes gemäss Fig. ₂5 bzw. Fig. 26 mit den entsprechenden Biegeelementen, gemäss Schnittebenen IIa-IIa bzw. IIb-IIb in diesen Figuren,
• Fig. 30 ebenfalls in grösserem Massstab den Querschnitt zweier benachbarter Bauelemente mit verbindendem Biegeelement in gesonderter Ausführung für jede Gelenkstelle,
• Fig. 31 einen Querschnitt einer weiteren Ausführung einer Gelenkstelle mit gesondertem Biegeelement in Schwenk- und Streckstellung (letztere strichliert angedeutet),
• Fig.32 einen Querschnitt einer Gelenkstelle zwischen benachbarten Bauelementen mit gesonderter Kugel-Gelenkvorrichtung,
• Fig. 33 den Querschnitt einer Ausführung ähnlich Fig. 32, jedoch mit Doppel-Kugelgelenk einer zwei benachbarte Bauelemente verbindenden Gelenkvorrichtung,
• Fig. 34 eine Flächendraufsicht der Gelenkausführung nach Fig. 33,
• Fig. 35 eine weitere Ausführung einer gesonderten Gelenkvorrichtung mit symmetrisch zwischen benachbarten Bauelementen angeordnetem Kugelgelenk in Flächen- draufsicht,
• Fig. 36 einen Querschnitt der Gelenkausführung nach Fig. 35,
• Fig. 37 einen Querschnitt einer weiteren Gelenkausführung mit kreuzgelenkartiger Schwenkbeweglichkeit, wobei eine Schwenkachse quer und symmetrisch zwischen benachbarten Bauelementen angeordnet ist,
• Fig. 38 eine Flächendraufsicht der Ausführung nach Fig. 37
• Fig. 39 eine weitere Ausführung einer Gelenkvorrichtung mit symmetrischer Quer-Schwenkachse und leicht lösbaren Schnappverschlüssen zur Verbindung mit benachbarten Bauelementen und
• Fig. 40 eine Flächendraufsicht der Gelenkausführung nach Fig. 39.
  Es zeigt ferner:
• Fig. 41 je eine Draufsicht eines flächenhaften Bauelementes und
• Fig. 42 für ein verformbares Gebilde mit verschiedenen, verstellbaren Formschlusselementen für das Schliessen und Lösen von Gelenkverbindungen,
• Fig. 43 einen Längsschnitt eines Doppelgelenk-Verbindungsgliedes für miteinander beweglich verbundene Bauelemente,
• Fig. 44 eine Ansicht des Verbindungsgliedes gemäss Pfeil 44 in _Fig. 43,
• Fig. 45 in kleinerem Massstab einen Teilquerschnitt zweier benachbarter Bauelemente im Gelenkbereich mit einem Verbindungsglied gemäss Fig.43,
• Fig. 46 einen Teilschnitt zweier benachbarter Bauelemente gemäss Schnittebene 46 - 46 in Fig. 47 in einem Gelenkbereich mit einem plastisch verformbaren Verbindungsglied,
• Fig. 47 einen Teillängsschnitt gemäss Schnittebene 47 - 47 in Fig. 46,
• Fig. 48 einen Teilschnitt ähnlich Fig. 46 für eine andere Gelenkausführung mit plastisch verformbarem Verbin- _dungsglied, gemäss Schnittebene 48-48 in Fig. 49,
• Fig. 49 einen Teilquerschnitt gemäss Schnittebene 49 - 49 in Fig. 48,
• Fig. 50 einen Teillängsschnitt gemäss Schnittebene 50 - 50 in Fig. 48,
• Fig. 51 eine Draufsicht zweier benachbarter Bauelemente mit Darstellung eines Gelenkbereiches für eine dritte Ausführung eines plastisch verformbaren Verbindungsgliedes,
• Fig. 52 einen Teillängsschnitt des Gelenkbereiches gemäss Schnittebene 52 - 52 in Fig. 51 und
• Fig. 53 einen Teilschnitt des Gelenkbereiches gemäss Schnittebene 53 - 53 in Fig. 52, und zwar in grösserem Massstab.

The invention is further explained on the basis of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings. Show here:

