DK171373B1 - Food casing and method of making the same - Google Patents

Description

DK 171373 B1

This invention relates to cellulosic food casings, in particular wrinkled cellulosic food casings, which are compactly mounted on a rigid hollow core tube in a highly compact state so as to produce wrinkled casing rods having a substantially greater stoppable length, improved structural stability and strength, and in proportion to strength and strength. , which are currently commercially available in given sizes, the further feature of making these suitable for use on larger stop horns than has hitherto been possible.

The invention is particularly applicable to the production of wrinkled casing articles used in the food industry for the production of sausage products of all sizes, and there are also significant advantages in using the quilted foodstuffs, such as whole boneless meat lengths, in shelf sterling articles. .

The artificial food casings used throughout the world in the preparation of a large number of meat and other food products, such as sausages of various kinds, cheese rolls, turkey rolls and the like, are usually made from regenerated cellulose and other cellulose materials. The casings are different in type and size to fit the different categories of foodstuffs 25 to be manufactured, and are manufactured in a stiffened and non-stiffened form, the stiffened casings commonly referred to as "fibrous casings" having a fibrous, stiffening fabric embedded in the sheath wall.

A common feature of many prepared food products, especially meat products, is that the mixture of edible ingredients, commonly called an "emulsion", is stuffed into a pressurized sheath and that the preparation of the food product is completed after its containment.

The food product may also be stored and shipped enclosed in the sheath, but in many cases, especially for small sausage products such as frankfurters, the sheath is removed from the food product after preparation.

2 DK 171373 B1

The term "small food casings" generally refers to the casings used in the manufacture of small sausage products, such as frankfurters. As the name suggests, this type of food casing is small in diameter in stopped condition, generally having a diameter within the range of from approx. 15 mm to approx. 40 mm, and it is usually supplied as thin-walled tubes of very large length.

For convenience of handling, these casings, which may be 20-50 m in length or even longer, are wrinkled and compressed to produce what is commonly referred to as the "wrinkled casing" of from approx. 20 to approx. 60 cm. Wrinkling machines and thus produced products include disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,983,9-49 and 2,984,574.

"Large food casings", the common term for casings used in the manufacture of generally larger food products, such as Salami and Bologna sausages, meat breads, cooked and smoked hams, etc., 20 are made in diameter sizes which are in a stopped state. from approx. 50 to approx. 200 mm or even larger. Generally, such casings have a wall thickness of approx. three times greater than the wall thickness of "small casings" and is provided with a fibrous reinforcing tissue or fabric embedded in the wall, although they may be made without such bracing medium. For many years, the large hose-shaped casings have been delivered to the food manufacturer in a flattened condition and cut into predetermined pieces with a length of approx. 0.6 to approx. However, in the last 30 years, but prior to this invention, however, large casings of both the fibrous and the non-stiffened type have been able and delivered in the form of wrinkled rods containing up to approx. 65 m holster.

35 In the manufacture and use of artificial food part casings, regulation of the moisture content of the casings is important.

3 DK 171373 B1 When small cellulose casings are manufactured, it is usually necessary to have a water content in the range of from approx.

14 to approx. 18% of the total casing weight to allow the padding operations to be performed without damage to the 5 casings. This relatively narrow range of moisture content is also important because it has been found that excessive sheath fractures occur during padding at lower moisture content and a greater moisture content results in the sheath material becoming too plastic and consequently in overstuffing.

The large casings have, as mentioned above, been recently improved to such an extent that wrinkled and compressed casing lengths are now obtainable in pre-wetted or soaked condition, so that the long and time-consuming bleeding of these casings is immediately prior to the stop operation can now be avoided. The moisture content of the larger casings of the fibrous reinforced type, when delivered in wrinkled and pre-wetted condition, is usually in the range of from approx. 16 to approx. 35% humidity of the total casing weight.

The special moisture content can be selected to suit the user's needs or what he prefers. If the moisture content is high and a longer storage period can be expected before padding, it is advisable to take precautions to prevent the growth of mold or bacteria. One way in accordance with the invention would be to limit the activity of the water added prior to or during the stuffing with sufficient amounts of solutes such as propylene glycol or glycerol. These also act as plasticizers or wetting agents in the sheaths to be wrinkled and compressed.

The wrinkling methods which can be used for the above-described casings in accordance with the patents mentioned therein, as well as others, can generally be described as a continuous grease of a length of a stock of flat casings, e.g. from a coil, to a wrinkle, in which it is inflated with low pressure gas (usually air). The inflated casing is passed through an arrangement of wrinkle rollers which folds the casing against a restriction on or around a wrinkle mandrel until a predetermined wrinkle length is obtained. In a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine such as that described in U.S. Patent No. 3,766,603, the wrinkled sleeve is then linearly moved away or away from the restriction against which the wrinkle was performed, and onto an extended mandrel portion, on which it is compressed to a desired rod length. In an accompanying wrinkle machine such as that described in U.S. Patent No. 2,583,654, the wrinkle mandrel is rotated with the wrinkled sleeve thereon to another position in which the wrinkled sleeve is compressed to the desired rod length.

The normal compression results in a rod length that may be from about 1.0 to approx. 1.2 or 1.3% of the original rod length.

For example, U.S. Patent No. 2,001,461 describes how an original casing length of 1006 cm (396 inches) is reduced to a length of less than 10 cm (4 inches) in the rod shape. Furthermore, in the description, it is purely speculative that the lowest achievable practical limit with respect to the ratio of rod length to the original casing length is likely to be in the range of 30 1/130. However, this patent does not acknowledge the problems encountered when attempting to produce such highly compact, wrinkled commercial length rods, and the importance of the size of the light is not mentioned.

The ratio of original casing length to the length of the wrinkled casing has generally been in the range of 70-100 in the industry prior to the time of the present invention. This ratio is called the "pack ratio" and it is the reciprocal of the relationship mentioned in the above-mentioned United States patent.

5

The degree of packing efficiency is another way of quantitatively expressing the extent to which the original casing length is compressed in the wrinkled casing shape. The degree of packing is defined as the ratio of the volume of the wrinkled and compressed casing of a unit length divided by the volume of the same unit length which would be occupied by solid casing material and can be determined by the following formula: 15 L x (2 x FW xt) PE = - £ -5- - 22 4 (0DC - ID *) x Ls where: PE = degree of packing

L = sleeve length 20 C

L = wrinkled casing length FW = width of flat casing t = casing wall thickness OD = outer diameter of wrinkled casing ID = inner diameter of wrinkled casing rod.

a 3 This calculation automatically takes into account the specific density and / or density of the sheath material itself. It can be seen from the equation that the ratio is in fact the volume of the flat casing contained in the wrinkled casing divide by the volume of a hollow cylinder having the same dimensions as the wrinkled casing rod. Thus, to the extent that the degree of packing is increased, this is measured by its approximation to 1 or unit value.

Since the packing ratio is the ratio of Lc to Ls, another way of expressing the packing ratio is as follows: 35 6 DK 171373 B1 2 x FW t PE = (packing ratio) - -? 2 4 (OD * "ID *") 5

It is seen that for a given packing degree, the packing ratio varies with the difference between the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the rod for a given casing size. Since the outer diameter is necessarily limited by the flat width (FW) of the casing used for forming the rod, an increase in the diameter difference to increase the packing ratio must ultimately reduce the size of the inner diameter of the groove. However, although the objective of maximum stick illumination and maximum packing ratio is mutually contradictory, it is clear that the degree of packing is maximized at a given packing ratio when the inside diameter of the rod is maximized.

It is generally desirable, in connection with a given 20 casing size, to use the maximum brightness size (internal cross-sectional area) stop horn to partially maximize production and minimize stop pressure. Another reason to maximize horn size is to eliminate the risk of "fat withdrawal". Fat withdrawal is a phenomenon that occurs when the passage of the meat emulsion through the stuffing horn at high shear rate causes the emulsion to decompose and water and fat to be excreted. The water and grease then accumulate between the surface of the finished sausage product and the cellulosic food casing 30 during the preparation, resulting in an unsatisfactory sausage product having an unacceptable visual appearance. Shear velocity decreases with larger internal stop horn diameter. 1

The goals that have been sought in the technology of wrinkling have been to produce a hollow rod which can be wrinkled and stopped on a stopper, continuously and without mechanical failure or breakdown, so that continuous production is ensured, the rod itself having sufficient structural and mechanical integrity, ie context, to withstand the usual stresses of packaging, storage, handling, and placement on the stopper, as well as the desirable ratio of compressing to a given rod length as much as possible technically possible to apply to a stopper horn of the greatest possible size. .

Accordingly, the "ideal" holster bar is one which has a high consistency, taking into account a long casing length per unit. unit of rod length (large packing ratio) and a large internal diameter or luminous size (high packing ratio).

15

A typical bale ratio and a typical degree of packing according to the prior art can be calculated from the teachings of the specification of U.S. Patent No. 3,528,825. In column 5, line 75 to column 6, line 5, there is a description of a wrinkled 20 casing bar in which 30 m (95 feet) casings with an outer diameter in the spaced condition of 1.75 cm (22/32 inches) and a wall thickness of 0.0254 mm (0.001 inch) is wrinkled to a rod having an outer diameter of 2.22 cm (7/8 inch), an inner diameter of 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) and a rod length at 25 41.28 cm (16 1/4 inches). Using this data and the above-mentioned formula for the degree of packing, it is found that the casing referred to has a degree of packing of 0.374. The known casing packing ratio is 70? 30 m (95 feet) wrinkled and compressed to 41.28 cm (16 1/4 inch).

30

The silence of a wrinkled sleeve is determined by measuring the bending moment in kg-cm (inch-pounds) at the collapse of the rod. A casing rod is placed in V-shaped notches on two support brackets, which are attached to a base plate and are spaced apart (D) by approx. 80-90% of the length of the holster rod being tested. A thrust member having projections with v-shaped notches spaced apart from each other D less than 8 inches (4 inches) is immersed in the center of the upper surface of the hollow rod. With a manually operated handle connected by a rack drive to a force gauge (such as a Hunter Force Indicator, model L-IM with a "stop at 5 maximum display") fixed centrally to the pressure gauge, a downward pressure is produced. The force effect gradually increases until the casing rod breaks. The force P is read in kg (pounds). The bending moment in kg-cm (inch-pounds) at the fracture generation of the apparatus is equal to P / 2 10 x 2 cm, and the force reading P is therefore equal to the bending moment in kg-cm at the break of the casing rod. Generally, a coherency of at least approx. 1.38 kg-cm (1.2 inch pounds) needed, while a consistency of at least approx.

