EA025603B1 - Underground mining - Google Patents

Abstract

In developing an underground mine a mine shaft (80) is formed by excavating earth and removing excavated material from the shaft (80) by a material transport system comprising skips (36) movable up and down on skip guides within the shaft. Tunnels (82) are launched from a bottom part of shaft (80) by excavating a cavern (81) in which a tunnel boring machine is assembled and operated to bore the tunnels (82). Material from the tunnel excavation is transported from the tunnels via conveyor (87) to the material transport system established within the shaft during formation of the shaft which is operated to transport that material to an earth surface region.

Description

The present invention relates to underground mining and, specifically, to the work that must be performed in the early stages of the development of an underground mine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Modern karst mines with large mining sites require significant development time and very significant investments at the initial stage. Both of these factors make their financial success, taking into account the net present value, extremely dependent on the speed of commissioning. Deep karst mines require an entrance through mines, the creation of such an entrance is the initial part of the development of the mine and therefore is directly on the critical path of the project, i.e. until the completion of the initial shafts of the mines, it is impossible to begin any other underground mining.

After the initial mine shafts have been drilled, it is possible to begin the construction of tunnels from the mine shafts according to the appropriate scheme for the development of a karst mine with large excavation sections and for transporting the rock excavated during tunneling to the surface through the mine shafts. Mine trunks should be equipped with a rock transportation system to remove rock that was excavated during tunneling and subsequently removed during mine operation. Typically, this system is installed after the shaft is drilled and before the construction of the tunnels begins, which causes a significant slowdown in the mine development project.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, such a deceleration can be eliminated or significantly reduced by installing a rock transportation system in the shaft of the shaft during the creation of the shaft of the shaft and using such a system to transport the rock taken out during subsequent tunneling.

The invention has created a method for developing an underground mine, comprising the following steps: creating a mine shaft shaft by excavating to create a shaft extending downward from a surface zone of the earth;

removal of excavated rock from the trunk during the creation of the mine shaft using a rock transportation system designed to transport the excavated rock up through the shaft to the surface area of the earth for unloading therein;

the beginning of the construction of one or more tunnels from the bottom of the shaft after its creation by excavation from the shaft;

removal of rock taken out in the tunnel during sinking by transporting this rock from the tunnel to the rock transportation system installed during the construction of the mine shaft and operation of this system for transporting material to the earth's surface zone.

The beginning of the construction of the tunnel can be carried out by first excavating the cavity in the lower part of the shaft of the shaft and then driving the tunnel or tunnels from the cavity.

The recess of the cavity can be performed for its distribution to opposite sides of the shaft of the mine.

The cavity can be excavated by drilling, blasting and removing the excavated rock.

The components of the tunnel boring machine can be lowered along the shaft of the mine and assembled in a cavity to create a tunnel boring machine designed to be drilled from the cavity to create a tunnel or tunnels.

Digging to create the shaft of the mine can be performed by an excavator located under the rock transportation system for transporting the excavated rock to the surface zone. In such an embodiment, the excavator may be a drilling sinking machine containing a rotary cutting head.

Upon completion of the creation of the shaft of the mine and before the start of the construction of the tunnel, the excavator can be fully or partially evacuated by dismantling the parts and lifting the dismantled parts up the shaft of the mine to the surface area of the earth. However, the excavator or part of the excavator can be buried at the bottom of the shaft of the mine before the construction of the tunnel.

The rock transportation system may contain one or more skips moving up and down along the skip rails in the barrel, and a transshipment station, where the rock, taken out when the mine shaft is created, is loaded into skips or skips for transportation to the earth's surface zone, while the transshipment station moves down with the continuation of the excavation.

Upon completion of the creation of the shaft of the mine, the transshipment station can be installed at the bottom or near the bottom of the shaft of the mine, and the rock taken out during tunneling can be fed to the transshipment station for transshipment to skips or skips.

