DK3219388T3 - Fremgangsmåde til katalytisk nedbrydning af aldehyd i en forbrændingsudstødningsgas - Google Patents

Fremgangsmåde til katalytisk nedbrydning af aldehyd i en forbrændingsudstødningsgas Download PDF

Info

Publication number
DK3219388T3
DK3219388T3 DK15858928.3T DK15858928T DK3219388T3 DK 3219388 T3 DK3219388 T3 DK 3219388T3 DK 15858928 T DK15858928 T DK 15858928T DK 3219388 T3 DK3219388 T3 DK 3219388T3
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
aldehyde
exhaust gas
combustion exhaust
catalytic decomposition
catalytic
Prior art date
Application number
DK15858928.3T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Tsugumi Nishi
Susumu Hikazudani
Emi Shono
Original Assignee
Hitachi Zosen Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Zosen Corp filed Critical Hitachi Zosen Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK3219388T3 publication Critical patent/DK3219388T3/da

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/90Injecting reactants
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8621Removing nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/8625Nitrogen oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8668Removing organic compounds not provided for in B01D53/8603 - B01D53/8665
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/18Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type
    • B01J29/20Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/24Iron group metals or copper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/70Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
    • B01J29/72Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/76Iron group metals or copper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/70Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
    • B01J29/72Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/76Iron group metals or copper
    • B01J29/763CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/20Reductants
    • B01D2251/21Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2251/206 or B01D2251/208
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20761Copper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00Catalysts
    • B01D2255/50Zeolites
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/70Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
    • B01D2257/708Volatile organic compounds V.O.C.'s
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01Engine exhaust gases
    • B01D2258/012Diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/06Polluted air
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/45Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications
    • B01D2259/4566Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications for use in transportation means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
DK15858928.3T 2014-11-12 2015-11-10 Fremgangsmåde til katalytisk nedbrydning af aldehyd i en forbrændingsudstødningsgas DK3219388T3 (da)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2014229692A JP6393591B2 (ja) 2014-11-12 2014-11-12 アルデヒド分解触媒および排ガス処理設備ならびに排ガス処理方法
PCT/JP2015/081556 WO2016076297A1 (ja) 2014-11-12 2015-11-10 アルデヒド分解触媒および排ガス処理設備ならびに排ガス処理方法

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK3219388T3 true DK3219388T3 (da) 2021-03-22

Family

ID=55954380

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK15858928.3T DK3219388T3 (da) 2014-11-12 2015-11-10 Fremgangsmåde til katalytisk nedbrydning af aldehyd i en forbrændingsudstødningsgas

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US20170341025A1 (da)
EP (1) EP3219388B1 (da)
JP (1) JP6393591B2 (da)
KR (1) KR20170102229A (da)
CN (1) CN107206369B (da)
DK (1) DK3219388T3 (da)
WO (1) WO2016076297A1 (da)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110841700A (zh) * 2019-10-12 2020-02-28 赵维 一种丝光分子筛催化剂及其制备方法和用途
CN112871202B (zh) * 2021-01-11 2022-04-15 宁波方太厨具有限公司 催化分解甲醛催化剂的制备方法
CN113955768B (zh) * 2021-11-24 2023-03-10 陕西延长石油(集团)有限责任公司 一种Cu/MOR分子筛的制备方法及其在甲烷直接氧化制乙醇中的应用

