EP0002823B1 - Rohrbündelanordnung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung - Google Patents

Rohrbündelanordnung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0002823B1
EP0002823B1 EP78101829A EP78101829A EP0002823B1 EP 0002823 B1 EP0002823 B1 EP 0002823B1 EP 78101829 A EP78101829 A EP 78101829A EP 78101829 A EP78101829 A EP 78101829A EP 0002823 B1 EP0002823 B1 EP 0002823B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rods
tubes
region
tube
outer rings
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP78101829A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0002823A1 (de
Inventor
Roy Edgar Vinyard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Phillips Petroleum Co
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Phillips Petroleum Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Phillips Petroleum Co filed Critical Phillips Petroleum Co
Publication of EP0002823A1 publication Critical patent/EP0002823A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0002823B1 publication Critical patent/EP0002823B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F28F9/0132—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies formed by slats, tie-rods, articulated or expandable rods
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to heat exchangers and to methods of heat exchanger construction.
  • Heat transfer is an important part of any process.
  • an indirect transfer of heat from one medium to another is usually accomplished by the use of heat exchangers of which there are many types.
  • heat exchangers of which there are many types.
  • the art of heat exchanger design is developed to a very high degree.
  • there is still room for improvement in a number of areas such as reducing pressure drop, increasing overall heat transfer co-efficients, reducing fouling, and in heat exchangers utilizing a tube bundle, such as the shell and tube heat exchangers, improving the tube support and ease of assembly.
  • the tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger prematurely fail because the tubes vibrate or rub against one another or other parts of the heat exchanger such as for example, a baffle or the shell.
  • the tubes and the rods are designed with slightly smaller dimensions to facilitate the complete assembly of the tube bundle, then the tubes will not be tight in the baffles and will be subject to vibration-induced wear during operation which can result in tube damage and premature failure of the heat exchanger.
  • a heat exchanger structure is provided by utilizing at least one baffle support in the tube bundle intermediate the opposite ends of the tubes which permits loose passage of the tubes therethrough during assembly of the tube bundle and subsequently permits firm engagement of these tubes when the tubes are properly positioned.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide improved support for tubes of a tube bundle.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of assembly of the support rods in a tube bundle of a heat exchanger.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide improved reliability in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to facilitate the construction of heat exchangers.
  • the heat exchanger 10 comprises a shell 12 and a tube bundle 14 positioned therein.
  • the tube bundle 14 includes a pair of tube sheets 16 and 18 having apertures formed therein through which the opposite ends of a plurality of tubes 20 extend. The opposite ends of the tubes are secured to the respective tube sheets to provide support for the plurality of parallel aligned tubes 20.
  • a pair of baffles 22 and a second pair of baffles 24 are positioned alternately along the longitudinal axes of the parallel tubes 20 in spaced relation and provide support for the tubes intermediate the tube sheets 16 and 18.
  • baffles 22 and 24 are shown lying in a plane normal to the longitudinal axis of the tubes 20 of the tube bundle 14, it is possible to use baffles which are not in planes perpendicular or normal to the longitudinal axis of the tube bundle, however, baffles lying in perpendicular or normal planes as shown are more easily and economically constructed and are thus preferred.
  • Nozzles 26 and 28 communicate with the respective opposite ends of the tube side of the heat exchanger 10 providing means for passing a first fluid through the tubes.
  • Nozzles 30 and 32 communicate with the respective ends of the shell side of the heat exchanger 10 and provide means for passing a second fluid over the outside surfaces of the tubes when preferably using countercurrent flow of the heat exchange fluids or mediums.
  • the tubes 20 in the heat exchanger 10 are laid out in a square pitch, and generally a square pitch tube layout provides greater surface area for a given shell diameter for an apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • This layout of the tubes 20 is best illustrated in FIGS 2 and 3. It will be seen that the tubes 20 thus laid out form a plurality of vertically spaced horizontal tube rows and a plurality of horizontally spaced vertical tube rows.
  • the baffles 22 illustrated in FIG. 2 comprise a baffle or supporting ring 34 encircling the tubes 20.
  • a plurality of horizontally extending baffle rods or bars 36 are fixedly secured at their opposite ends in the supporting ring 34 and extend between alternate pairs of horizontal parallel tube rows.