2.88 kg-cm (2.5 inch-pounds) is particularly suitable and preferred. Since the connection between usable casing illumination diameter versus stop horn diameter is a very relevant measure of the capability of the casing, a "fit fit" test has been developed for use in wrinkled casing articles. To simulate the placement of a wrinkled rod on a stop horn and thereby measure the effective internal diameter of the wrinkled rod, a test was developed in which a wrinkled rod is placed over the upper end of a vertical, stainless steel rod of greater length than the wrinkled rod. rod and then 25 are allowed to fall freely under its own weight to the lower end of the rod completely surrounding it. The bar may conveniently be arranged vertically on a table. The wrinkled rod is placed over the upper end of the rod and then released. If the rod falls to the table surface, the fall-30 pass test is successful. Bars are available with diameter jumps of 0.254 cm, and for some casing size ranges, bars with 0.005 cm jumps have been made. The wrinkled rod is tested on each rod, starting with the smallest rod and continuing with each subsequent rod size until the wrinkled rod does not fall freely throughout the length of the rod. The largest rod diameter over which the rod falls freely in its full length represents the effective internal diameter of the wrinkled rod, ie.

9 DK 171373 B1 "fall fit" diameter.

In the manufacture of wrinkled cellulose envelope rods, the size of the individual rods varies slightly, partly 5 due to irregularities in the extent of the folds within the rods. For this reason, in experimental work, it is necessary to measure by a plurality of wrinkled rods, e.g. at least approx. 10, and the arithmetic mean is used to determine the entire group's functionality expressed in the stop horn fit. As previously stated, fall-fit averages are preferably one thousandth of a centimeter, and the requirement for fall-fit is determined with this degree of accuracy. For example, if the minimum requirement is 1,245 cm, a drop-fit sample of 1,242 cm will be unacceptable, since a significant number of rods in a group represented by the fall-fit determination with an average of 1,242 cm will not function on a stop horn with a diameter of 1,245 cm.

20

One of the most important factors in the wrinkling of small size food casings is the consistency quality, i.e. the permanence of the wrinkled rod as a self-supporting object. The context of the rod is particularly important in producing such rods which are well suited for use in automatic food stuffing equipment, such as e.g. the machinery used in the manufacture of products such as frankfurters and other similar foodstuffs. A missing connection or breakage in a wrinkled rod prior to its mounting on a stuffing horn makes the rod unsuitable for use on such automatic stuffing equipment. Accordingly, any treatment of a snake-shaped food casing which can be formed into a wrinkled casing bar must not adversely affect the consistency of the bar 35 but should, on the contrary, be directed to increase it.

In recent years, considerable efforts have been made in the casing industry to develop measures for producing highly coherent casing rods, especially with regard to casings of small size. These measures include chemical treatments, such as is known from the specification of US Patent No. 4,137,947.

5

A conventional wrinkle on modern wrinkles produces wrinkled casing rods with a distinct angular displacement between a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rod and a plane in which there is a wrinkled 10 fold. This is called the fold angle. A conventional wrinkled rod without a core element of the present invention, having a fold angle of this kind, has a consistency and structural integrity substantially greater than that of a rod of the same type which has been wrinkled with the fold 15 perpendicular to the rod. longitudinal axis, since the total rod length is like something in the direction of a stack of interconnected, stacked cones.

It has now been found, especially for the smaller casing sizes used to produce frank furter-type products, that when a usual wrinkled rod (without core) is strongly compressed in an attempt to maximize its packing ratio, it is weakened the coherence or structural integrity of the compressed rod to a degree so that the rod becomes inoperable. I.e. the stick becomes brittle, breaks easily and therefore cannot be placed on a stop horn. It is believed that this effect occurs when the large longitudinal compression forces try to flatten the geometry of the M cones generated during the wrinkling process.

It has also been found that when a tubular casing is subjected to the wrinkling process (i.e., transformed from a flat tubular shape to a folded and compressed 35 rod shape as described above), large inward, radial forces develop in the resulting wrinkled rod when high packing rates are achieved. The magnitude of these large forces was not recognized until wrinkled casing rods were strongly compressed on tubular core members of the present invention, and it was found that even substantially rigid cores would decrease somewhat in core diameter over time. It has previously been known that the inner diameter of usually wrinkled rods (without tubular core) exhibits a abrupt reduction upon removal (removal) from the wrinkle mandrel immediately after compression and a more gradual further decrease which appears to continue for about 5 minutes. 1 week 10 or more after decay, but the magnitude of the forces causing this diameter decrease was not recognized prior to the present invention. It has further been found that the magnitude of these radially inward forces is proportional to the longitudinal compressive force used to compress the rod to the compressed length that the rod initially has just before the take-off. I.e. that the radially aligned forces grow as the longitudinal compressive force increases.

In British Patent Specification No. 1,167,377, there is disclosed a rod of wrinkled, tubular casing supported by a hollow mold member (core) formed and sized for placement around a stopper horn. In the patent, it is stated that a friction fit in the rod prevents it from being decompressed or from sliding off the mold element. It is stated that the mold element may be made of any desired material, e.g. synthetic plastic material or thin cardboard. According to a specially described embodiment of the mold element, it is constructed of polyvinyl chloride which is extruded to form a cylinder having a wall thickness of approx. 0.25 mm. The article of this patent has been marketed in the form of tubular polyvinyl idenchlor idplast embalks, which are wrinkled on a core of cellulose acetate having an inner diameter of 2.50 centimeters and a wall thickness of approx. 0.292 mm. The invention of the British patent has never been practiced in connection with tubular wrinkled cellulose casings.

In addition to the above use, it has been known for many years to use a hollow core or central tube as the carrier 5 for large, wrinkled casings. However, all previously known uses of core elements in connection with wrinkled cellulose casings have been intended to provide integrity and resistance to growth during bleeding. Prior to the development of coherent casing sticks, rods have been used for shipping and handling of small casings. In use, the wrinkled casing was slid off the bar and shot into the stop horn.

15 In recent years, the cellulosic food industry has moved away from the use of inner tubes as casing restraints and carriers and toward the use of outer restraints and carriers such as nets and shrinkable or elastic foils for medium and large sized casings.

20 Small casings have been used as continuous sticks without any other support.

A principal object of the present invention is to provide a wrinkled hollow rod article having a large consistency and with the shroud wrinkled and compressed to a greater packing ratio than has previously been achieved in the relevant technical field while maintaining an acceptable illumination size as indicated by a high packing degree.

30

Another object of the invention is to provide a wrinkled hollow rod article of high consistency and with a large packing ratio and a high degree of packing, of a generic structure and type, widely applicable across the full range of holster sizes and types used within food industry.

A further important object of the invention is to provide a highly compacted, wrinkled casing article having a packing ratio associated with a packing degree, both of which is substantially greater than that which has been obtainable in the casing industry to date. , while avoiding all the potential problems associated with the prior art, such as lack of structural integrity and consistency.

A further important object of the invention is the provision of a highly compacted, wrinkled casing article provided with a core having appropriate physical properties to withstand the high inward radial forces which develop when a tubular casing undergoes wrinkling and a subsequent compression to a high 15 packing ratio.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for producing highly compacted, wrinkled hollow rod articles provided with a core, currently available wrinkle machines, under only small, if any, alterations thereof to produce the article according to the invention.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a sheath article having a combination of a greater brightness and a higher degree of packing than can be obtained with a product without a core. It is a further important object of the invention to provide a highly compacted, wrinkled core article, whereby specific standard sleeve sizes over the entire range of sleeve sizes will be able to fit respectively larger stop corners than they have hitherto been able to fit. . The contribution made by the wrinkled casing article of the present invention to technology 35 in the art includes a more efficient packaging operation by stuffing food items of all kinds into available casings.

14 DK 171373 B1

A particular object of one aspect of the invention is to provide a highly compacted, wrinkled casing rod provided with a core which replaces the horn of the stuffing machine and thereby becomes a consumable element of the stuffing machine.

A further particular object of the invention is to provide a highly compacted, wrinkled hollow rod article provided with a core which can be used selectively as a carrier tube which can be inserted over a stop horn on a stop device or alternatively as the stop horn itself, having a retaining means of some sort mounted on the core element of the article and disposed internally in a wrinkled portion of the wrinkled casing.

15 In contrast to previous use of cores, a new use of cores has now been invented in which they are designed to limit the effects of the radially inwardly directed force of the wrinkled sleeve to such an extent that 20 not only a packing ratio is obtained which are substantially larger than what has been achieved in the prior art (wrinkled rods without cores compressed and wrinkled under the same conditions), but these higher packing ratios can be achieved with sheath articles of equivalent or even larger usable size sizes than have been possible with aforementioned comparable wrinkled spells without core. This is the opposite of what would be expected of one skilled in the art, namely that the core would occupy space and thereby reduce the effective illumination of the hollow rod. Accordingly, one would expect that a core would have a negative effect on the packing ratio. The corrugated, highly compacted cellulose sheath article of the present invention may, contrary to this expectation, provide a substantially higher packing ratio without any reduction in the applicable luminous size and thus may result in a corrugated sheathed article having a degree of packing which is higher than the packing rate of a wrinkled rod without a core. A further feature of the article of the invention is that it provides a casing article of greater structural integrity and strength.

In one embodiment, which is particularly useful in stopping apparatus for packaging bulky meat objects such as whole bone-free hams and the like, the very core of the article of the invention is used instead of a stuffing horn. However, it should be noted in this connection that the stopper apparatus for whole legless hams is considered to be a separate invention, the present invention being concerned only with the adaptation of the idea of highly compressed wrinkled casings provided with a core to such an apparatus.