You can use a pair of skips moving up and down in the mine shaft along adjacent paths to receive excavated rock and transport the rock to the earth's surface zone for unloading in it and then return down to the transshipment station, and a couple of storage bins at the transshipment station to receive the excavated rock and periodic unloading of discrete goods of this breed in skips.

Digging to create the shaft of the mine can be carried out by a boring machine with 1,025603 holding a rotary cutting head located under the rock transportation system for transporting the excavated rock to the earth's surface zone. The boring sinking machine can be equipped with a percussion drill bit above the cutting head, which is capable of drilling outgoing holes along the circumference of the shaft of the shaft, and excavation of caverns can be started by operating bits to create outward drilling holes on the periphery of the shaft of the shaft in the lower part of the shaft of the shaft, installing and undermining the explosive charges in the boreholes to excavate the initial round-bore yard, from which a cavern and tunnel or tunnels can be developed.

Brief Description of the Drawings

For a more complete explanation of the invention, one specific embodiment is described below in detail using the accompanying drawings, in which the following is shown:

in FIG. 1 - shaft penetration system;

in FIG. 2 is a vertical section of a shaft sinking system; in FIG. 3 is a vertical section of the upper part of the system;

in FIG. 4 and 5 are horizontal sections of the upper part of the system shown in FIG. 3;

in FIG. 6 and 7 - construction of a pair of skips and skip guide systems;

in FIG. 8-16 schematically shows a method of starting construction of tunnels from a mine shaft.

Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment

In FIG. 1-5, a drilling rig 20 of a mine shaft installed in a shaft 19 of a mine is shown. This installation contains a drilling tunneling machine 21 and a manipulator 22 for excavated rock mounted above the drilling tunneling machine and configured to receive the excavated rock from the drilling tunneling machine and loaded into skips for transportation to the surface of the earth and unloading on the surface of the earth to proper conveyor equipment or other transport for disposal.

The boring sinking machine 21 has a rotary cutting head 23, equipped with cutting elements 25, and is mounted on the lower end of the main frame 26 of the machine. The cutting head is rotatable around a vertical axis, so that the machine drills the barrel in a generally cylindrical shape. The bucket conveyor 46 conveys the excavated material from the cutting head up to the manipulator 22 mounted above the drilling sinking machine.

The main frame 26 of the machine can be stabilized or fixed in the desired position in the drilled shaft by actuating the hydraulic stabilizing jacks 27, 28 of the supports that control the upper and lower grippers 29, 30 to capture the side walls of the shaft of the shaft to stabilize the position of the drilling tunneling machine in the shaft of the shaft. The drilling sinking machine can move down with the gradual advancement of the main frame 26 when the stabilizing jacks 27, 28 of the supports and grippers 29, 30 are operating in a known manner.

The manipulator 22 is mounted on the main frame 31, formed by a series of platforms or decks 31a, interconnected by vertical racks 32 spaced around the perimeter. The cutting head is equipped with cutting elements 25 and is supported by a rotary column 30 installed in the main frame 26 of the machine.

The main frame 31 can be lowered into the shaft of the shaft with cables and has a support independent of the drilling sinking machine 21, although in the alternative devices described below, it can rest on the body of the drilling sinking machine.

The manipulator 22 contains a material reloading station 33, including a pair of storage bins 34 mounted side by side on the main frame 31. The main frame also carries a bucket conveyor 46 transporting the removed rock from the boring sinking machine 21 upward through the shaft of the mine to a place above the reloading station, s which the conveyor unloads the excavated rock onto the unloading ramps 35 and into the hoppers 34. The conveyor 46 operates continuously to feed the excavated rock into the hoppers, and the rock is unloaded sequentially from the hoppers into a pair of skips 36 suspended on t dews 40 extending from ground level and equipped with wheels 37 that roll along vertical rails 38 attached to the shaft of the shaft in the manner described below.