  • a plurality of vertically extending baffle rods or bars 38 are fixedly secured at their opposite ends in the supporting outer ring 34 and extend between alternate pairs of vertical parallel tube rows.
  • the opposite ends of the rods 36 and 38 may be suitably secured to the outer ring 34 by welding as shown in either FIG. 11 or FIG. 12, or may be belted thereto as illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14.
  • the construction of the baffle 24 is illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the baffle 24 comprises an outer supporting baffle ring 40 which encircles the tubes 20 in a manner similar to that described for the ring 34.
  • a plurality of horizontally extending baffle rods or bars 42 are movably secured at their opposite ends in the outer ring 40 and extend between alternate pairs of horizontal parallel tube rows. It will be noted, however, that the tube rows between which the rods 42 extend are not the tube rows between which the rods 36 of the baffle 22 extend.
  • the rods 42 are positioned between horizontal tube rows which are open or unbaffled in the baffle 22.
  • the baffle 24 includes a plurality of vertically extending baffle rods or bars 44 movably secured at their opposite ends in the supporting outer ring 40 which rods extend between alternate pairs of vertical parallel tube rows.
  • the rods 44 are not positioned between the same vertical tube rows ' through which the baffle rods 38 of the baffle 22 extend, but rather extend between adjacent vertical tube rows which are open in the baffle 22.
  • the rods 36 and 38 of the baffles 22 are of such thickness or diameter as to be closely received between the tubes of the adjacent horizontal and vertical tube rows, respectively. As best shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the opposite ends of the rods 42 and 44 are slidably received within corresponding apertures 46 and 48 extending through the outer ring 40.
  • Each of the rods 42 and 44 includes a plurality of first regions 50 of reduced thickness spaced along the length of the respective rod in correspondence to the center to center distance between the tubes 20 of adjacent tube rows.
  • the regions 50 of reduced thickness may be circular in cross-section as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 and as further illustrated in FIG. 10, or otherwise shaped.
  • Each region 50 of reduced thickness is preferably approximately 1/16-inch (1.5875 mm) less in thickness than the space between adjacent tubes in the tube row separated by the baffle rod.
  • the baffle rods 42 and 44 further include second regions 52 of increased thickness disposed adjacent the first regions 50 of reduced thickness. These regions 52 of increased thickness may be of either circular or rectangular cross-section. The thickness of the second regions 52 is preferably slightly greater than the nominal distance between adjacent tubes of the tube rows separated by the respective baffle rods.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an enlarged portion of a baffle rod or bar 42 illustrating the region 50 of reduced thickness and the region 52 of increased thickness thereon.
  • the rod illustrated in FIG. 10 is preferably circular in cross-section throughout its entire length.
  • the first region 50 of reduced thickness is arcuately shaped along the longitudinal axis of the rod, and conforms generally to the configuration of the outer surface of the tubes 20. It will be noted that the arcuate shape of the region 50 of reduced thickness provides a third transitional region 54 formed on the surface of the rod extending between the first and second regions 50 and 52 and increasing in circular cross-sectional area between the first and second regions.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a slightly modified version of the rod or bar of FIG. 10 which will be designated by the reference character 42a.
  • the first regions 50 of reduced thickness and the second regions 52 of increased thickness are of circular cross-section as in the rod 42.
  • the third transitional region 54a interconnecting each of the first and second regions 50 and 52 provides a frusto- conically shaped surface on the rod 42a increasing in circular cross-section from each, first region 50 to each corresponding second region 52.
  • This configuration of the third transitional region 54a provides a more gradual transition between each region of reduced thickness and the corresponding region of increased thickness.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a third form of baffle rod or bar of substantially rectangular cross-section which is designated by the reference character 42b.
  • the first regions of reduced thickness of the rod 42b are designated by the reference character 50b, and the second regions of increased thickness are designated by the reference character 52b.
  • Each region 50b of reduced thickness is connected to a corresponding region 52b of increased thickness by a third transitional region 54b formed on the surface of the rod of increasing rectangular cross-sectional area from the region of reduced thickness to the region of increased thickness.
  • FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate the connections of the baffle rod or bar 42b and a similarly constructed vertical baffle rod or bar 44b to a modified outer supporting ring designated by the reference character 40b.