It should also be noted that this apparatus is the subject of another application, DK Patent No. 158,872.

With a further embodiment of the invention there is provided a highly compacted, wrinkled casing rod article provided with a core which can be used selectively as a support tube intended to be pushed over a stop horn on a stop apparatus or alternatively as the stop horn itself, having retaining means of some sort mounted on the core element of the article and disposed inside a wrinkled portion of the wrinkled casing.

25

Thus, in general, the invention relates to a casing article, characterized in that it comprises a combination of: - a tubular casing core (31) and 30 - a wetted cellulose-based food casing length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of the casing. total weight, which is wrinkled and strongly compressed on the casing core to a packing ratio of at least 100 35 and to a packing degree of 0.50 or greater, which are also individually larger than the packing ratio and packing ratio for the same casing length when wrinkled and strongly 16 compressed under the same wrinkle and compression conditions but without the casing core, thereby producing a strong inward expansion force from the casing, the casing core being sufficiently rigid to withstand the deformation and shrinkage of the casing core diameter under the influence of the casing core. strong, inward expansion force from the casing.

As used herein, the term "same wrinkle and compression conditions" means that the wrinkle method and apparatus (e.g., including wrinkles and the diameter of the wrinkle mandrel) and the final compression method, apparatus and length as well as compression or compression force substantially are the same.

In a preferred practice of the invention, the packing rate is maintained at 0.60 or more.

In a preferred embodiment of the coherent casing article, the core, based on a fit fit comparison (discussed in detail above), has an interior illumination size at least as large as the interior illumination size that the same casing without a core would have when is wrinkled and compressed strongly under the same wrinkle and compression conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the casing is of the small, unstressed cellulose type having a spaced diameter of less than approx. 40 mm, and is compressed to a packing ratio of at least 100.

Other advantageous features of the article of the invention include placing the sheath in such a wrinkled and compressed state that the angle between a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tubular core and a plane through the wrinkle folds can be selected with an optimum value.

A casing article according to the invention can also be manufactured advantageously in that the wrinkle fold plane angle of the wrinkled casing is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tubular core.

In practicing the invention, it may also be advantageous to establish an angular relationship between a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tubular core and the wrinkle folding angle of the wrinkled sleeve; this angle can range from approx. 15 * to approx. 60 *.

10

The invention also relates to a method for producing a wrinkled and highly compressed core article, the method being characterized by: (a) providing a cellulosic food sheath length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of the total weight of the sheath; (b) pushing the inner luminous circumference of this cellulosic casing length over a first end of a mandrel (13), and then (c) alternately wrinkling and compressing the cellulosic casing length of the mandrel (dt) to provide a hollow casing (31), which casing is sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage of the casing inner diameter caused by the action of inwardly expanding expansion forces from the casing resulting from the casing 30 (17) compression and (e.) compressed casing length is linearly displaced from the other end of the mandrel to the outside of the casing producing a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby generating an inwardly expanding force from the sheath while contracting the inner diameter of the wrinkled sheath length, or wrinkling the cellulose-based sheath length (17) (13) having a diminished end portion at the other end of the mandrel 5 (d2) introducing a hollow casing core (31) coaxially disposed with and adjacent to the diminished end portion of the mandrel said sleeve core being sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage 10 of said sleeve core diameter by actuation of inward expansion force from said sleeve resulting from said compression of said sleeve, said sleeve core being supported by a second mandrel, 15 (e2), to lengthen said pleated sleeve. linearly along the mandrel to the outside of the coaxially located sleeve core, and (f2) the wrinkled sleeve longitudinal length is compressed on the 20 casing core to a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inward expansion force from the casing.

Another embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing the core, wrinkled and highly compressed sheath article is characterized by: (a) providing a cellulose-based 30 sheath length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of (b) providing a hollow casing core (31) sufficiently rigid to withstand the deformation and shrinkage of the casing inner diameter by the influence of an inwardly expanding force resulting from the casing compression, 19 (c) providing a mandrel (13) and extending the inner liner periphery of the casing core (31) longitudinally across the outer periphery of the mandrel (13), (d) extending the inner liner periphery of the cellulosic food sheath lengthwise peripherally (e) wrinkling the cellulose-based casing length 10 on the casing core (3 1) and the mandrel (13), (f) compressing the length of the wrinkled cellulose-based casing on the casing core (31) to a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inwardly expanding force 15 on the casing core, and (g) on the casing core, wrinkled and heavily compressed casing articles are caused to slide longitudinally from the mandrel (13).

In this embodiment, the core is preferably supported by a second mandrel and the wrinkled casing is transferred to the core and the second mandrel for compression to the fully compressed state. The mandrel-supported wrinkled casing may further be moved to another position before the wrinkled casing is moved from the other end of the mandrel to the core. The core is preferably arranged coaxially and in connection with the other end of the mandrel.

A further embodiment of the method according to the invention for the preparation of the core, wrinkled and highly compressed sheath article, characterized by (a) providing a cellulose-based food sheath length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% by weight, (b) the inner luminaire periphery of the cellulose-based food sheath is pushed over a first end of a mandrel (13), (c) the cellulose-based sheath length is wrinkled on the mandrel (13), 5 (d) compressed on the mandrel (13) to a high packing ratio and high degree of packing, (e) providing a hollow casing core (31) sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage of the casing core diameter by impacting an inward expansion force resulting from the sheath as a result of the sheath compression, and (f) the compressed, wrinkled sheath length 15 is slid from the first end of the mandrel longitudinally and over to the outer periphery of the casing core to produce a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inwardly expanding expansion force from the casing while simultaneously tightening the inner diameter of the creased casing length .

A further embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing a core, wrinkled and highly compressed casing article is characterized by (a) providing a cellulose-based food casing length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of the casing weight , (b) sliding the inner liner periphery of the cellulosic food sheath length over a first end of a mandrel (13), (c) shredding the cellulosic food shelf length onto the mandrel (13), (d) providing a hollow casing (31), 21 DK 171373 B1 sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage of the inner diameter of the sheath core by the influence of an inwardly expanding force resulting from the sheath as a result of the sheath compression, the sheath core being possibly supported by another mandrel, ( (e) the mandrel-supported, wrinkled cellulose-based food casing length for (f) moving the wrinkled casing length from the first end of the mandrel to the outside of the casing core and (g) further squeezing the casing length to the casing core for a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby an inward-facing expansion force is generated from the sheath.

In this embodiment, the core is preferably supported on another mandrel and the partially compressed casing rod is transferred onto the core and the second mandrel for compression to the fully compressed state.

25 The particular moisture content which is preferred for the different sheath types may vary. In particular, the moisture content of controllably wetted, wrinkled, fibrous casings in the larger size range will preferably be of the order of from 16 to approx. 35% of the total shelf weight.

The preferred moisture content for medium sized casings will also be on the order of from approx. 16 to approx. 35% by weight moisture of the total casing weight.

Small size casings used in the manufacture of frankfurter-type products and the like will advantageously have a moisture content of the order of approx.

35 22 DK 171373 B1 14 ~ to approx. 18% by weight of the total casing weight.

The tubular core member of an article according to the invention must be sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and reduction of the core luminous size resulting from an inwardly directed sheath expansion force, recognizing that a minor deformation and luminous reduction will occur but will be acceptable when not unreasonably large. The element may have different wall thickness to be able to fit the particular casing articles and their use and utilization and additionally in accordance with the core material used, but in general it can be stated that the wall thickness of the tubular core is in the range of from approx. 0.051 cm (0.020 inch) to approx. 0.254 cm (0.100 15 inches).

The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: FIG. 1 is a vertical view of an apparatus which can be used to make the article of the invention, and according to one embodiment of the method of the invention, it shows the wrinkling process associated with continuous feeding of a length of sheath material; FIG. 2 shows the finished wrinkling operation with the wrinkled casing transferred to the compression section of the apparatus of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 shows the application of the compressive force to produce the rod length according to the invention on a core element disposed on an extended part of the wrinkle machine; FIG. 4 is an isometric view of an article according to the invention in which the wrinkled and compressed sleeve is placed in place on a hollow, tubular core; FIG. 5 is a view of a variation of the invention adapted for use as a stop horn member of 5 a stop apparatus for the production of lump for meat products; FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an embodiment of the article according to the invention especially useful for stuffing medium-sized products, whereby the core member can be used as a carrier which can be pushed inwardly into a stuffing horn, or alternatively as the stuffing horn part of the apparatus itself; Fig. 7 is a view of an article according to the invention useful for stuffing small size sausage products, the core element replacing the stuffing horn of the stuffing apparatus; 20 FIG. 8 is a graph showing drop fit as a function of the packing ratio for wrinkled rods made of 48.8 m small diameter non-fibrous casing, size 25, with and without 25 cores; FIG. 9 is a graph showing coherency as a function of the packing ratio of wrinkled rods without core and made of 48.8 m non-30 small diameter fibrous casing, size 25; FIG. 10 is a graph showing drop fit as a function of the packing ratio of wrinkled 35 cores without cores and made of small diameter cellulose sheaths, size 7, 21 and 27 (without fibrous reinforcement) where all rods of a certain size have the same length ; 24 DK 171373 B1 fig. 11 is a graph showing coherence as a function of the packing ratio of those of FIG. 10 provided wrinkle bars without a core; 5 FIG. 12 is a graph showing the maximum achievable packing ratio for wrinkled rods with and without cores made of medium sized fibrous casings within the size range 43-60, which fits a 2.725 cm (1.073 inches) stop-10 horn; and FIG. 13 is a graph showing the same relation as FIG.

12 for medium size fibrous sleeves in the size range 70-100, which fits a 3.952 cm (1.556 inch) stop horn.

Referring to the drawing, FIG. 1 and 2 illustrate a typical liquid mandrel wrinkling machine generally designated 11 and comprising a wrinkle mandrel 13 extending 20 through a wrinkle head 15. An inflated casing 17 is fed to the mandrel 13 by a pair of feed rollers 19 and a pair of cooperating feed belts 21. 15 comprises a plurality of wrinkle wheels 23, usually three, through which inflated casing 17 is passed and which together with retention belts 25 wrinkle the casing in a manner well known to those skilled in the art. The wrinkle wheels are of the ordinary type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484.