• Fig.l the basic formation of four-bar components and their composition to form a flat structure,
• Fig.2 and
• 3 each a top view of a four-bar component,
• 4 shows a side view of the component according to FIG. 4,
• Fig.5 as well
• Fig.5a and
• 5b shows the basic design of three-joint components and their composition to form a flat structure,
• Fig.6 and
• 7 shows the structural design of a releasable articulated connection which can be pivoted on all sides, for example for a four-articulated component,
• Fig. 8 and
• Fig.8a as well
• 9 shows a component composed of several partial elements with a releasable positive connection of the partial elements,
• 10 shows another embodiment of a composite construction. element in a plan view from above,
• 11 shows a cross section of the component according to FIG. 10 along the sectional plane XI-XI in FIG. 10,
• Fig. 12 is a component in plan view for a joint end with only one additional element and
• Fig. 13 is a schematic plan view of an articulately deformable fabric with security against dissolution by additional stop elements.
  Furthermore shows:
• 14 a flat structure with components and articulated connections according to the invention,
• 15 shows a partial cross section of an articulated connection from FIG. 14, according to the sectional plane II-II there,
• Fig. 16
  and
  17 each an embodiment of a connecting link according to the invention,
• Fig. 18
  and
  19 shows a flat component with a special axle body for an articulated connection in cross section according to Abene VV or in plan view,
• 20 shows a further embodiment of an axle body in cross section on a flat component,
• 21 shows a partial cross section of a component of greater thickness with an axle body,
• 22 shows an axle body, which is formed in one piece on a sheet metal component, in cross section
  and
• 23 shows an articulated connection with a displaceable axle body and
• Fig. 24 in partial cross section or in plan view.
  Furthermore shows:
• 25 shows a detail of a flat structure made of components which are connected to one another by a likewise flat bending element to form a corresponding plurality of articulation points,
• 26 shows a flat structure similar to FIG. 25, but with a mesh-like bending element that is also flat and extends over the entire flat structure, wherein the possibility of connecting components is also indicated in the third dimension,
• 27 shows, on a larger scale, the cross section of a joint from a flat structure according to FIG. 25 _b between FIG. 26,
• 28 or
• 29 shows a cross section through a component of the flat structure according to FIG. ₂ 5 or FIG. 26 with the corresponding bending elements, according to sectional planes IIa-IIa or IIb-IIb in these figures,
• 30 likewise on a larger scale the cross section of two adjacent components with a connecting bending element in a separate design for each articulation point,
• 31 shows a cross section of a further embodiment of a joint point with a separate bending element in the swivel and extended position (the latter indicated by dashed lines),
• 32 shows a cross section of a joint between adjacent components with a separate ball-and-socket device,
• 33 shows the cross section of an embodiment similar to FIG. 32, but with a double ball joint of a joint device connecting two adjacent components,
• 34 is a top plan view of the hinge design according to FIG. 33,
• 35 shows a further embodiment of a separate joint device with symmetrical between adjacent ones Components arranged ball joint in plan view,
• 36 shows a cross section of the joint design according to FIG. 35,
• 37 shows a cross section of a further joint design with universal joint-like pivoting mobility, a pivot axis being arranged transversely and symmetrically between adjacent components,
• 38 is a top plan view of the embodiment according to FIG. 37
• 39 shows a further embodiment of a joint device with a symmetrical transverse pivot axis and easily releasable snap closures for connection to adjacent components and
• 40 shows a plan view of the surface of the joint design according to FIG. 39.
  It also shows:
• 41 each shows a top view of a planar component and
• 42 for a deformable structure with different, adjustable form-locking elements for closing and releasing joint connections,
• 43 shows a longitudinal section of a double-jointed link for a construction which is movably connected to one another elements,
• Fig. 44 is a view of the connecting member 44 according to the arrow _F in ig. 43,
• 45 on a smaller scale, a partial cross section of two adjacent components in the joint area with a connecting link according to FIG. 43,
• 46 shows a partial section of two adjacent components according to the sectional plane 46-46 in FIG. 47 in a joint region with a plastically deformable connecting member,
• 47 shows a partial longitudinal section according to section plane 47-47 in FIG. 46,
• Fig. 48 is a partial section similar to FIG. 46 for a different hinge design with plastically deformable connects _d ungsglied, along section plane 48-48 in FIG. 49,
• 49 shows a partial cross section according to the sectional plane 49-49 in FIG. 48,
• 50 shows a partial longitudinal section along the sectional plane 50-50 in FIG. 48,
• 51 is a plan view of two adjacent components, showing a joint area for a third embodiment of a plastically deformable connection limb,
• 52 shows a partial longitudinal section of the joint area according to section plane 52-52 in FIGS. 51 and
• 53 shows a partial section of the joint area according to section plane 53-53 in FIG. 52, to be precise on a larger scale.

1 schematically shows a flat structure FG, which consists of a plurality of identical components BE, each with four joint parts VE to VE _{4 designed} as connecting elements to adjacent components. Each two adjacent components BE are connected to each other by only one joint, which by a complementary pairing of joint parts VE ₁ / VE ₃ .bzw. VE ₂ / VE _{4 is} formed. The complementary joint parts are designed in the schematically indicated manner as balls or spherical caps and are each arranged on opposite sides of a component. The four hinge parts of a component are connected to one another, for example, by a cross-shaped support body TK ₁ , which, for example, according to FIG. 2, consists of integrally connected rod parts. If the greatest possible surface coverage by the support body of the components is desired, a support element that connects the joint parts and a support element that is generally parallelogram-shaped surface element FE for each component is considered as the support body or as an additional element, as shown in FIG. 1 and as a dashed line in FIG 2 is indicated.

The basic construction of a flat structure FG from four articulated components according to FIG. 1 shows that a theoretically complete and practically only surface coverage limited by the space requirement of the articulated parts can be achieved, provided only the side edges of the flat elements FE for each component BE parallel to the connecting lines in each case two joint parts run diametrically opposite each other. Under this condition, any geometric arrangement of the four joints - at least approximately in the plane of the flat structure FE - is permissible. For one revealing, articulated deformability of the fabric in the direction transverse to its surface area, it is evidently dependent on certain conditions with regard to the pivot axes of the joints. For pivoting of adjacent components against each other, for which, for the sake of clarity, a maximum area coverage with quadrangular surface elements FE according to FIG. 1 is assumed, it is necessary for each joint part to form at least one pivot axis that is at least approximately parallel to the connecting line of the respective joint part not diametrically opposite joint parts. In any case, this condition is also met by the ball joints which can be pivoted on all sides and which, according to FIGS. 1 and 2, have an infinite variety of spatially oriented pivot axes in addition to a pivot axis satisfying the aforementioned condition.