  • the outer ring 40b comprises a central ring member 56 and a pair of external ring members 58 and 60 which cooperate with threaded bolts 62 to fixedly secure the outer ends of the rods 42b and 44b to the outer ring 40b.
  • the rods 36, 38, 42 and 44 can be constructed of round or square tubing material and the regions 50 of reduced thickness between the regions 52 of increased thickness can be advantageously and economically formed by stamping whereby the regions of reduced thickness are substantially flat at their midpoints between adjacent regions of increased thickness.
  • Such flat regions of reduced thickness are preferably oriented with the major axis thereof in alignment with the longitudinal axes of the tubes to thereby present a minimum cross-sectional area to the flow of fluid around the baffle rods and reduce the pressure drop of the flowing fluid across the rods.
  • the tubes 20 are inserted through the baffles 22 and 24 which are spaced apart as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the rods 42 and 44 of the baffles 24 are movably supported by the respective supporting rings 40 in the position illustrated in FIG. 4 thereby permitting the free passage of the tubes 20 through the baffles 22 and 24.
  • the ends of the tubes 20 are then received through the corresponding apertures 64 formed in the tube sheets 16 and 18.
  • the tubes 20 are fixedly secured to the tube sheets 16 and 18 with the end of each tube forming a fluid tight seal with the corresponding aperture in the tube sheet.
  • the rods 42 and 44 of the baffles 24 are then driven or otherwise moved from their first positions as illustrated in FIG. 4 to their second positions as illustrated in FIG. 5, the dashed lines in FIG. 5 illustrating the previous positions for the rods 42 and 44.
  • each rod 42 and 44 of the baffles 24 When the rods 42 and 44 of the baffles 24 are positioned as illustrated in FIG. 5, the tubes of the adjacent tube rows are firmly engaged by the second regions 52 of increased thickness on the rods 42 and 44.
  • the rods are then fixedly secured to the outer ring 40 by suitable means such as by welding, as shown at 66 in FIG. 11, between the rod 44 and the corresponding aperture 48 formed in the ring 40 in which the rod is received.
  • a similar weld connection is made between the end of each rod 42 and the corresponding aperture 46 in the ring 40.
  • Each aperture 46 and 48 preferably includes a beveled portion 70 communicating with the outer periphery of the supporting ring 40 in which a weld fillet 66 can be formed.
  • the outer end of each rod is then cut off and contoured to conform to the outer periphery 72 of the outer ring 40 by suitable means such as grinding as shown at 74.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a modified connection between a baffle rod 44 and the outer ring 40 in which a transverse groove 76 is formed in the outer periphery 72 of the ring 40 intersecting each aperture 46 and 48 in which a suitable weld fillet 78 can be formed to fixedly secure the rod to the outer ring.
  • the outer end of the rod 74 is again cut off and contoured to match the outer periphery 72 of the outer ring 40 by suitable means such as grinding.
  • the tube bundle 14 thus assembled is inserted into the open end of the shell 12 and properly positioned therein at which time the open ends of the shell 12 are closed by suitable end caps 80 and 82.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Claims (14)

1. Verfahren zum Zusammenbauen eines Bündels (14) von im wesentlichen gegenseitig parallelen Rohren (20), bei welchem jedes Rohr in mindestens einer Rohrplatte (16, 18) gelagert wird und bei welchem die Rohre (20) außerdem durch eine Vielzahl von Stäben (42, 44) gelagert werden, wobei jeder Stab an seinen Enden in ' einem äußeren Ring (40), der das Rohrbündel umgibt, gelagert wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Position von mindestens einigen Stäben (42, 44) in Bezug zu ihrem jeweiligen äußeren Ring (40) von einer ersten Position, in welcher die Stäbe in losem Eingriff mit den Rohren (20) stehen, zu einer zweiten Position verändert wird, in welcher die Stäbe (42, 44) in festem Eingriff mit den Rohren (20) stehen, und daß, wenn die Stäbe (42, 44) in ihrer ersten und zweiten Position sind, beide Enden eines jeden Stabes in Eingriff mit ihrem Lagerring (40) stehen.
2. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
(a) eine erste Vielzahl von Stäben (36, 42) in der ersten Position quer durch jeden äußeren Ring (34, 40) in beabstandeter, gegenseitig paralleler Beziehung gelagert wird,
(b) eine zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (38,44) in der ersten Position quer durch jeden äußeren Ring (34, 40) in beabstandeter, gegenseitig paralleler Beziehung gelagert wird, wobei die gemeinsame Ausrichtungsachse der zweiten Vielzahl von Stäben (38, 44) im wesentlichen senkrecht zur gemeinsamen Ausrichtungsachse de ersten Vielzahl von Stäben (36,42) verläuft;
(c) eine Vielzahl von Rohren (20) durch jeden äußeren Ring (34, 40) in beabstandeter, gegenseitig paralleler Beziehung eingeführt wird, wobei die gemeinsame Ausrichtungsachse der Rohre (20) im wesentlichen senkrecht zur gemeinsamen Ausrichtungsachse der ersten Vielzahl von Stäben (36, 42) und zur gemeinsamen Ausrichtungsachse der zweiten Vielzahl von Stäben (38, 44) verläuft und wobei jedes Rohr nächstliegend zu einem der ersten Vielzahl von Stäben (36, 42) und zu einem.der zweiten Vielzahl von Stäben (38, 44) in jedem äußeren Ring (34, 40) positioniert wird,
(d) die äußeren Enden der Rohre (20) an der Rohrplatte (16, 18) befestigt werden; und
(e) die erste und zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (42, 44) in mindestens einem der äußeren Ringe (34, 40) von der jeweiligen ersten Position zu der jeweiligen zweiten Position bewegt wird und hierbei mit den entsprechenden nächstliegenden Rohren (20) in festen Eingriff kommt.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die erste und zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (42, 44) fest an dem jeweiligen äußeren Lagerring (40) der jeweiligen zweiten Position der Stäbe befestigt wird.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Rohre (20) mit ihren entgegengesetzten Enden jeweils an einem der beiden Rohrplatten (16, 18) befestigt werden, eine Vielzahl von die Rohre umgebenden äußeren Ringen (34, 40) vorgesehen sind und eine Vielzahl von Stäben (36, 38; 42, 44) in jedem äußeren Ring gelagert wird und die Rohre radial unterstützt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
(a) eine erste Vielzahl von Stäben (36) in Positionen befestigt wird, die sich horizontal quer durch mindestens einen ersten der äußeren Ringe (34) in vertikal beabstandeter, gegensei- .tig paralleler Beziehung erstrecken,
(b) eine zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (38) in Positionen befestigt wird, die sich vertikal quer durch diesen ersten der äußeren Ringe (34) in horizontal beabstandeter, gegenseitig paralleler Beziehung erstrecken;
(c) eine erste Vielzahl von Stäben (42) in jeweils ersten Positionen positioniert wird, die sich horizontal quer durch mindestens einen zweiten der äußeren Ringe (40) in vertikal beabstandeter, gegenseitig paralleler Beziehung erstrecken;
(d) eine zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (44) in entsprechenden ersten Positionen positioniert wird, die sich vertikal quer durch diesen zweiten der äußeren Ringe (40) in horizontal . beabstandeter, gegenseitig paral!eler Beziehung erstrecken;
(e) eine Vielzahl von horizontal ausgerichteten Rohren (20) durch die ersten und zweiten äußeren Ringe (34, 40) in vertikal und horizontal beabstandeter, gegenseitig paralleler Beziehung eingeführt wird, wobei jedes Rohr lose nächstliegend zu einem der ersten Vielzahl von Stäben (36, 42) und einem der zweiten Vielzahl von Stäben (38, 44) in jedem der ersten und zweiten äußeren Ringe (34, 40) positioniert wird
(f) die entgegengesetzten Enden eines jeden Rohres in den entsprechenden Öffnungen der gelochten Rohrplatten (16, 18) befestigt werden;
(g) die erste und zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (42, 44) in dem mindestens einem zweiten Ring der äußeren Ringe (40) von der jeweiligen ersten Position zu der jeweiligen zweiten Position bewegt wird, um mit den entsprechenden nächstliegenden Rohren (20) fest in Eingriff zu kommen, wobei jedes der Vielzahl von Rohren zusätzlich in festen Eingriff mit einem der ersten Vielzahl von Stäben (36) und einem der zweiten Vielzahl von Stäben (38) des mindestens einen ersten Rings der äußeren Ringe (34) gebracht wird, um eine feste radiale Unterstützung für jedes Rohr zwischen den Rohrplatten (16, 18) zu schaffen; und