Family Cites Families (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4974660A (da) * 1972-11-20 1974-07-18
JPH01159029A (ja) * 1987-12-16 1989-06-22 Toyota Motor Corp ディーゼルエンジンの排気浄化装置
JP2670972B2 (ja) * 1993-12-02 1997-10-29 ニチアス株式会社 空気中の微量のアセトアルデヒドを除去する方法
JPH10309443A (ja) 1997-05-09 1998-11-24 Tokyo Gas Co Ltd 燃焼排ガスの脱臭方法、そのための触媒及び触媒ユニット
JP2000246112A (ja) * 1999-03-04 2000-09-12 Tokyo Gas Co Ltd NOx含有排ガス浄化用触媒、その浄化方法及びその製造方法
JP2001029748A (ja) * 1999-07-26 2001-02-06 Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd 燃焼排ガスの浄化方法
JP3829600B2 (ja) * 2000-01-31 2006-10-04 マツダ株式会社 吸着剤とそれを用いた吸着装置及びその他の物品並びに吸着方法
US7000382B2 (en) * 2003-07-02 2006-02-21 General Motors Corporation Partial oxidation of alcohols
JP2005319393A (ja) 2004-05-10 2005-11-17 Hitachi Zosen Corp アルデヒド類および窒素酸化物の除去触媒
CN101018604B (zh) * 2004-07-15 2010-12-08 日挥通用株式会社 含有有机氮化合物废气的净化用催化剂及该废气的净化方法
JP2006095395A (ja) * 2004-09-29 2006-04-13 Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd 排ガス浄化方法
JP2006167493A (ja) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-29 Sud-Chemie Catalysts Inc 排ガス脱臭方法及び排ガス脱臭触媒系
US7998423B2 (en) * 2007-02-27 2011-08-16 Basf Corporation SCR on low thermal mass filter substrates
US8636959B2 (en) * 2007-05-09 2014-01-28 N.E. Chemcat Corporation Selective catalytic reduction type catalyst, and exhaust gas purification equipment and purifying process of exhaust gas using the same
EP2072125A1 (en) * 2007-12-19 2009-06-24 BP Chemicals Limited Ion exchanged mordenite carbonylation catalyst
ES2465004T3 (es) * 2008-05-21 2014-06-04 Basf Se Procedimiento de síntesis directa de zeolitas que contienen Cu que tienen una estructura de CHA
KR101322050B1 (ko) 2009-02-25 2013-10-25 포항공과대학교 산학협력단 촉매체 및 상기를 사용한 포름알데히드의 제거 방법
US9657625B2 (en) * 2009-11-13 2017-05-23 Basf Corporation Wall flow filter loaded with SCR catalyst, systems and methods of exhaust gas treatment
CN102476029A (zh) * 2010-11-29 2012-05-30 杰智环境科技股份有限公司 用于处理有机废气的催化剂净化装置
JP5754734B2 (ja) * 2011-09-08 2015-07-29 国立大学法人 千葉大学 1,2−ジオールからの低級飽和アルデヒド製造方法
WO2013146729A1 (ja) 2012-03-30 2013-10-03 日立造船株式会社 燃焼排ガスの浄化方法、および脱硝触媒
JP6134552B2 (ja) 2012-03-30 2017-05-24 日立造船株式会社 燃焼排ガスの浄化方法、および脱硝触媒
US8894952B1 (en) * 2013-08-01 2014-11-25 Hyundai Motor Company Method of reducing nitrogen oxide using amine compound as reductant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN107206369B (zh) 2020-02-14
US20170341025A1 (en) 2017-11-30
US11224839B2 (en) 2022-01-18
JP2016093758A (ja) 2016-05-26
EP3219388B1 (en) 2021-01-06
US20200156003A1 (en) 2020-05-21
EP3219388A4 (en) 2018-07-25
JP6393591B2 (ja) 2018-09-19
EP3219388A1 (en) 2017-09-20
WO2016076297A1 (ja) 2016-05-19
KR20170102229A (ko) 2017-09-08
CN107206369A (zh) 2017-09-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DK3142773T3 (da) Katalytisk artikel til behandling af udstødningsgas
ZA201704022B (en) Exhaust gas purifying catalyst
DK3356659T3 (da) Zoneopdelt ammonia-slip-katalysator til anvendelse i forbrændingsturbiner
EP3207989A4 (en) Exhaust gas purification catalyst
EP3207990A4 (en) Exhaust gas purification catalyst
EP3207987A4 (en) Exhaust gas purification catalyst
ZA201704023B (en) Exhaust gas purifying catalyst
DK2907564T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til rensning af udstødningsgasser fra dieselmotorer
ZA201704021B (en) Exhaust gas purifying catalyst
DK2964592T3 (da) Proces til katalytisk fremstilling af dieselbrændstof
DK3364005T3 (da) Udstødningsgasrenseindretning til skib
EP3192584A4 (en) Exhaust gas purification catalyst
DK3226365T3 (da) Gasudledningsrør
HK1247231A1 (zh) 用於評價多孔固體的催化性能的方法
GB201504697D0 (en) Catalyst for treating exhaust gas
HUE050513T2 (hu) Véggáz tisztítása dinitrotoluol folyamatos gyártására szolgáló eljárásnál
DK3219388T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til katalytisk nedbrydning af aldehyd i en forbrændingsudstødningsgas
DK3153676T3 (da) Udstødningsgasrensesystem til skibsmotorer
DK3197589T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til oprensning af væsker
EP3144062A4 (en) Exhaust gas purification catalyst
FI20155795A (fi) Menetelmä kaasumoottorin käynnistämiseksi
FI20146178A (fi) Menetelmä katalyyttisen nanopinnoitteen muodostamiseksi
DK3219387T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til nedbrydning af et aldehyd indeholdt i udstødningsgas
DK3419755T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af en katalyseret monolit
DK3419754T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af en zonecoatet katalyseret monolit