3 and 4, the construction of a four-bar component BE with a rectangular support body TK _{2 is} shown, each having diametrically opposed side edges of the support body complementarily formed, cylindrically concave or spherically convex joint parts VE _1a ^b z ^w. VE _3a and VE _2a and VE _4a are arranged. The joint pairings of adjacent components are formed by inserting a spherical joint part into a cylindrical joint part, the ball neck being guided through a slot in the support body TK 2, each running parallel to the cylinder axis of the concave joint part in question. In this case, the component with the ball-joint part to be inserted is pivoted into a right angle with respect to the plane of the other component Positioned. The latter component is then pivoted into the plane of the first component.

3 and 4, the axes of the hollow cylindrical joint parts VE _la , VE _2a are arranged parallel to a respective side edge SK ₁ or SK _{2 of} the support body TK ₂ . Wall recesses WA ₁ parallel to the cylinder axis serve to insert the neck-shaped connecting elements AE of the spherical joint parts, the spherical joint parts then being able to be secured against unintentional displacement by inserting closure elements VS into the cylinder recesses or into the wall recesses WA ₂ . The swivel axes XA ₁ to XA _{4 of} the joint pairings between adjacent components are determined by slot-shaped recesses WA ₂ , which extend transversely to the axes of the hollow cylindrical joint parts and each break through the edge of the support body and open at right angles into the insertion wall recesses WA ₁ . During the swiveling movement, the neck-shaped connection elements AE can thus slide in the slot plane, ie transversely to the joint or support body plane E, in the example with a swivel angle of 180 °. For this purpose, the side edge sections of the support body TK _{2 have,} in the manner shown in FIG. 4, a semicircular cross-sectional contour which is concentric to a joint axis XA ₁ to XA ₄ . In addition, the joint axes run in the manner shown in FIG. 3, each parallel to a side edge SK ₁ to SK ₄ and to the connecting lines XB ₁₃ and XB _{24 of} the diametrically opposite joint parts, thus fulfilling the aforementioned geometric condition for the freedom of movement of the joints .

Otherwise, the spherical joint parts can be replaced by cylindrical joint parts as an axis in connection with a pivotability about the connecting line, as is indicated in FIG. 3 by dashed lines for a joint part VE _4b with a neck-shaped connecting element AE screwed in coaxially to the connecting line XB 24.

Furthermore, in the embodiment according to FIGS. 3 and 4, a further cylindrical recess VE _{6 is provided} in the region between the joint parts lying in plane E parallel to this plane as a joint part for connecting an adjacent component in the third dimension with respect to plane E. An additional, correspondingly complementary, namely spherical joint part VE ₅ is offset from the plane E, according to FIG. 4 at a distance from the support body TK ₂ and connected to it by an elongated neck portion. In this way, the three-dimensional structures already mentioned can be produced. In addition, planar as well as three-dimensional joint structures can in principle be produced with identical components.

Fig. 5 shows the basic geometry of fabrics with three-joint components and also only one joint pair between two adjacent components. The colliding joint parts are in turn indicated as complementary spherical elements which, when the supporting body is manufactured from rigid-elastic material, for example rigid-elastic plastic, offer the advantage of being easy to manufacture and simple to assemble due to the elastic latching of spherical and spherical caps. For example, come star Shaped support body as a connection of the hinge parts into consideration, but also for a dense surface covering, the triangular-shaped support body TK ₃ indicated in FIG. 5 or - with gap areas between the components - circular support body TK ₄ (indicated by dashed lines). With special decorative effects it is also possible to provide support bodies with openwork in a ring shape and circular, star-shaped support bodies as indicated in the upper part of FIG. 5.

Moreover, a set of three-joint components cannot be assembled from identical elements. Rather, as indicated in FIGS. 5a and 5b, three complementary joint configurations 2a and 2b are required.

6 and 7 show a component with bow-shaped support body TK ₅ and spherical joint parts VE ₇ to VE ₁₀ . The concave joint parts are designed as undercuts without undercuts, which enables simple manufacture and deformation-free assembly. For this purpose, dome washers KS are provided on the convex joint parts, which cooperate with an outer dome surface KF of the counterparts and are secured by a locking VR.

The embodiment of FIG. 8, 8a and 9 comprises a supporting body TK _6, consisting of two mutually secured by a centering spigot-ZA and ZE by lugs to one another against rotation locked Teilkör ^p ren TK _{6a, 6b} is TK. The latter can be produced without undercuts and are positively and releasably connected to one another by an elastically deformable locking element EV. On the other hand For example, the division area BF can be used for non-releasable gluing of the support body. In any case, the concave and convex joint parts VEh, VEv can be manufactured without undercuts.