The skips 36 may be sector-locked skips with bottom discharge, as shown in FIG. 6 and

7. The top and bottom of each skip is equipped with two sets of wheels 37 for rolling on three sides of the respective vertical guides 38. Each skip is also equipped with running bushings 50 with an open channel with an inner coating with wearing blocks for passage along the guide.

Skips 36 work in tandem so that when one skip rises from transshipment station 33 to the surface of the earth, the other skip descends to the loading station. When the skip 36 reaches the transfer station, the lower overlap of the corresponding hopper 34 is moved to the discharge position of the rock stored in the hopper through the discharge hole 39 into the skip. The contents of the hopper are quickly unloaded into the skip and the lower hopper door closes. Each hopper has sufficient capacity to accumulate rock from the conveyor 46, while the skip is raised to the surface, its contents are unloaded with the opening of the bottom sector shutter, and the skip is re-lowered to the transshipment station.

Skips 36 are made in the form of long rectangular containers that extend vertically

- 2 025603 along the side section or section 52 of the shaft of the shaft. This section of the shaft of the mine, covering an area significantly less than 50% of the cross-sectional area of the shaft of the shaft, can be separated from the rest of the shaft by steel formwork, bearing skip guides 38 and inserted into the shaft support 42 of the shaft, which is installed in the shaft of the shaft during drilling. Typically, the maximum width of the side portion 52 of the shaft of the shaft can be no more than about one third of the diameter of the shaft of the shaft.

As shown in FIG. 4, the shaft of the shaft may be equipped with ventilation ducts 43 and bucket feed or stand 44 for the delivery of people and materials to the decks of the main frame 31 of the drilling sinking machine, while the Central area 51 of the shaft of the shaft remains reserved for the compartment of the freight elevator.

Since the skips 36 are designed to be moved on guides that are firmly attached to the mine shaft support by means of the formwork 41, they can be of a very strong construction and rise and fall along the guides and inside the protective formwork much faster than receiving devices that were previously used to transfer the excavated rock to the surface. The lining 42 can be made of concrete, and to ensure the progressive growth of the lining and guides for skips, the shafts of the mine shaft and skip guides can be extended by installing successive extensions of the lining and skip guides below the reloading station 33, transporting and reloading the material ahead of the movement of the skips to the elongations with continued mine shaft penetrations.

With the continuation of drilling operations in the shaft of the shaft, the sinking machine can be moved in successive steps by means of the successive operation of the stabilizing jacks 27, 28 of the supports, which allow the machine to be moved down the shaft. The lower end of the conveyor is vertically lengthening with the movement of the lower loop 46a of the conveyor with compensating movement of the upper loop 46b to ensure continued transportation of the excavated rock by the conveyor to the transfer station and hoppers 34 without moving the transfer station when the cutting head of the drilling machine and conveyor 45 are moved to a limited distance. At this time, the extension of the support of the shaft of the shaft 34 can be installed below the reloading station, more specifically, immediately below the lowest installation positions of the skips 36 during the current material reloading and lifting operations.

The lining can be installed by spraying concrete directly onto the surface of the drilled shaft using a cable line running from the surface and feeding concrete through a switchgear into one or more, usually two, manually-operated application hoses. Alternatively, the support may be assembled from prefabricated components and attached to the wall with bolts or other convenient means. The extension of the skip rails and the formwork of the skip rails can then be installed with a strong attachment to the lining. The block 22 can then be lowered so that the loading station is lowered and the skips 36 are provided with access to the elongated rails in the elongated lining. If the lining is applied during the wet process to create a barrel by spraying or other means, a sufficient period of time is needed to ensure that the concrete hardens before lowering the transfer station.