The advance of the wrinkled casing 17 on the mandrel 13 is delayed by a device of retaining belts 25 to provide a substantially regular folding and a partially compressed, wrinkled casing. After the initial wrinkling and folding operation, the sheath of the retaining belts is passed down the mandrel and toward a first clamping member 27.

In order to transfer the wrinkled sleeve to a substantially rigid tubular core and finally compress the sleeve thereof in accordance with the invention, the clamp member 27 is pivoted away from the web and the wrinkled piece is moved manually or by some conventional automatic device. 5 against another clamping member 29 for the one shown in FIG. 2. In this position, the wrinkled casing is positioned on a hollow tubular core 31 which is located on a lowered or reduced section of mandrel 13 as shown in FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail view of the right side of the image of FIG. 2. The final compression of the sheath 17, on the hollow tubular core 31, is produced by the compression means 33 which is moved linearly against the second clamping member 29 until the desired wrinkled shaft length is achieved. Advantageously, a clamp or abutment disc 35 may be inserted between the end of the casing 17 and the second clamping member 29, so that when the entire article is removed, the casing will be securely secured to the hollow tubular core and prevented from sliding beyond the end of the casing. this.

When a cored, highly compacted casing article is completed as described above, the second clamping member 29 is removed from its confining position and the finished article is removed.

25

The article of the invention may e.g. is assembled by transferring the wrinkled and partially compressed sleeve to the hollow tubular core 31 in the manner described above. FIG. 3 shows the wrinkled and partially compressed casing moved linearly onto a diameter-reduced portion of a core coaxially positioned with the wrinkle mandrel 13 upon which the final compression force is exerted by the compression means 33.

Other methods can be used when applying wrinkled casing to a core. On a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine, such as previously described, the wrinkled casing can be completely compressed onto the wrinkle machine mandrel and then transferred onto a tubular core.

It is also possible to completely remove the wrinkled and partially compressed casing from the wrinkle apparatus 115 on a conveyor rod or support mandrel and lead the entire piece to a separate compression apparatus where the wrinkled casing is placed on a core and compressed. Alternatively, the core may be placed on a liquid mandrel so that the casing is then wrinkled on the mandrel while placed on the mandrel, and the core-wrinkled casing is then completely compressed on the core-and the core-finished, compressed casing rod ( eng .: is doffed) from the mandrel.

Another wrinkle system includes the use of a retractable mandrel wrinkle machine as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,583,654. This type of wrinkle assembly can be used to make the article of the invention and it allows wrinkling of the sheath 20 directly onto a core and subsequent compression thereof. In one embodiment, the core is placed on the retractable wrinkle mandrel and placed in such a position that the casing is wrinkled on the core, whereupon the core, wrinkled casing is completely compressed on the core and the core-finished, compressed casing rod is removed mandrel. In an alternative embodiment, the casing of the retractable mandrel is wrinkled and compressed in the usual manner, and the wrinkled and compressed casing can be slid off the mandrel and onto the core. In yet another embodiment, the casing is wrinkled and partially compressed on the retractable mandrel, upon which the mandrel is moved to a new position coaxially with the core, and the partially compressed, wrinkled rod is pushed off the mandrel and onto the core, whereupon the wrinkled rod 35 is fully compressed on the core. It is also possible to completely remove the wrinkled and partially compressed casing from the wrinkle with the retractable mandrel by sliding it onto a transport bar or carrier mandrel, and then transfer the partially compressed, wrinkled rod from the carrier rod or carrier mandrel to the core. zone is placed on a separate compression apparatus where the wrinkled rod is compressed completely on the core.

5

Achieving the greatest possible packing ratio for the article of the invention requires a great compressive force which in turn produces large radially inward forces in the wrinkled casing rod. Since the preferred method of making the article of the invention involves compressing the wrinkled rod while it is placed on its core, it will be appreciated that a low coefficient of friction between the sleeve and the core is desirable. Example VII (discussed in detail below) illustrates that a high packing ratio can be achieved with a core material such as high weight polyethylene which has a relatively small rubbing coefficient in comparison to polypropylene or polystyrene having larger rubbing coefficients.

20

FIG. 4 shows an article according to the invention, more specifically, a wetted cellulosic food casing 17 which is wrinkled and compressed on a substantially rigid tubular core 31 to a packing ratio and a packing degree greater than what has hitherto been conventional achieved. In one embodiment, the outer perimeter of the core is larger than the perimeter of the inner illumination which the same casing would have had had it been wrinkled and compressed without a core. In FIG. 4, 30 also show washers 35, which may or may not be located and disposed at each end of the wrinkled casing for holding it in its compressed state on the core. 1

FIG. 5 shows a presently preferred embodiment of the core, highly contrived wrinkle principle applied to a detachable stop horn which is the subject of a co-filed DK patent no.

28 DK 171373 B1 158,872 In this embodiment there is shown a tiltable sleeve retaining member 37 mounted on a hollow tubular core 31 and disposed internally in a wrinkled length of the sleeve 17 which has been pulled from the wrinkled and compressed sleeve piece and over the foldable sheath retaining means and the end of the tubular core / stopper where it can be clamped to provide an end closure for the product to be stoppered. As shown at the opposite end of the combined article, a flange 39 is provided to facilitate attachment of the article to the stopper.

FIG. 6 shows the core, highly compacted article according to the invention adapted as a sleeve carrier or carrier which can be inserted over a stop horn's stop horn. When used in this way, a flange 39 of such an article may be connected to the apparatus of the stopping machine which provides the reciprocating movement of the entire sleeve to produce slacking operations when required during the stopping process. An embodiment similar to that of FIG. 6 may alternatively be used as a sleeve comprising a retaining or retaining means, in which case a wrinkled portion of the sheath will be pulled over the retaining or retaining means and the end of the tubular core and clamping closure for retaining the product which is stopped. 1 2 3 4 5 6

FIG. 7 shows an article according to the invention 2 adapted for use in stuffing small size sausage products and provided with a mounting member 41 arranged and arranged to fit directly to a stopper 5 so that the hollow tubular 6 core of the article 31 replaces the conventional stop horn. In this case, the sheath 17 is partially wrinkled and pulled over the retaining means 43 and the end of the tube horn, where it is closed to provide a seal during the product plugging operation. It is particularly advantageous to provide long sleeve pieces at a given rod length when stuffing small size sausage products, since the manufacture of these products is to a large extent carried out with automatic high speed stop equipment.

Use of the core casing article of the invention allows for the breaking of considerably longer casings at a given rod length, thereby utilizing the equipment more efficiently while meeting the requirement for high dimensional precision (e.g. straightness) and structural integrity (consistency) of the sheath articles used on such equipment are taken into account.

FIG. 7 also shows the fold angle of the sheath yl in the wrinkled rod shape according to the invention. Conventional wrinkling on modern wrinkling machines produces wrinkled casing rods having a recognizable angular displacement between a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rod and a plane in which there is a wrinkled fold. A non-core rod having a 20-fold angle of this kind has been found to have significantly greater consistency and structural integrity than such a rod of the same type would have if it were wrinkled with a fold angle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rod. since the total rod length is like something in the direction of a stack of stacked cones. The core element provides sufficient structural stiffness that it is unnecessary to let the coherency depend on the fold angle.

One reason for including a certain fold angle Θ in the sleeve rods of the invention is to inhibit the length extension of the rod see. Wrinkled casing rods tend to exhibit growth immediately after they are detached from the wrinkle and / or compression mandrel, which is a tendency for an elongated, wrinkled and compressed rod to extend. In addition, in the case of wrinkled and compressed rods without core, growth of the folded casing occurs radially inwardly in the rod's illumination, which is increased in proportion to the extent to which the rod's longitudinal growth, possibly 30 DK 171373 B1, is prevented.

The tendency of a wrinkled and compressed rod to grow radially inward toward the core produces an additional locking effect of the sheath folds toward the outer surface of the core. With this advantageous effect, the tendency of a finished wrinkled casing rod to grow longitudinally is significantly reduced due to fold-to-fold rubbing in combination with fold-to-core rubbing force, so that only a minimum additional length of clamping is required for dimensionally to stabilize the holster stick article.

EXAMPLE I

15 A 76.22 m (250 feet) long piece of a fibrous sheath

large size, size 10 according to the commercially available size indication, with an average flat width of 19.18 cm (7.55 inches) and a wall thickness of 0.10 mm (0.0040 inches) was wrinkled using a wrinkle. Apparatus similar to that in the U.S. description

Patent No. 3,461,484 disclosed. The casing had a moisture content of approx. 20% by weight based on the total casing weight. As is customary, a mineral oil was used as a lubricant. Oil was used internally to reduce rubbing against the mandrel, and exterior oil was used to prevent damage to the sheath which was wrinkled and to prevent unnecessary wear on the wrinkle rollers. The mineral lubricating oil was applied internally at a ratio of about 30%. 27.9 mg oil per 100 cm 2 casing surface (180 mg oil per 100 inch 2) and exterior in a ratio of approx. 15.5 mg oil per 100 cm 2 casing surface (100 mg oil per 100 inch 2 casing surface), which amounts had no appreciable adverse effect on the properties of the finished rod.

The casing was compressed from one end of a high-weight polyethylene core tube having an internal diameter of 9.53 cm (3.75 inches) and a wall thickness of 0.16 cm (0.62 inches) to a wrinkled rod length of 58, 42 cm (23.0 31 DK 171373 B1 inch). The subject casing article was made on a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine in the manner described above, in which the wrinkled casing after wrinkling and light compression is transferred to a core coaxially positioned with the wrinkle mandrel on a portion thereof which has reduced diameter, and compressed onto the core and removed. Thereby a corrugated, highly compacted, wrinkled casing article according to the invention was obtained with a packing ratio of 130.4 and a packing degree of approx. 0757.