The embodiment according to FIGS. 10 and 11 also has a multi-part supporting body TK ₇ , each with a partial body TK _7a , TK _7d for a spherical cap. This has the advantage of easy assembly because the individual joints can be assembled one after the other. A releasable and a fixed connection of the partial bodies can also be used here.

The embodiment according to FIG. 12 has an insertion opening EO with adjoining ball insertion channels to the spherical joint parts. The insertion opening can be filled by an elastic closure element (not shown).

FIG. 13 shows a combination of four-bar components BE, for example those according to FIG. 18, which can be assembled and detached by simply moving them in the plane of the surface. Edge assembly elements attached after assembly, however, secure the joint structure against unintentional loosening even in the event of severe deformation.

Fig. ₁ 4 shows an articulation of components BE with articulation points GS in the form of a flat structure FG. According to FIG. 15, the joint connection has a dumbbell-shaped double joint connecting member VG with two fork-shaped joint elements GE corresponding to two joint axes XX, which are each formed by an axle body GB. The axle body is integrally formed in the joint element with elastic deformation by a circumferential recess UA the connecting member integrally formed clamping member KG introduced. Finally, the joint element is pivotably seated on the axle body, which is surrounded by the joint element on more than half of its circumference and therefore carries it secured against transverse displacement. Pivoting about an axis ZZ parallel to the connecting line YY of the adjacent components BE is possible by designing the connecting member or its middle part in an elastically soft manner.

The embodiment shown in broken lines in FIG. 15 shows a ring-shaped joint element GEa, for the assembly of which, according to FIG. 14, displaceable axle bodies GBa are to be provided.

Fig. 16 and Fig. 17 show designs of a connecting member VG1 or VG2 with double or single joint and separately attached, resilient clamping element KF1 or KF2 and with screw connection VS for the pivot bearing about the connecting line axis YY. This version is particularly suitable for production from metal using injection or pressing technology.

The resilient clamping elements are each arranged on that side of the joint element or the associated circumferential recess UA, which, when the connection is subjected to a tensile load, i.e. with respect to a mutual removal of the components, is strain relieved. In this way, the side of the joint elements which is subjected to bending can be made stiff and sufficiently rigid without impairing the function of the latching connection.

The single-joint connecting link VG2 according to FIG. 17 is connected directly to a component BE by the screw connection VS.

FIGS. 18 to 22 show easily understandable designs of axle bodies, which are molded in one piece on a component BEI to BE4 or placed thereon (FIG. 20) for inserting into joint elements GE with a latching connection. The axle body designs GB1 and GB2 protrude beyond the thickness of the associated component, while the in particular e.g. GB3 suitable for wood is aligned with the component thickness and has only broken edges as an approximation of a curve. The joint elements move in all cases in receiving or guide slots FS of the associated components. The GB4 version is intended for production by circularly bending a section of the component made of sheet metal.

23 and 24 has a rigid articulated element GE3 and an axle body GB5 with a preload spring F, which is mounted for longitudinal displacement in a sleeve of the sheet metal component BE5 and has a reduced diameter section AS adapted to the circumferential recess UA of the articulated element GE5 for the insertion of the connecting member . For assembly, the axle body is moved in the direction of the axis XX against the spring F until the section AS lies in the area of the slot FS and the fork-shaped joint element GE3 can be inserted. the axle beam is then released and locked under the action of spring F

25 and 26 show flat structures made of star-shaped surface elements FEla or FElb, each with a hinge point GS between adjacent surface elements.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 25, a bending element BEla, which is integral with the fabric, is provided, for example with circular recesses AS, in accordance with the outline shape of the sheet elements. In the area of one articulation point GS, the section of the bending element located there causes an elastic or plastic pivoting movement of adjacent surface elements with respect to one another, as is indicated in an enlarged manner in FIG. The same cross-sectional illustration according to FIG. 27 also applies to the embodiment according to FIG. 26, where a net-like bending element BElb with bending points, rod-shaped, strand-like or thread-like connecting elements VE is provided, which bring about the desired pivoting mobility in the area of one articulation point GS. In FIG. 26, the possibility of additionally adding a surface element FElb in the third dimension is also indicated at an articulation point GSr with the aid of a bending element region branching out correspondingly in three parts. In this way, spatial structures can be produced in a variety of forms. The third, spatially branching strand of the bending element can be attached to the strands of the bending element running in the plane of the flat structure, for example by welding or gluing or also by integral molding. 28 and 29 show the arrangement of the bending elements BEla or BElb in an intermediate space each of two interconnected parts A and B of a surface element FEla or FElb, which are integral with one another and optionally - in particular in the embodiment according to FIG. 28 - also with the bending element arranged therebetween, in particular by gluing, welding or Like., Can be connected.

In particular for an embodiment with a bending element made of flat material, there is the possibility of establishing a permanent pivot position of two adjacent surface elements against one another by simply pivoting the elements. In this way, curved or otherwise two-dimensionally curved shapes of flat structures can be produced in sections or over larger surface areas, which can be desirable for decorative purposes. For example, thin metal sheet can be considered as a bending element.