(h) die erste und zweite Vielzahl von Stäben (42, 44) des mindestens einen zweiten Ringes der äußeren Ringe (40) an dem mindestens einen zweiten Ring der äußeren Ringe in ihren jeweiligen zweiten Positionen befestigt werden, um eine Wärrrletauscher-Rohrbündelanordnung zu formen.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch
EP78101829A 1977-12-23 1978-12-22 Rohrbündelanordnung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung Expired EP0002823B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US86412277A 1977-12-23 1977-12-23
US864122 1977-12-23

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0002823A1 EP0002823A1 (de) 1979-07-11
EP0002823B1 true EP0002823B1 (de) 1981-07-08

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP78101829A Expired EP0002823B1 (de) 1977-12-23 1978-12-22 Rohrbündelanordnung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

Country Status (11)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0002823B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS5489360A (de)
AU (1) AU509892B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1103658A (de)
DD (1) DD141196A5 (de)
DE (1) DE2860833D1 (de)
DK (1) DK545678A (de)
ES (1) ES476084A1 (de)
NO (1) NO147125B (de)
YU (1) YU289778A (de)
ZA (1) ZA786655B (de)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4286366A (en) * 1977-12-23 1981-09-01 Phillips Petroleum Company Method for the construction of a baffled heat exchanger
US4398595A (en) * 1979-11-29 1983-08-16 Phillips Petroleum Company Vortex generators
US4413394A (en) * 1979-11-29 1983-11-08 Phillips Petroleum Company Method of constructing a tube bundle
US4311187A (en) * 1979-11-29 1982-01-19 Phillips Petroleum Company Vortex generators
US4299276A (en) * 1980-04-21 1981-11-10 Phillips Petroleum Company Heat exchanger having radial support
US4640342A (en) * 1984-01-26 1987-02-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Expandable antivibration bar for heat transfer tubes of a pressurized water reactor steam generator
US4653576A (en) * 1985-05-01 1987-03-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Expandable antivibration bar for a steam generator
US5005637A (en) * 1986-11-05 1991-04-09 Phillips Petroleum Company Heat exchanger U-bend tube support
US5388638A (en) * 1993-12-28 1995-02-14 Phillips Petroleum Company Rod baffle heat exchanger
FR2787875B1 (fr) * 1998-12-29 2001-06-08 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Echangeur de chaleur a tubes souples, notamment pour une installation de refroidissement d'un moteur de vehicule automobile
US11047266B2 (en) 2019-10-30 2021-06-29 General Electric Company Heat exchanger with heat exchange tubes moveable between aligned and non-aligned positions

Family Cites Families (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH491313A (de) * 1968-01-23 1970-05-31 Sulzer Ag Wärmeübertrager
DE2204280A1 (de) * 1972-01-29 1973-08-30 Babcock & Wilcox Ag Waermeaustauscher mit im verhaeltnis zum rohrdurchmesser langgestreckten rohren
GB1404643A (en) * 1972-09-23 1975-09-03 Clarke Chapman Ltd Heat exchanger
NO132704C (de) * 1973-04-10 1975-12-17 Norsk Hydro As
JPS51111949A (en) * 1975-03-04 1976-10-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp Device for locking finned zigzag tube
DE7537348U (de) * 1975-10-23 1976-04-01 Tubor S.A., Tenero (Schweiz) Abstandhalter für hohe Röhren-Radiatoren
CA1067483A (en) * 1976-04-29 1979-12-04 Phillips Petroleum Company Baffle
DE7802361U1 (de) * 1978-01-27 1978-07-06 Ceagfilter Und Entstaubungstechnik Gmbh, 4600 Dortmund Luftvorwaermer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU509892B2 (en) 1980-05-29
DD141196A5 (de) 1980-04-16
EP0002823A1 (de) 1979-07-11
AU4204278A (en) 1979-07-05
ES476084A1 (es) 1979-11-16
YU289778A (en) 1983-01-21
DK545678A (da) 1979-06-24
CA1103658A (en) 1981-06-23
NO784373L (no) 1979-06-26
DE2860833D1 (en) 1981-10-15
JPS5489360A (en) 1979-07-16
NO147125B (no) 1982-10-25
ZA786655B (en) 1979-10-31

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