In comparison, as a control sample, a 45.72 m long piece of a commercially obtainable casing of the same size and type was wrinkled and compressed to the same wrinkled bar length of 58.42 m (23.0 inches) but without core and it was found by have a packing ratio of 78 and a packing ratio of 0.390 with an internal illumination diameter of 9.21 cm (3.5/8 inch). Other control samples with a larger gasket ratio and a higher gasket ratio produced non-functional articles due to excessive luminous reduction caused by inward radial growth.

EXAMPLE II

The fact that, as a result of the wrinkling process, very large inward forces were directed towards the illumination of the hollow rod, it was demonstrated by an experimental work involving wrinkling and compression to a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing of samples from a small cellulose casing ( (without fibrous reinforcement), size 25 with a diameter in the spaced condition of 2.1 cm (0.83 inch) and a sheath wall thickness of approx. 0.0254 mm (0.001 inch). 1

In this experimental work, pieces of 25.61 m (84 feet) of size 25 cellulose casing, approximately 5 samples each, were wrinkled using a wrinkle apparatus similar to that described in U.S. Patent 32 DK 171373 B1 No. 3,461,484, while applying to the wrinkled rod a twist as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,397,069. The wrinkled rods were then compressed with a compressive force of approx. 181 kg 5 (400 pounds) on tubular cores having wall thicknesses of 0.254 mm (0.010 inch), 0.508 mm (0.020 inch), 0.762 mm (0.030 inch), 1.016 mm (0.040 inch) and 1.270 mm (0.050 inch). The cored articles were made on a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine, as described in detail herein, except that during the final compression of the core, the core 31 was allowed to slip freely through the rear clamping member 29 (FIG. 3) so that the casing was effectively compressed simultaneously from both ends. This compression method with compression from both ends allows the application of large compression loads without the tubular core settling. All of the tubular cores had an inside diameter of 1.30 cm (0.510 inch) and the post-wrinkle compression was performed on a 1.27 cm (0.500 inch) compression mandrel for the portion on which the core was inserted. . In all samples, the moisture content of the wrinkled condition was approx. 16.5% by weight, and mineral oil was used as internal lubricant (about 14-20 mg / 100 inch 2 corresponding to 2.17-25 3.10 mg / 100 cm2) and as external lubricant (up to approx.

70 mg / 100 inch 2 corresponding to 10.85 mg / 100 cm 2). The lubricant amounts are not critical and they correspond to the usual amounts used for the particular wrinkle machine and the type of sheath concerned.

30

The upper part of Table 1 shows the dimensions of the inner diameter of the cores immediately after they have been removed or removed from the mandrel and at least one day and up to 20 days thereafter. Reduction of the inner diameter of the core 35 is due to a large inward sheath expansion force resulting from the high packing ratio and the high packing ratio. It should be noted that the extent of core illumination reduction is a function of tube diameter as well as the magnitude of the inward forces and the creep strength of the core (i.e., large casings require greater core thickness than small casings to withstand the same inward force per unit area). It will be noted that 5 high weight polyethylene relatively low creep strength allowed the 0.0254 cm (0.010 inch) thick core to be compressed until the inner diameter of the core (1,219 cm) was in fact less than the illumination of the sample without the core. Of course, the illumination of the holster rod was greater (1.219 cm 10 + 2 x 0.0254 cm - 1.27 cm).

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DK 171373 B1

The lower part of Table 1 shows data from a sample of the same casing size, size 25, wrinkled and compressed on a 1.461 cm mandrel, but without a core. Although a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing were achieved with "tapered" folds (114.7 and 0.63, respectively), there was a disproportionate reduction in the size of the luminance (determined by drop fit) and this would be unacceptable in commercial practice. It would not be correct to directly compare this data with the data in Table 1 for articles with cores, since each of the core samples was compressed on a stiffening core having an outer diameter which varied according to the core wall thickness. .

15 The wrinkle experiments listed in Table 1 were performed

used two folding angles. The term "upright" indicates a wrinkle fold angle of up to approx. 15 *, and the term "tapered" indicates a wrinkle fold angle of approx. 45 *. The "set up" folds were wrinkled with wrinkle bodies or rollers similar to those described in the U.S.

No. 2,984,574. The packing ratio for the compressed, tapered sample without core is similar to that of the 64.0 m sample without core in Table 2, where the rod is useless due to loss of consistency.

25

The core material of the experiments set out in Table 1 was high weight polyethylene. For convenience, the cores were made by machining thick-walled tubes, and the resulting outer rough surfaces 30 somewhat reduced the packing ratio that could have been achieved. Table 1 shows that for the core of high-density polyethylene, a significant change in the brightness of the article appears, even when the core wall thickness is as large as 1,270 mm (0.050 inch). It is also apparent from Table 1 that at a constant compressive force (in this example, 181 kg), the resulting final packing ratio decreases proportionally as the core thickness increases (i.e., the outside diameter of the core increases). However, the gasket degree also increases. In order to maximize the packing ratio, stopping corner fit and degree of packing, the design of the core must take into account (a) the creep of the core due to large, inward sheath forces as well as the required final luminous size, (b) the reduction of the packing ratio that would occur if and (c) the price of the core material.

10 Other tested core materials produced similar results with respect to core deformation. Cores made of ABS, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, tubes worked satisfactorily at somewhat lower wall thickness than the high-density polyethylene cores, but ABS-15 cores are somewhat less economical.

EXAMPLE III

The benefits of the highly compacted core cellulose sheath article expressed in terms of packing ratio and packing conditions are demonstrated by experimental studies including wrinkling and compression to a high packing ratio and high packing rate of cellulose sheath samples (without fibrous reinforcement), 25 size 25 (21 mm diameter in flipped condition) and with a casing wall thickness of 0.0254 mm (0.001 inch). The sheath moisture content in the wrinkled condition was approx. 16.5% by weight and as in Example II, mineral oil was used as a lubricant. For wrinkling of the casing, 30 wrinkling equipment of a commercially used type similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484 was used, while subjecting the casing to a twist as described in U.S. Pat.

3,397,069, after which each rod was compressed on 35 tubular polypropylene cores (polypropylene reinforced with 20% talc) for comparison to casings which were wrinkled by the same wrinkle method but which were compressed without cores. The cored, highly compacted casing articles were manufactured on a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine as described in detail herein except that during the final compression on the cores, the core 315 was allowed to slide freely through the rear clamping means 29 (FIG.

3) so that the casing was effectively compressed simultaneously from both ends. To further achieve a more uniform compression throughout the wrinkled holster bar, approx. 24.4 m sleeve compressed at a time (incremental 10 increasing compression). Non-core samples and some of the core samples are designed to have a drop fit of 1,245 cm. Other core samples were designed so that the tubular core could serve as a disposable stop horn. In these cases, the inside diameter of the core was effectively equal to the inside diameter of a 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) outside diameter stop horn, and the wrinkled article made no special "fit fit" requirements with respect to for stop horn. For all samples, the wrinkled casing was compressed to a final rod length of approx. 50.8 cm. Approx.

10 samples for each of the core embodiments and for each of the non-core embodiments, which included casing lengths ranging from 48.8 m to 68.6 m (160-225 feet).

25

The results of the experimental study are summarized in Table 2. For articles without cores with a casing length of 64.0 m (210 feet) and above, poor correlation resulted in broken rods, and fall-fit determinations after one week were not possible. For articles without cores containing casing lengths of 57, 15-61, 72 m (187.5-202.5 feet), radial inward forces reduced casing growth (after one week) reduced the luminescence of the wrinkled rods to a point where they did not the requirement of 35 met a 1,245 cm drop fit (0.490 inch drop-fit). In comparison, the best available wrinkling methods then produced a rod of wrinkled casing without a core and containing 48.77 m (160 feet) of casing with an average packing ratio (10 samples) of 94.6 and a average degree of packing of approx. 0491. A highly compacted, wrinkled and compressed core cellulose cover article of the present invention designed to have a drop fit of 1,245 cm (0.490 inches) was made by the same wrinkle method. This produced an article in which the inner illumination of the nucleus amounted to ca. 59% of the diameter of the casing played out. This article contained 60.96 m (200 feet) casings and had an average 10 pack ratio (10 samples) of 116.46 and a mean packing ratio of 0.653.

These data illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the core based on a drop-fit comparison has an inner illumination size at least as large as the internal illumination size that the same envelope would have when wrinkled and sharply compressed during the same wrinkle - and compression conditions without the core and for the same packing conditions. Specifically, for the 20 articles with the average packing ratio of 116.46, the core illumination size was 1,262 cm (0.497 inches).

In contrast, the luminance sizes for the wrinkled rods without cores with packing ratios of 113.1 and 120.0 were 1.194 cm (0.470 inches) and 1.18 cm (0.465 inches), respectively, 25 significantly smaller than for the corresponding core article.

A second series of highly compacted core samples were prepared in which the core 30 of the wrinkled article would serve as a disposable stop horn with a throughput effectively equal to that of an outer diameter 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) inner diameter 1,107 cm (0.436 inch). This produced an article in which the inner luminance of the core constituted 51% of the diameter of the casing 35 in the flared condition. This article contained 70.10 m (230 feet) casing, had a mean packing ratio (10 samples) of 133.4, and an average packing rate of 0.617.

39 DK 171373 B1

Further tests were performed to determine the quality of the wrinkled and compressed articles of this Example III (both with and without core) as revealed by the number of small holes present in the wrinkled casing. Five spells for each sample type were

examined for small holes by filling the casings with water and putting them under internal pressure. The results shown in Table 2 indicate a general tendency for increasing damage from small holes as the 10 total casing length of articles without cores increases. IN

In contrast, no gaps were found in any of the tested core samples.

Taken together, Example III shows that it was not possible to make a typical wrinkled and compressed small cellulose casing without a core and with a packing degree of at least 0.5 without unacceptable reduction in illumination (diameter). In contrast, this was easily achieved with the article of the invention, and in fact the preferred packing grade of at least 0.6 was exceeded.

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EXAMPLE IV

Another advantage of the corrugated, highly compacted, wrinkled casing article according to the invention is that it reduces the tendency to damage the casing, e.g. the tendency for small holes, in comparison with the same casing, when wrinkled and compressed under the same conditions without a core.