Fig. 30 shows an embodiment with a bending element BE in the form of a so-called foil joint with a notch-shaped thin point and fastening flaps on both sides, the latter adjoining abutting end faces barter surface elements FE attached, for example glued. The end faces are suitably beveled against the surface or element level, so that a pivoting movement on both sides is possible.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 31, a bending element BE2 is provided in a separate embodiment for one articulation point GS each. The bending element has a soft-deformable neck element HE with bilateral head elements KE, which are embedded in corresponding recesses within the adjacent surface elements FE2 and produce the articulated connection. In the example, a composition of the surface elements from flat parts A and B similar to the embodiment according to FIGS. 25 and 26 is provided, it being possible to use the material connection of these parts already mentioned. On the other hand, a latching connection RV can also be considered, by means of which the parts A and B can be detachably connected to one another.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 32, a ball-and-socket device KGV designed as a separate component is for each articulation point GS with head elements attached to a central part MT on both sides for connection to adjacent surfaces elements FE3 provided. One of these head elements is designed as a spherical head KK and one of the two surface elements is inserted into a corresponding spherical recess with movement slot BS and forms a joint which can be pivoted about two mutually perpendicular axes. For the sake of simplicity, the other head element KE is also spherical, but is inserted into a corresponding recess in the corresponding surface element without a movement slot, so that the joint location has only one joint with joint axes that intersect at right angles.

The design according to FIGS. 33 and 34 has a similar structure, but both head elements of the joint device act as ball heads KK, so that overall there is a double joint device DGV with correspondingly expanded possibilities of movement of the surface elements FE4 against one another. In particular, the surface elements can be pivoted by 180 ^° in parallel position, as is indicated by the broken line in FIG. 6.

The dumbbell-shaped design of joint devices, as shown in FIGS. 30 to 34, is characterized by a particularly simple shape and little effort Manufacturability. It combines the function of connecting and joint links in the two-sided head elements. The holding function of such a dumbbell-shaped link with head elements on both sides can also be used with advantage in connection with a different type of articulation. Such an embodiment is shown in FIGS. 35 and 36 and 37 and 38. Here, a ball-and-socket device KGVs or FGV is provided, the pivot axis XX of which runs symmetrically transverse to the connecting line of the two adjacent surface elements FE5 or FE6 or parallel to adjacent contour sections of the colliding surface elements is arranged between the adjacent surface elements. This results in particularly uniform and aesthetically satisfactory pivoting or deformation options within the entire fabric.

In the embodiment according to FIGS. 35 and 36, a joint that can be pivoted on all sides with an inner ball joint element KGE and two outer spherical cap elements KL1, KL2 screwed together is provided. The fastening in the surface elements FE5 is accordingly carried out, for example, with cubic head elements KE, which themselves have no mobility within have their inclusion. In the embodiment according to FIGS. 37 and 38, on the other hand, a symmetrically arranged flat joint element FGE with only one pivot axis XX is provided, the desired pivotability about an axis YY perpendicular to it corresponding to the connecting line of adjacent surface elements FE5 by means of a cylindrical design and receptacle pivotable on both sides about the cylinder axis Holding heads HK is realized. This embodiment is distinguished from that according to FIGS. 35 and 36 by simpler shape and manufacturability. While there is a corresponding swiveling of the joint device FGV as a whole with respect to both adjacent surface elements in the case of a movable mounting of both holding heads HK, a movable mounting of only one head in the associated surface element is also possible with the same mobility of these surface elements. If appropriate, shapes other than cylindrical may also be considered for the holding heads, including a spherical shape, only the pivoting about an axis being used. In general, only a head formation that is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the axis YY is important in this context.

The embodiment of FIG. 39 and 4 ₀ shows a Gelenkvorrich device SGV for connecting comparatively thin-walled surface elements FE6 with a single-axis flat joint element FGE according to the design according to Fig. 37 and 38, but with releasable snap connections to the two-sided surface elements, which are each formed by a locking head RK with elastically bendable locking spring RF. Cross projections at the end of the locking heads RK each engage in a recess, RA of the associated surface element and thus establish a positive, but releasable connection. The safety of this connection is reinforced in the example by a wire or umbilical spring ZF. This joint device enables. per se only a pivoting movement about the axis XX, but the entire device body or at least its middle part in the area of the joint element FGE can be made torsionally soft, so that there is mobility according to the embodiment according to FIGS. 37 and 38 with two right-angled pivot axes. For this purpose, a design of the joint device made of soft-deformable material, such as soft-elastic plastic or the like, comes into consideration.

39 and 40 are intrinsically annular support elements that with the both related surface elements. It should be noted that the head elements of a dumbbell-shaped connecting device can in principle be designed in a ring shape, for example in a ring shape, and can be inserted into corresponding recesses in the surface elements. In addition, there is again a separation of the ring elements similar to FIGS. 39 and 40, but also shows a corresponding, flexible design and division of closed ring heads in the manner of a snap-in connection into the surface elements. Other ring-shaped designs of separate connecting devices may also advantageously be considered and are fundamentally covered by the subject matter of the invention.

In conclusion, it should be mentioned that the designation "surface element" used in the description of the exemplary embodiments is in the narrower sense applicable to the formations shown, although in general any shape elements of surface or space structures can be joined together by articulated connections of the present type.