Although in the shown embodiment, the manipulator 22 is supported independently of the drilling sinking machine 21, this is not essential, and in an alternative arrangement, the main frame 31 carrying the loading station can lean directly on the main supporting frame of the drilling sinking machine. In such a device, the loading station should be supported and held firmly in place by the main frame of the boring boring machine, when such a frame is fixed in the drilled shaft by the action of stabilizing jacks. The head of the drilling sinking machine should move downward with the advancement of drilling to ensure elongation of the lining of the shaft of the shaft and skip rails before the next movement of the main frame of the drilling sinking machine and the reloading station down. In an installation where the transshipment station is supported independently of the drilling sinking machine, it can be moved in steps or essentially continuous movements, which may or may not coincide with the movements of the drilling sinking machine.

The invention provides the transformation of the system of loading and lifting material while advancing the barrel using skips that can be durable and can rise and fall faster than tubs and other receiving devices without guides. The shown system is configured to move the excavated rock with a productivity equal to that required to remove the rock in an operating mine. Usually using two skips, each with a load capacity of 24 tons, it is possible to move at least 10,000 tons of excavated rock per day. Accordingly, the transshipment station and skip hoisting equipment installed during the tunneling of the shaft of the mine can be left in place and, therefore, subsequently used for tunneling and to extract rock at the mine being developed.

The main frame 61 of the boring boring machine 21 includes an anchor support deck 62, equipped with four high-performance hydraulic drill bits 63 percussion drilling, made with the possibility of radial drilling. The machines work while driving the shaft of the mine, drilling holes to install anchor bolts to support the walls to stabilize

- 3,025,603 mine shafts. The dust shield 70 is located between the cutting head 23 and the deck 62 for installing the anchor support. Concrete is also applied to the walls by shotcreting, using equipment that can also be installed on the deck of the anchor support installation.

In FIG. 8-16 show a method by which it is possible to begin the construction of tunnels 82 from the shaft of a mine and transport rock removed during tunneling to the surface using a rock transportation system constructed during tunneling of the shaft. In FIG. 8 and 9 schematically shows the lower part 80 of the shaft of the shaft, from which a recess of the cavity 81 has already been made, for its passage in opposite directions from the shaft of the shaft. Cavern 81 may be blast-blasted to remove rock up the mine shaft using an existing rock transport system 22. The cavity is made with a length and volume sufficient to accommodate the tunnel boring tunneling machine 83, which is assembled in the cavity from the components lowered in the compartment of the heavy lifting equipment in the shaft of the shaft and is used to start tunneling 82. The boring tunneling machine 83 may be of the type usually used in the construction of general purpose tunnels, such as road and railway tunnels or tunnels of hydraulic structures. The machine may comprise a central body 84 mounted on a tracked chassis 85 and equipped with a drill head 86 with rotary cutting elements. The drilling sinking machine may include an elongated conveyor, such as a chain conveyor 88, extending back from the rotary cutting head to an additionally extending conveyor 87 towed behind the drilling sinking machine, for feeding the excavated rock back to the bottom of the shaft of the shaft.

To create a cavern 81, the near-barrel yard can first be performed using a drill bit 63 or a deck 62 for installing an anchor support for a boring boring machine for drilling blast holes, in which explosive charges are phased out. After the formation of the yard using this technique, you can perform additional stages of drilling and blasting to form an enlarged cavity.

In FIG. 10-16 show the creation of a near-barrel yard in a sequence of steps or in stages, as discussed below.

Stage 1

When the shaft of the mine, when sinking with the drilling sinking machine 21, reaches the level at which the near-barrel yard is to be formed, the pilot drill bits installed below the anchor support deck 62 drill the wellhead for the near-barrel yard, as shown in FIG. 10.

Stage 2.

A shaft boring boring machine 21 continues to progress through the area of the borehole using four drill bits 63 for installing an annular support for annular drilling in the circular borehole around the borehole 64, as shown in FIG. 11. The ring is based on the configuration of the installation of anchor support, performed with a number of sections of the wedge cut to create a free face for blasting. The chisels are equipped with front clamps to extend the drill rods, and the rods are added manually. The area of the borehole can be shotcrete according to the usual method, while the shotcrete can be increased when applied in the area of the borehole, if anchor bolts are not installed or if removable bolts are required that can be installed in some of the drilling holes and removed for blasting.