10 This is because, due to surface friction, the core restricts length growth and less compression is required to maintain a particular packing ratio compared to a wrinkled rod without a core. As the incidence of small holes increases with increased compression, a potential casing damage problem can be reduced or avoided with the article of the invention.

The core further enables the fully compressed packing ratio to be retained initially and later and furthermore enables greater packing conditions without damage with small holes.

The compression ratio of wrinkled casing rods with and without core was elucidated by a series of tests in which 25 48.77 m long pieces of non-fibrous cellulose casing, size 25, were wrinkled and compressed uniformly with and without a core to a length of 38.1 cm and an initial packing ratio of 128. After removal, the wrinkled rods with and without core were allowed to expand over a 7-day period without further restriction. At this time, the article with the core had grown only 1.02 cm longitudinally (packing ratio after enlargement about 125), while the article without core had grown 3.56 cm (packing ratio after the expansion about 117). If the purpose had been a final packing ratio of 125, for the wrinkled rod without a core it would have required a greater initial compressive force.

42 DK 171373 B1

The advantage of a smaller tendency for holster damage can be exploited in another way. If the practitioner determines the maximum compressive force that can be used without damaging the casing when this force 5 is used, the core article may be made with a larger packing ratio and a greater degree of packing than an article without core.

EXAMPLE V

10

A series of experiments were performed based on the teachings of the disclosure of the previously mentioned British Patent No. 1,167,377 and a comparison thereof with the core, highly compacted, wrinkled cellulose rod 15 of the present invention.

On the basis of the teachings of the disclosure to the above-mentioned British patent, a polyvinylchloride tube having an internal diameter of 4.097 cm and a wall thickness of 0.0254 cm was used as a core element and a fibrous reinforced cellulose casing, size 2½ (diameter approx. 6,096 in wrinkled condition) was wrinkled with a wrinkle apparatus similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484 and then compressed to a length of 30.48 cm.

The 4.097 cm internal diameter tube and the fibrous casing, size 2 µ, were selected for this test, because this was the smallest polyvinyl tube available at the time of testing. The casing article sample was made on a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine in the manner described previously in detail, in which the wrinkled casing is transferred to a core coaxially with the wrinkle mandrel on a portion thereof which has reduced diameter and then finally compressed in the manner indicated in the example and decreased.

These samples in a wrinkled state had a moisture content of approx. 20% and mineral oil was used internally (about 31.0 mg / 100 cm 2) and externally (up to about 16.58 mg / 100 cm 2). The casing was used in three different lengths: 22.86, 30.48 and 38.1 m (75, 100 and 125 feet). On the basis of the compressed article, different packing conditions were obtained. The resulting articles were then measured to determine the inner diameter of the core by the previously described "fall fit" procedure. For the sample with packing ratio 75, the drop fit was 4.039 cm and thus showed a reduction in the core diameter size of 0.058 cm. For the sample with packing ratio 100, the drop fit was 3.912 cm and thus showed a decrease in the core diameter size of 0.18 cm. For the sample with packing ratio 125, the drop fit was less than 3.81 cm. However, the core struck dents immediately after the article was compressed and removed from the mandrel. This demonstrates the inability to obtain the cored, highly compacted, wrinkled cellulose rod of the invention by following the credit of the British patent.

The 22.86 m sample would still fit a 20 mm diameter outside horn but the packing grade would be only 0.43. The 30.48 meter sample produced such a large shrinkage that it would not fit the horn. For the 38.1 m sample, the core completely collapsed.

EXAMPLE VI

Fibrous cellulose sheath articles of the same size as that used in the British Patent Specimen and described in Example V were prepared in accordance with the present invention and compared with non-core specimens to explore the compressibility limits as determined by damage. of the casing. Sheaths of size 2 \ (diameter in spaced condition about 6,096 cm) and size 4 (diameter in spaced condition about 7,112 cm) were wrinkled with a wrinkle device similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484. Size 2½ and size 4 samples moisture content in wrinkled condition was approx. 20%. Mineral oil 44 DK 171373 B1 was as lubricant as stated below:

Size 2 h: approx. 31 mg / 100 cm 2 (inside) and approx. 15.5 mg / 100 cm 2 (exterior).

5

Size 4: approx. 26.4 mg / 100 cm 2 (inside) and approx. 13.95 mg / 100 cm 2 (exterior).

The core articles were compressed onto 10 polyvinyl chloride cores (PVC cores) in a manner similar to that used for the articles of Example V. The samples were compressed to a length of 30.48 cm at a packing ratio of 150, representing the largest packing ratio that can be achieved without damage to 15 size 2h casings. All of the specimens were designed to fit a stop horn with a diameter of 3.952 cm. The cores used had an outside diameter of 4.351 cm and a wall thickness of 0.127 cm. The cored samples were prevented in longitudinal expansion by using a pin, and samples without cores were (partially) restricted by enclosure in a cardboard packaging.

The test results are listed in Table 3. The size 2h core articles had a final core-25 brightness size that was only slightly too small to fit the horn but still larger than the core core lengths, although core ones articles had a packing ratio of approx. 138, while the articles without a core had a packing ratio of only approx.

30 114. In practice, a slightly smaller packing ratio would have provided an adequate fit between horn and core. The core 4 sized articles (in terms of the packing ratio) were functional after 15 days with a packing ratio of 138.46. The size 4 articles without 35 cores showed a reduction in brightness after 15 days to a point where they were not functional, with a measured packing ratio of 128.48.

45 DK 171373 B1

Example VI also shows a preferred embodiment of core-reinforced, fiber-reinforced sheath articles of the invention, wherein the core, based on a fall-fit comparison, has an inner luminous size that is at least as large as the inner luminous size that the same fibrous sheath would have. if it had been wrinkled and compressed under the same wrinkle and compression conditions without core and to the same compressed packing conditions. For size 2h casings, the average 10 casing size was 3,912 cm for non-core casings, e.g. only slightly less than the average inner luminous size of 3,929 cm for core casings, although the latter's final packing ratio was significantly larger (138 vs. 114). Similarly, the average casing size of 3.929 cm for size 4 non-core casings was substantially smaller than the average casing size for casings with core, although the latter's final packing ratio was greater (138 vs. 128).

20

Comparison of the test results described above with those of Example V shows that British Patent Specification No. 1,167,377 does not teach or suggest the use of a core in a manner that will allow for the simultaneous attainment of the three characteristic advantages of the core cellulose casing article. according to the invention, namely: large packing ratio, large packing degree and a limited deformation reduction of the core illumination size.

46 DK 171373 B1 TABLE 3

FIBRUS SHOPS

(for 3.952 cm diameter stop horn)

Size 2½ holster Size 4 holster (6.10 cm diameter in (7.11 cm diameter in 5 played out condition) played out condition)

With core Without core With core Without core Tubular core with O.D. x I.D., cm 4.351x4.097 - 4.351x4.097

Sheath length, m 45.72 45.72 45.72 45.72

Number of samples 9 17 9 17 10 Stick packing ratio (average) 2 days 138.46 114.28 138.46 130.91 15 days 138.46 113.92 138.46 128.48

Stake drop fit (average) 2 days 1,564 1,552 1,583 1,550 15 15 days 1,547 1,540 1,582 1,547

EXAMPLE VII

20 Using the general type wrinkle apparatus disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484 but simultaneously applying a creased influence on the wrinkled rod as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,397,069, was disclosed. another 25 series of tests. In these tests, the small-diameter, highly compacted, small-diameter wrinkled cellulose casing articles were prepared using various core materials. The core articles were made on a liquid mandrel type wrinkle 30 as described in detail herein except that during final compression on the core, core 31 was allowed to slide smoothly through the rear clamping member 29 (Fig. 3 ), thereby effectively compressing the casing simultaneously from both ends. The core materials used in the tests were polypropylene (reinforced with 20% talc filler), polystyrene and high weight polyethylene. Each core had an outer diameter of 1.27 cm and a wall thickness of 0.635 mm. The casing used was size 25, cellulose (without fibrous stiffening), and each casing article contained 60.96 m casing. For all samples, the moisture content in the wrinkled state was approx. 16.5% and mineral oil was used as lubricant internally (about 2.17-3.10 mg / 100 cm 2) and externally (up to about 10.85 mg / 100 cm 2).

The test results are summarized in Table 4 and show that the relatively low coefficient of friction for the core of 10 high weight polyethylene enabled compression of the wrinkled casing to a substantially greater packing ratio than that obtained with the other core materials.

From the experimental work of Examples II and VII, it is seen that the design of a core for use according to the present invention will be based on the properties of the core material such as strength, modulus of elasticity and creep resistance. These properties will determine the core thickness required for the core to withstand inward 20 sheath expansion forces, which tend to disrupt and reduce the core illumination size. The rubbing coefficient of the core material will determine the magnitude of the length compressive forces required to compress the casing to extremely large packing conditions.

25

It is seen that many factors are considered when choosing core material, including rubbing coefficient, creep strength, modulus of elasticity, extensibility in extruded form, cost, malleability, weldability, and obtainability in reinforced form. The final choice may be different for different uses. High-density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are suitable for large casing embodiments of the present invention.

TABLE 4 48 DK 171373 B1

SHALLOWS OF LITTLE SIZE

Core tube: 1,270 cm O.D. x 1,143 cm I.D. (for use as stop-5 horns).

Sheath: Size 25 cellulose x 60.96 m long.

_Kernemateriale_

Polypropylene (Pre- High weight strengthened with talc) Polystyrene polyethylene

Rod packing ratio 10 Compressed 149.3 148.0 174.0

Just decreased 139.5 142.0 158.7

After 1 week 137.1 140.4 150.9

Spell Fall Care

Just decreased 0.420 0.430 0.430

After 1 week 0.420 0.430 0.430 15

EXAMPLE VIII

Another series of tests was performed with highly compacted core casing articles similar to those described in Example III and presented in Table 2. The only difference was that instead of a final compression from both ends, the compression was performed from one end in the same way as with the 25 wrinkled casing rods listed in Table 2 without a core and that the compressed rods were transferred to the core.