_F ig.41 shows a component for a deformable structure with various closable by hand and releasable interlocking connections, namely a linearly movable in the radial direction of the cross-shaped component 4La slider and a rotary slider 4lb. These slides are used to close spherical caps for double-joint connections in the manner of FIGS. 33 and 34. The slider 4lb has the advantage that it cannot be lost and that the component contour does not overlap relatively easily. Both versions allow a component to be inserted and released in a closed assembly, ie without the entire structure having to be broken.

_F ig.42 in turn, shows a rotary vane solution, however, is the device in two disc-shaped parts 42a and 42b both having the outer circular contour of the component here divided. Both disc parts can be pivoted against each other about an ex-, central axis Z, so that again spherical caps in the manner of FIGS. 33 and 34 can be opened or closed to accommodate rod ends.

In addition, the closure elements 4lb and 42b - possibly instead of their pivotability - can be designed as thin, elastically flexible disks. By lifting the discs at the edge, the domes can be exposed for the insertion of a joint head.

FIGS. 43 to 45 show a further developed double joint bracket for connections of the type of FIGS. 14 to 24. The bracket body 43a has laterally open recesses 43b and 43c for the insertion of axle bodies 45a, 45b of adjacent components 45c and 45d. These recesses are closed by spring tongues 43d and 43e, which are integrally formed on the bracket body and act as locking elements, after insertion of the axle body. This self-locking against the lateral removal of the axle body results from the shape of the end sections of the spring tongues directed towards the center of the axle. On the other hand, the tongues can be pressed by hand onto their end sections in the circumferential direction of the axle body, for example by means of a simple, pen-shaped tool swing slightly into the interior 43f of the bracket body. This releases the positive connection and the axle beam can be removed from the side.

The arrangement of the spring tongues in the interior of the tab body results not only in an aesthetically satisfactory external shape, but also in supporting the tongues against excessive stress and deformation.

Recesses 43g on the hook-like link heads provide additional, elastic flexibility when the axle bodies snap into place. For low loads, this elasticity can be sufficient for the snap connection, so that the spring tongues are omitted and a particularly simple shape is achieved.

In the manner shown in FIG. 45, projecting corners 43h of the lug heads mean that the components 45c and 45d can only be pivoted out of the extended position in the direction of the arrow, while there is rigid support in the opposite direction. This is e.g. essential for the formation of folding walls and the like. The tabs for the formation of folds are used alternately in reverse.

The shape shown is also suitable for one-piece manufacture of the tab including spring tongues in plastic injection molding.

The connection according to FIGS. 46 and 47 has a tab 46a which is formed plastically, bendable and twistable in its central section and is inserted with flat head-shaped sections 47a on both sides in recesses of the adjacent components and is supported therein against torsion and bending. Parallel to the tab, a flat spring element 46b, each with a lateral spiral spring section 46c, is inserted into each of the two component recesses. Inward projections of the spiral spring sections engage on the shoulders 46d after insertion of the link heads and cause one positive locking by springing open in the direction transverse to the plate level, as illustrated in Fig. 47. The latching connection can be released by applying slight pressure to the end sections of the spiral spring sections 46c accessible from the edge of the component in the direction of the arrow _L in FIG. For the snap-in connection, the spiral spring sections receive the rest deflection necessary for the spring-up against the tab level. The flap advantageously has a bevel (not shown here) at its front edges on both sides, which facilitates insertion by bending the spiral spring sections back into their flat position. Incidentally, the spring sections can also be given a torsional deformation, which likewise enables the spring to protrude from the flat position with the spring projections engaging the shoulders of the tab.

The flat spring member is advantageously berfläehenabschnitten auelementausnehmung fixedly connected by adhesive bonding at their plane _O with the adjacent inner wall of the _B. The spiral spring sections remain spared from the adhesive and retain their mobility. Laterally, the tab can on the in the direction _t is the flange plane bending stiff spring portions against the walls of Bauelementausnehmung support, so that a support for plastic bending of the middle portion in the direction _L ash added ung parallel parallel to the flange plane.

If necessary, such a flat spring element can be extended by lateral sections which are angled out of the tab plane, without departing from the definition of a "flat element". Sol- c _h e angled sections may optionally be used to form additional glue or other types of fastening for `the device, in particular for lateral support of the spring tongues at the softer material component. Otherwise, an arrangement of spring elements or spring sections that is asymmetrical with respect to the connecting line of adjacent components, in particular one-sided, is also possible.

In contrast to the connection according to FIGS. 46, 47, the flat spring element 50a of the embodiment according to FIGS. 48, 49, 50 has spiral spring sections 50b which can be subjected to pressure in their longitudinal direction. 50, which spring out of the parallel position to the tab plane and act on rear projections 48b of a tab 48a which is bendable and twistable in a similar manner in FIG. 46 in the narrower central section 48d and thus form a latching connection. By inserting a probe 49a made of elastic thin sheet between the tab and the flat spring element, the spiral spring sections 50b can be bent back into their flat position so that they come free from the projections 48b. The latching connection is thus released and the tab can be removed from the component recess.

In this embodiment, the direct and robust support of the tab 48a in the lateral direction is also advantageous in the region of the recess opening via further projections 48c of the tab body. This results in a particularly secure support of the tab in the event of bending stress in the direction parallel to the tab plane, and also an aesthetically satisfactory covering of the recess opening.