Drill bits 63 are operated when a shaft tunnel is drilled by a boring machine while drilling blasting holes in successive planes deep into the planned borehole, so that the yard can be created by sequential excavation of layers by phased blasting. The mine shaft boring sinking machine then continues sinking for approximately 3 m, and additional blasting holes 65 for grooves or parallel channels for waste removal are drilled, as shown in FIG. 12. These parallel development grooves should later be used to dump the development of a near-barrel yard to the cutting rotor of the shaft shaft boring sinking machine for transportation, as discussed below. The concreting process, carried out on the main frame, is stopped during this process to ensure that the boring tunneling machine of the mine shaft is lifted above the borehole during the blasting phase.

Stage 3.

The holes 65 for the parallel channels for waste disposal are charged and blown up to form the channels 66, and then the upper layer 67 of the borehole is phased out. The mine shaft boring sinking machine is raised above the level of the borehole after each charge laying, as shown in FIG. 13, and perform blasting operations using electronic detonators to minimize the maximum instantaneous charge and, at the same time, shock. The roundabout yard is vertically divided into layers 67 with a height of approximately 2.5 m for ease of support using portable equipment.

- 4 025603

Stage 4.

The shaft sinking boring machine 21 is lowered to install the deck 62 for installing the anchor support at the same level with the first layer of the shotgun yard, as shown in FIG. 12. The roof and walls of the first layer 67 are shotcrete and secured with anchor bolts and the waste is removed using scrapers 71 mounted on the deck of the anchor support installation, as shown in FIG. 15, with feed into the channels of a parallel recess for waste removal, bypassing the dust shield 70. The cutting head 23 of the shaft shaft boring boring machine operates periodically to dispatch the waste using skips.

Stage 5.

The successive layers 67 of the borehole are blown up, the walls are shotcrete and secured with anchor bolts, as shown in FIG. sixteen.

Stage 6.

The shaft sinking boring machine continues to drive below the excavated perimeter shaft. More specifically, the bottom of the shaft of the shaft can be extended downward below the bottom of the cavity 81 to form a well 89 (FIG. 8), in which a transshipment station 33 of the rock transportation system can be installed. The drives or bins 34 of the rock transportation system can thus be installed in the well below the bottom of the cavity and the skips 36 can be lowered into the well to receive material dumped into the drives from the conveyor 67.

The boring sinking machine 21 can be fully or partially evacuated for reuse with the dismantling of parts and lifting them through the compartment of the cargo lift of the shaft of the mine before the construction of the tunnels. However, this equipment is very large, usually weighing about 1800, and the evacuation may be economically unjustified in a project in which operating costs may exceed $ 1,000,000. USA per day. Under such circumstances, part or all of the cutting head can be left at the bottom of the shaft of the mine and bury before the construction of the tunnels.

The equipment shown provides very significant time savings in the development of mines. However, this equipment is offered only as an example, and it can be significantly modified. For example, although the maximum benefit can be obtained from the assembly and operation of a tunnel boring tunneling machine for tunneling, this is not significant and it is possible to begin the construction of tunnels using conventional drilling and blasting techniques.

Similarly, it is also possible to modify the drilling equipment of a mine shaft or to use a blasting technique instead of using a mechanical cutting head.

Claims (19)