The results of these tests of highly compacted, non-fibrous, size 25 cellulose casing articles are summarized in Table 5 and should be compared with the data for non-core casings in Table 2. The core, highly compacted article determined for obtaining a 1,245 cm drop fit exhibited an average packing ratio (15 samples) of 129.2 and an average packing ratio of 0.67. The core, highly compacted article intended to serve as an outer diameter stopper of 1, 27 cm had a packing ratio (15 samples) of 140.1 and an average packing ratio of 0.64.

49 DK 171373 B1

Taken together, it appears that while Example III shows that it is not possible to make a typical, wrinkled and compressed small cellulose casing with a degree of packing of at least 0.5 without core by compressing it from one end 5 without unacceptably large reduction in light, this became obtained with the article of the present invention, and in fact the preferred packing rate of at least 0.6 was exceeded. Equipment for compression from two ends of non-core rods was not available.

10 TABLE 5 50 DK 171373 B1

SHALLS OF LITTLE SIZE

_ WITH CORE_

WITH 1,245 cm FALL - AS A SINGLE HORN FITS EQUIVALENT TO ONE

1.27 cm HORN_

Compression Section Diameter, cm 1,461 1,300 O.D. x I.D. for core tubes, cm 1,422 x 1,295 1,270 x 1,143

Sheath length, m 60.96 60.96

Rod length, cm

Compressed 43.18 38.1

Just decreased 47.32 43.43

After 1 week 47.19 43.51

Spell Packing Conditions

Compressed 141.2 160.0

Just decreased 128.8 140.3

After 1 week 129.2 140.1

Rod-O.D., Cm

Compressed NA NA

Just decreased 2,497 2,385

After 1 week 2,487 '2,507

Stick fall, cm

Just decreased 1,265 1,092

After 1 week 1,255 1,074

Rod packing rate (after 1 week) 0.67 0.64 NA = data not available.

EXAMPLE IX

51 DK 171373 B1

Further other series of tests were carried out using size 25 cellulose sheaths 5 (without fibrous reinforcement) to produce highly compacted, wrinkled articles with different packing conditions and with or without core, and they were examined from a fall fit standpoint (Figure 8) and a context viewpoint (Figure 9). All articles were made from 10 from 48.77 m sleeves and the compressed, wrinkled articles were of different lengths depending on the packing ratio. The moisture level in the wrinkled casings was approx. 16.5% by weight, and mineral oil was used as lubricant inside (about 2.17 to 3.10 mg / 100 cm 2 internal surface) and exterior (up to about 10.85 mg / 100 cm 2 external surface) ) during the wrinkle.

Wrinkle equipment of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484 was used to wrinkle the casings while subjecting the wrinkled rod to a twisting effect as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,397. 069, and the casing was compressed completely in conventional manner from one end of the compression section of the mandrel onto a liquid mandrel type wrinkle amber, as is generally depicted in Figure 3. After compression, the wrinkled casing rod was pushed directly onto a tubular core. The latter was made of polyvinyl chloride with a 1,422 cm O.D. x 1,285 cm l.D. In one group of tests, the diameter of the mandrel compression section was 1.461 cm. In the second group of tests, the diameter of the mandrel compression section was 1.511 cm.

Both fall fit and consistency were determined for the strongly 35 wrinkled, wrinkled articles with and without core as well as packing conditions 7 days after the take-off ice. The data obtained are collected as a function of the packing ratio in Figures 8 and 9.

52 DK 171373 B1

Figure 8 shows that drop fit for both the crimped, wrinkled, non-core rods (1.461 and 1.511 cm of mandrel compression sections) decreases continuously with increasing packing ratio in the packing ratio range 95-120. Since the least acceptable luminous size for size 25 sleeves (2.18 cm diameter in flipped condition) is 1,245 cm (horizontal dashed line), the maximum usable packing ratio for the 1.461 cm mandrel is approx. 99. It will be noted that by using a larger mandrel (1.511 cm), the smallest luminous size is obtained at a slightly larger packing ratio (about 103), but this increases the likelihood of casing damage due to the formation of small holes. Further larger mandrel sections, larger than approx. 1.461 cm to size 25, increasing the likelihood 15 of locking on the mandrel, interruption of production and wastage. Stated otherwise, it is well known to those skilled in the art of wrinkling that the optimum alignment with trouble-free wrinkling of a particular sleeve size is that using the minimum 20 mandrels which will produce the desired brightness size.

In contrast to the aforementioned packing ratio limitation of wrinkled rods without the core, which is due to the requirement for luminance size (about 99), Figure 8 shows that for size 25 25 casings with the core, the drop fit was constant at increasing packing conditions until a packing ratio of approx. 124 using the same 1,461 cm mandrel size. Upon further increasing the packing ratio, the inner luminous size of the core begins to decrease inward due to excessive inward force resulting from the wrinkled rod. Accordingly, 124 represents a practical upper limit to the packing ratio of this particular embodiment, in which the diameter of the hollow casing is approx. 2,108 cm, the packing ratio is greater than 100 and the drop fit is at least 1,245 cm.

Surprisingly, it has been found that when the packing ratio of wrinkled rods of cellulose casing (without fibrous reinforcement) without core lies in the range of packing conditions obtainable with the core article with the present invention, the relationship of rods decreases without core in growing packing conditions. This is contrary to what might be expected, since it is known in the art that the cohesion of the same rod without core at lower packing conditions as used in commercial practice is gradually increased by growing packing conditions.

10 This unexpected finding that the relationship decreases with growing packing conditions for wrinkled cellulose casing rods without core is shown in Figure 9 for size 25 casings. It will be noted that for a 1,461 cm mandrel, the relationship decreases with an almost constant and high value from approx. 5 (at a packing ratio of 100) to at least as little as 1.5 (at a packing ratio of 125). The latter packing ratio is only slightly above the smallest commercially acceptable consistency of 1.2 and is substantially below the preferred consistency of 2.5. In contrast, with the 20 highly compacted, wrinkled casing article with the core of the present invention, there is no constraint limitation since the collapsed, wrinkled casing is supported by and in functional contact with the outer wall of the core. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Although it is not fully understood, it is believed that the previously mentioned 2 relationship between cohesion and packing conditions for 3 wrinkled cellulose rods without core is related to the 4 degree of compression of the sheath folds. A possible explanation is that in the lower packing ratio area 6, the compression of the folds produces a closer stacking of the individual cones, thereby increasing the contact area 8 between adjacent cones and 9 thereby increasing the cohesion. However, as the compression 10 is further increased to produce even 11 larger packing conditions, the large compression may, however, break the stacking of the cones, thereby reducing the consistency. This possible explanation is consistent with the experimental observation that as the packing ratio of wrinkled cellulose casing rods without core increases gradually, the context initially grows to a maximum value and then gradually decreases. This possible explanation is also consistent with the experimental observation that large size casings have a greater consistency at larger packing ratios than small size casings (see Figure 11 discussed below). This may be due to the larger surface area of opposing cones which are in contact with each other in casings of relatively large size.

The data for the 48.77 m holster, size 25, summarized in Figures 8 and 9, also supports the broad claim of the present invention that the core article has a packing rate of not less than 0.50 and that its packing ratio and degree of packing are respectively greater than the packing ratio and degree of packing of the same casing length when wrinkled and strongly compressed under the same wrinkle and compression conditions, but without core. Further details were the characteristics of the samples after 7 days, namely (a) the largest packing ratio of the article with the core satisfying the minimum requirement of 1,245 cm fall fit (b) the non-core article which was wrinkled and compressed under the same conditions as the sample (a) and (c) the largest packing ratio for the non-core article, which also satisfied the same minimum fall fit requirement set out below: 30

Sample_ Fail fit Packing conditions Packing degree (a) article with core 1,270 cm 124 0.66 (b) article without core 1,168 cm 116 0.54 (c) article without core 1,270 cm 98 0.44

These data show that drop fit, packing ratio, and degree of packing for sample (a) were all greater than for sample (b). Furthermore, sample (b) was not an acceptable product because the rod grew inwardly in the rod illumination to such an extent that sample (b) the rod did not meet the minimum requirement of 5 fit. Taking into account this deficiency in the sample size of sample (b), article (c) was the best wrinkled rod with no core, which could perform the same function as article (a) with core. In view of this, sample (a) represents a 26% improvement in the packing ratio and a 50% 10 improvement in the degree of packing.

EXAMPLE X

A further series of experiments similar to the experiments in Example IX of size 25 casings were performed with three different cellulose casing sizes (smaller and larger) without fibrous reinforcement. It was size 17 (1.549 cm diameter in spaced stand and wall thickness 0.025 mm), size 21 (1,854 cm diameter in spaced stand and 20 wall thickness 0.025 mm) and size 27 (2,261 cm diameter in spaced stand and wall thickness 0.025 mm). A difference from the tests in Example X is that instead of using the same sleeve length and producing different rod lengths depending on the packing ratio, the 25 sleeve lengths in the present tests were varied and the rods were compressed to provide about the same final rod length (7 days after the take-off ice). For the size 17 holster, the final rod length was approx. 40.6 cm, while the final rod length for sizes 21 and 27 was approx. 52.1 cm.

Another difference between these tests and those of Example IX is that no article 35 was prepared with cores from shells drying 17, 21 and 27. However, in another study, a highly compacted, wrinkled cellulose sheath article was made. with a core based on size 21 casing, and it had the following characteristics: a packing ratio of 119.8, a packing ratio of 0.66 and an internal core illumination size of 1,072 cm. The cored, wrinkled casing article was thus suitable for use on a 1.031 cm outer diameter stop horn as intended. As can be seen from the curves of Figures 10 and 11 (discussed below) for the wrinkled rod of size 21 casing without cores, these excellent properties cannot even be approximated with the wrinkled casing without the core of the prior art.

With the exception of the aforementioned differences, the highly constricted, wrinkled rods of sizes 17, 21 and 27 without cores were prepared in the same way as the strongly constricted, wrinkled rods of size 25 without cores. After removal and 7 days of storage without longitudinal clamping, the resulting rods were then subjected to drop fitting and coherence determinations. The data are presented together as the curves of Figure 10 (fall fit) and Figure 11 (coherence) as a function of the packing ratio.