In order to ensure freedom from play despite sufficient space for the insertion of the thin sheet metal probe 49a, the tab in cross section according to FIG. 49 in the area of the projections 48b and 48c is slightly angled against the tab level, so that the required clearance results in the middle area of the tab. The side edges of the probe 49a can nevertheless engage the spiral spring sections 50b.

The flat spring element can in turn be fastened in the component recess by gluing. On the other hand, for suitable material of the components, in particular wood, an attachment by driving in suitable lugs 50c or 50d (the latter possibility indicated by dash-dotted lines in FIG. 48) is also considered. Within the total area of the flat spring element 48a, the spiral spring sections 50b are at one, except for their base Narrow side punched free on all sides so that it is deformable for the snap connection.

Sawtooth-like holding elements are formed on the side edges of the fastening sections 50c, which ensure secure fastening in the material of the component. In the case of plastic designs, the fastening sections can also be embedded in the material of the component by injection.

In the embodiment according to FIGS. 51, 52, 53, a tab-shaped connecting member 51a with flat heads 51b on both sides is again provided for the support against bending and torsion in component recesses 53a, which run here in a slot-like manner. In the area of the flat heads, the bottom of the recesses is rectilinear in the manner shown in FIG. 53, so that the connecting element can be inserted laterally into the recesses of both components without the components having to be spaced apart from one another. This allows assembly and disassembly of individual components within an existing assembly of components, i.e. without dissolving the surface or spatial structure.

On the flat heads, in the area next to the bending and torsion neck 51d of the connecting member, projections 51c are formed for the engagement of fixed positive locking elements 52b. The bending and torsion neck 51d is cut free against these projections by short slots, so that the deformability of the neck is not impaired. The form-locking elements 52b are formed by apex sections of clip-like or bridge-like members 52a which are driven into both opposite sides of the opening cross section of the component recesses and overlap this cross section with their apices. As a result, the component body is reinforced in the region of the recess against bending open. Bending spring elements 51c, which are integrally formed on the body of the connecting element designed as a stamped part, engage behind the apex sections of the elements 52a after the insertion of the connecting element and form an easily releasable latching connection.

Claims (40)