1. A method for developing an underground mine by an excavator, according to which a mine shaft is formed, extending downward from the earth's surface zone, by excavating soil from under the main frame of the excavator; installing a rock transportation system containing a material transfer station above the excavator during the formation of the mine shaft and transporting the rock removed during the formation of the mine shaft up the mine shaft to the surface of the earth by means of the rock transportation system; placing said main frame and said material transfer station in the lower part of the formed shaft of the shaft with subsequent formation by excavation of one or more tunnels passing from the lower part of the shaft of the shaft; and moving the rock, taken out during the tunneling, to the material transfer station with subsequent transportation of the rock to the surface of the earth. 2. The method according to claim 1, in which the construction of the tunnel is started by excavating the cavity in the lower part of the shaft of the mine and then driving the tunnel or tunnels from the cavity. 3. The method according to claim 2, in which the cavity is excavated with its distribution to opposite sides of the mine shaft. 4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, in which the cavity is excavated by drilling, blasting and removing the excavated rock. 5. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the components of the boring tunneling machine are lowered along the shaft of the mine and collected in a cavity to create a boring tunneling machine designed to be drilled from a cavity to create a tunnel or tunnels. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, in which the excavator is a drilling sinking machine containing a rotary cutting head. 7. The method according to claim 6, in which, upon completion of the creation of the shaft of the mine and before the construction of the tunnel, the excavator is completely or partially evacuated by dismantling the parts and lifting the disassembled parts up the shaft of the shaft to the surface area of the earth. 8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, in which the excavator or parts of the excavator are buried at the bottom of the mine shaft - 5,025603 before the construction of the tunnel. 9. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, in which the rock transportation system comprises one or more skips moving up and down along skip guides in the barrel. 10. The method according to claim 9, in which the barrel is gradually attached and equipped with extensions of skip rails with the continuation of the creation of the shaft of the mine. 11. The method according to claim 9 or 10, in which the rock, taken out during the creation of the mine shaft, is reloaded from the material transfer station into skip or skips for transportation to the earth’s surface zone, while the transfer station moves downward with continued excavation. 12. The method according to claim 11, in which upon completion of the creation of the shaft of the mine, the material transfer station is located at the bottom or near the bottom of the shaft of the mine and the rock, taken out during tunneling, is fed to the material transfer station for transfer to skip or skips. 13. The method according to claim 11 or 12, in which a pair of skips are used, moving up and down in the mine shaft along adjacent paths for receiving the excavated rock and transporting the rock to the earth's surface zone for unloading in it and then returning down to the material transfer station. 14. The method according to item 13, which uses a pair of storage bins at the material handling station for receiving excavated rock and periodically unloading discrete goods of this breed in skips. 15. The method according to claim 2, in which the excavator is a drilling sinking machine containing a rotary cutting head located under the system for transporting the excavated rock to an area on the surface of the earth, and the drilling sinking machine is equipped above the cutting head with impact drill bits made with the possibility of drilling passing out into the rock bore holes around the circumference of the shaft of the shaft of the borehole, and the recess of the cavity begin using bits to perform passing out into the rock holes for blasting around the periphery of the barrel and the boreholes in its lower part, installing and detonating explosive charges in the boreholes for excavation of the initial round-bore yard, from which a cavern and tunnel or tunnels are developed. 16. The method according to clause 15, in which the charges in the holes are detonated in stages and the boring sinking machine is raised above the blasting zone at each stage of blasting. 17. The method according to clause 15 or 16, in which the rock, taken out during blasting, is provided or caused to fall to the bottom of the shaft of the shaft and the boring sinking machine of the borehole is operated to collect this rock and feed it into the rock transportation system for transportation to the zone the surface of the earth. 18. The method according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the rock transportation system comprises one or more skips moving up and down in the borehole and a material transfer station at which the rock taken out when creating the shaft of the mine is loaded into a skip or skips for transportation to the earth's surface zone, while the material transfer station moves downward with the continuation of excavation, and after drilling and blasting to create an enlarged near-barrel yard, a boring sinking machine is used to extend the shaft of the mine down to achieved if the material transshipment yard of the near-barrel yard starts the construction of the tunnels, and the system can receive excavated rock directly from the near-barrel yard from the beginning of the construction of the tunnel or tunnels passing from it. 19. The method according to p. 18, in which a pair of skips are used, moving up and down in the shaft of the mine along skip guides, and a pair of accumulated bunkers of excavated rock at a material transfer station for receiving excavated rock and periodically unloading discrete goods of this breed into skips.