1. device for a deformable line, area or space structure having arranged between adjacent components of articulated joints, characterized dadurcn that on the component (1), only four in each case at least approxi- _h ernd lying in a plane (E) joint parts (VE _l. .. VE ₄ ) are provided and that each of these joint parts forms at least one pivot axis (XA ₁ ... XA ₄ ) which runs at least approximately parallel to the connecting line (XB ₁₃ or XB ₂₄ ) of the joint parts not diametrically opposite the relevant joint part . 2. Component for a deformable line, surface or spatial structure with articulated connections arranged between adjacent components, characterized in that only three articulated parts (VE ₁ ... VE ₃ ) are provided on the component (2a, 2b) and that each of these joint parts has at least one pivot axis (XA ₁ ... XA ₃ ) which is arranged at least approximately in the plane of the three joint parts, preferably at least approximately parallel to the connecting line of the two other joint parts. 3. Component according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that on the component at least one additional joint part (VE) is provided, which is arranged offset against a plane (E) determined by at least three other joint parts (VE ₁ ... VE ₄ ). 4. Component according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the joint parts have at least two pivot axes arranged at an angle to one another, one of which lies at least approximately in a plane (E) determined by at least three joint parts. 5. The component according to claim 4, characterized in that the joint parts form joints which can be pivoted on all sides at least over limited angular ranges. 6. The component according to claim 4, characterized in that at least one cylindrical joint part is provided, the cylinder axis of which is arranged at an angle to a further joint axis. 7. The component according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one spherical joint part is provided. 8. Component according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the joint parts by a cross-shaped or star-shaped support body (TK ₁ ) are interconnected. 9. The component according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the joint parts are connected to one another by a planar support body (TK ₂ ). 10. The component according to claim 7, characterized in that three hinge parts are provided for each component and that these hinge parts are connected to one another by an essentially triangular, planar support body (TK ₃ ). 11. The component according to claim 9, characterized in that four articulated parts are provided for each component and that these articulated parts are connected to one another by an essentially square, planar supporting body (TK ₂ ). 12. The component according to claim 9, characterized in that the joint parts are connected to one another by an at least approximately circular disk-shaped support body (TK ₄ ). 13. Component according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the joint parts are connected to one another by a ring-shaped or bow-shaped support body (TK ₅ ). 14. The component according to one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that at least one supporting body side edge has an at least partially circular cross-sectional contour with an articulation axis (XA ₁ ... XA ₄ ) as the contour axis. 15. The component according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one joint part designed as a cylindrical recess with a wall recess (WA ₁ ) for inserting a complementary joint part. ₁ 6. The component for an extending at least in a surface area, transversely deformable in the direction to this face extensive structure, each having a plurality of as connecting elements formed on adjacent components hinge parts, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the together _me nsetzung from at least two partial elements (TK _6a , TK _6b ) _' which are connected to one another in a form-fitting or material-locking manner and form at least one concave joint part (VEh) in the region of their contact surface (BF). 1 ₇ . Component for a structure consisting of a plurality of elements combined with one another by at least one connecting device to form a deformable or movable surface or spatial structure, characterized in that on at least one edge region of the component one from at least one side in the direction transverse to the connecting line with an adjacent one Component-accessible recess is provided for receiving at least one connecting element. 18..Bauelement according to claim 17, characterized by at least a groove extending in the circumferential direction of the component, preferably circumferentially at least approximately closed over a circumference of the component. 19. Articulated connection for the components of a deformable line, surface or spatial structure, characterized by at least one connecting element (VG, VG1 to VG3) arranged between adjacent components (BE, BEI to BE5) with at least one articulated element (GE, GEa, GE1 to GE3), which encompasses at least part of the cross-sectional circumference of an axle body (GB, GB1 to GB5) located on a component and is pivotably mounted on this axle body. 20. Articulated connection according to claim 19, characterized in that the articulated element (GE, GEl, GE2) is mounted with a resilient latching connection on an associated axle body (GB, GB1 to GB4). 21. Hinge connection according to claim 20, characterized in that the latching device is preferably arranged in the region of the peripheral recess (UA) of the hinge element (GE, GE1, GE2) on the side of this hinge element which is relieved of pressure with respect to a distance of the adjacent components (BE) an integrally molded, resilient clamping member (KG, KF) is formed on a connecting member (VG). 22. Articulated connection according to one of claims 19 to 21, characterized by a connecting member (VG) with two ring-shaped, eyelet-like or fork-like articulated elements (GE, GEa, GE1, GE3) which are mutually corresponding to the distance between the articulated axes (XX) Distance to a preferably one-piece element are connected. 23, articulated connection for the components of a deformable line, surface or spatial structure, in particular according to one of claims 19 to 22, characterized by at least one soft-elastic or soft-plastic deformable connecting element (BE, BE1a, BE1b, BE2), which in the region of a joint ( GS) is connected to at least two components of the structure. 24. Articulated connection according to claim 23, characterized by a connecting element which extends over a plurality of articulation points (GS) between the components (FE1a, FE1b) of the structure, in particular planar connection element, preferably in the form of a mesh or mesh structure. 25. Articulated connection for the components of a deformable line, surface or spatial structure, in particular according to one of claims 19 to 24, characterized in that in the area of a joint (GS) anchored by mutual head elements (KE) in adjacent components of the structure or mounted link (BE2) is provided. 26. Hinge connection for the components of a deformable line, surface or spatial structure, in particular according to one of claims 19 to 22 and 25, characterized by at least one swivel joint with at least one pivot axis (XX, YY) for each one hinge point (GS) between neighboring components of the structure. 27. Hinge connection according to claim 26, characterized by a separate hinge device for the hinge points with two mutually spaced rotary joints (KK-KK, KK-KE). 28. Hinge connection according to claim 26, characterized by a single swivel joint (KGE, FGE) arranged in the region between adjacent components of the structure. 29. Joint connection according to one of claims 26 to 28, characterized by at least one ball joint. 30. Articulated connection for the components of a deformable line, surface or spatial structure, in particular according to one of claims 19 to 29, characterized by a connecting member which is connected by a releasable positive connection to at least one of two adjacent components of the structure. 31. Hinge connection according to claim 30, characterized by at least one in a component recess for receiving a Locking section of a connecting element arranged spring locking element for the formation of a releasable positive connection. 32. Articulated connection according to claim 31, characterized by a flat spring element inserted into a component recess with a form-fitting or integral connection, which has at least one spiral spring section as a latching element for the releasable form-fitting connection with the connecting member. 33. Articulated connection according to claim 32, characterized in that at least one spiral spring section is provided on the flat spring element, which can be subjected to tension when the positive connection is closed by the connecting member and has a projection arranged in the region of the opening of the component recess for locking on the connecting member. 34. Articulated connection according to claim 32, characterized in that at least one spiral spring section is provided on the flat spring element, which can be subjected to pressure in the longitudinal direction of this spiral spring section when the positive connection is closed by the connecting member and has an edge arranged inside the component recess for the locking attack on the connecting member. 35. Articulated connection according to one of claims 30 to 34, characterized by a connecting member with at least one flat head extending in the direction transverse to the connecting axis for engaging in a corresponding component recess and with at least one recess or a projection for engaging a positive locking element. 36. Articulated connection according to claim 35, characterized in that at least one bending or torsion spring element is provided on the flat head of the connecting element with a recess or a projection for the positive locking with a complementary counter element, preferably integrally formed on the connecting element. 37. Articulated connection according to one of claims 30 to 36, characterized by at least one interlocking locking element or counter element engaging in the cross section of the component recess for receiving a connecting member section. 38. Articulated connection according to claim 37, characterized by a clamp-like or bridge-like form-locking element or counter element, which crosses the opening cross section of the component recess and is preferably connected to the component body on both opposite sides of the opening cross section. 39. Line, surface or spatial structures made of interconnected and mutually variable components, characterized in that at least some of the components of the structure are connected to one another in pairs by permanently deformable, in particular plastically deformable, articulated devices or connecting links. 4 ₀ . Line, surface or spatial structure according to claim 39, characterized in that at least some of the articulation devices or connecting members have a swivel and / or torsion shape changeability, in particular deformability, around at least two different swivel or torsion axes (XX, YY) .

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