The inspection of Figure 10 reveals that, as with the size 25 casing (Figure 8), the drop fit for all 3 sizes gradually decreases with increasing packing conditions with a total of 25 substantially constant value. For the size 17 sheath, the minimum acceptable fall fit is 0.914 cm (note the dotted horizontal line), so that from a fall fit point of view, the maximum packing ratio achievable with the wrinkled rod without the core of the prior art is about 30 cm. 80. Similarly, the minimum acceptable drop fit for the size 21 sheath is 1.041 cm, so that the maximum packing ratio achievable with the wrinkled rod without a core according to the prior art is approx. 98. Finally, for the size 27 sheath, the minimum acceptable drop fit is 1,346 cm, so that the maximum packing ratio achievable with the wrinkled rod without the core of the prior art is approx. 130th

57 DK 171373 B1

Referring to the coherence versus packing ratio curves of Figure 11, these all show the previously mentioned unexpected relationship of decreasing consistency with increasing packing ratios in the upper range of the packing ratio for each casing size. For size 17, the consistency over the entire range of packing ratios studied is 60-125 low, taking into account the minimum acceptable value of 1.2 (the horizontal dashed line). For the wrinkled casing size 17 without core 10, the maximum achievable packing ratio from a coherent point of view is also approx. 80. For size 21, the consistency over the entire investigated packing ratio range of 70-120 is also low, and on the basis of the minimum acceptable consistency value of 1.2, the maximum 15 achievable packing ratios from a contextual point of view are approx. 102nd

For the wrinkled sleeve size 27 without a core, the entire area mentioned above for the relation between cohesion versus 20 growing packing conditions is elucidated. Ie for packing conditions of up to approx. 120 the relationship grows with increasing packing conditions. On the other side of packing conditions of approx.

122, however, the relation decreases with a 35 approximately constant and rather large value.

25 On the basis of Figures 10 and 11, it will be clear that the requirements of fit and coherence set substantial limits on the use of large packing ratios for wrinkled rods made without cores from size 17, 21 and 27 cellulose casings of the prior art. In each case, the article of the present invention provides substantially greater packing ratios at acceptable core illumination size and greater consistency and by less tendency for casing damage in the form of small holes. More particularly, 35 has a wrinkled, size 17 core article with a core according to the present invention, with a sheath diameter in the spaced condition of approx. 1.549 cm and a drop fit of at least 0.914 cm, preferably a packing ratio of more than 80. A wrinkled, 58 DK 171373 B1 size 21 with the core according to the invention, with a sheath diameter in the cut-out condition of approx. Furthermore, a drop fit of at least 1,041 cm preferably has a packing ratio of more than 98. Finally, a wrinkled, 5 size 27 casing article having the core according to the invention, with a casing diameter in the spaced condition of approx. 2.226 cm and a drop fit of at least 1.346 cm, preferably a packing ratio of more than 130.

EXAMPLE XI

The advantages of packing ratio and degree of packing for embodiments of the invention with medium size sleeve articles of the fibrous reinforced type were demonstrated by yet another series of tests comprising samples both with and without core. Size 43, 47 and 60 casings with flat widths in the size range of approx. 5.84 cm to 8.38 cm for producing wrinkled and compressed rod articles with and without cores, so as to fit a stopper horn with an outside diameter of 2.725 ± 0.013 cm. For the production of wrinkled and compressed rod articles with and without cores, which fitted to a stopper horn with an outer diameter of 3.952 + 0.013 cm, size 70, 80 and 100 casings 25 with flat widths in the size range were used from approx. 9.53 to 13.97 cm. The shell wall thickness for all samples was approx. 0.0787 mm. The moisture level in the wrinkled casings was approx. 20%, and mineral oil was used as internal lubricant (about 6.82 mg / 100 cm 2 internal surface) and 30 as external lubricant (up to about 4.65 mg / 100 cm 2 external surface). The diameters played out of these fibrous reinforced casings were as follows:

Size Welded diameter (cm) 35 43 3,759 47 4,034 60 5,240 70 6,063 80 7,041 100 8,852 59 DK 171373 B1

In these tests, different casing lengths were compressed to obtain substantially the same rod length at all packing conditions for a particular casing size. These compressed rod lengths were as follows: Size 43: 26.7 cm; size 47: 25.4 5 cm; size 60: 22.9 cm; size 70: 30.5 cm; size 80: 30.5 cm and size 100: 30.5 cm.

All of the sleeve article samples were prepared on a liquid mandrel type wrinkle machine as previously described. The wrinkling equipment was of the commercially used type similar to that described in the specification of U.S. Patent No. 3,461,484. A plurality of samples were prepared for each condition. Samples 15 without core were wrinkled and compressed from one end of the mandrel to the maximum packing ratio which did not result in casing damage and to lower packing conditions. The maximum packing ratio "without damage" was determined by examination for holes by filling water and eliciting an internal pressure. Once damage was found, additional samples were prepared at slightly lower packing conditions and these samples were water tested for small holes as indicated. The sequence was repeated until a packing ratio was reached without damage to the sheath, and this packing ratio represents the maximum packing ratio.

After compression on the mandrel, the size 43, 47 and 60 samples were transferred without coring from the wrinkle to a small diameter plastic tube (2.79 cm) with handling purpose 30 in mind and after approx. 1 hour removed from the tubes and inserted into the net. The latter were clamped at both ends as the clamp-closed mesh covers represent commercial practices designed to facilitate handling. This arrangement provides a slight restriction on longitudinal growth. The size 70, 80 and 100 samples without the core were transferred from the wrinkle machine and directly wrapped in a wrapper of a polyvinyl chloride foil which provided a very limited end stress. Also, this represents commercial practices for handling.

The cores were made of rigid polyvinyl chloride. For the 5 casing sizes 43, 47 and 60, the outer diameter of the core was 3,124 cm and the wall thickness 1.27 mm. For the shell sizes 70, 80 and 100, the outer diameter of the core was 4.351 cm and the wall thickness 1.27 mm.

After the wrinkle, the samples to be provided with cores were moved longitudinally from the mandrel to onto cores arranged coaxially with the crease mandrel around a portion of the diminished diameter mandrel in a manner previously described and illustrated in Figure 3. The wrinkled rod was then compressed to the desired packing ratio on the core by compression from one end and then removed. The cored samples were compressed to packing conditions similar to those for the cored samples.

20

Following the take-off ice, the core-wrinkled casing articles were provided with means equivalent to the core-mounted retaining disc 35 and flange 39 (as shown in Figure 6) at opposite ends of the wrinkled rod for retaining the length just decreased during the 7 days storage period. This degree of longitudinal end clamping would not be practicable with rodless cores since they would either bump or grow inward to such an extent that they would not fit the desired stop horn.

Accordingly, the mesh and plastic foil wraps used for the rods are not significantly limiting longitudinal growth.

The rod lengths were measured for both samples with and without cores 35 before the take-off ice and again measured after a 7-day storage period. The results of these measurements are shown in Figure 12 for the fibrous reinforced, size 43, 47 and 60 sleeves and in Figure 13 for size 70, 80 and 100 61 fibrous sleeves with the packing ratios plotted as a function of the surface of the sleeves. width.

In both Figures 12 and 13, the lowest curve represents the 5 wrinkled and compressed rod without core after 7 days of storage. The middle curve represents the wrinkled and compressed article with core also after 7 days of storage, and the upper curve (dashed line) represents the wrinkled and compressed article with core 10 immediately after compression. The latter is included because it represents a state achievable with the present invention, but. which is unattainable with the wrinkled rods without the core of the prior art. It is to be understood that by "trapping" the opposite 15 ends of the core bearing article after compression but before the demise, e.g. with longitudinal end constraints, the initial (and largest) packing ratio can be retained without loss of other essential spell properties. For example. there is the least possible loss of 20 brightness size due to the fact that the compressed rod is prevented from growing radially inward by the core. However, if longitudinal end clamping agents were used in conjunction with a rod without core immediately after the take-off ice, the initial largest packing ratio would be retained, but further inward directed growth of light would occur besides that occurring without longitudinal end clamping. Since the skilled artisan utilizes the least possible wrinkle mandrel (for reasons that have been previously explained), the additional radially inward growth, in all likelihood, results in a magnitude of magnitude too small to match the desired stop horn. .

More particularly, Figure 12 shows that on the basis of a comparison between the packing ratio values after 7 days for the fibrous reinforced size 43-69 sleeve articles with and without the core (the two lower curves), the smallest improvement occurs in the size 43 sleeve, and here is the difference 62 DK 171373 B1 approx. 78 minus 60 or a packing ratio improvement of approx.

30% when using the article with the core. The biggest improvement is found in the size 60 casing, and here the difference is 129 minus 79 or approx. 63% improvement 5 of the packing ratio using the core article. The potential maximum improvement based on a comparison of the packing ratio after 7 days for the non-core (bottom curve) casing article with the initial, largest packing ratio (top 10 dotted curve) is substantially greater. For the size 43 case, the difference is e.g. 97 minus 60 or an approx.

62% larger packing ratio, and at size 60 the casing is the difference 146 minus 79 or approx. 85%.

A comparison of pallets and packing ratios for wrinkled, fibrous casing articles of sizes 43, 47 and 60 with and without cores, as described in Example XI, gave the following results:

Packing rate (and packing ratio)

Without Core With Core With Core

Sheath size (7 days) (7 days) (initial) 25 43 0.54 (60) 0.74 (78) 0.78 (82) 47 0.53 (66) 0.76 (95) 0.81 (102) ) 40 0.45 (79) 0.75 (130) 0.85 (147) 1

Figure 13 shows that based on a comparison of the packing ratio values after 7 days for the fibrous reinforced size 70-100 casing articles with and without 35 cores, the packing ratio improvement is smaller than the size 43-60 casing, but still significant. The slightest improvement is found in the size 80 casing, the difference being 166 minus 154 or approx. 8%. The potential maximum improvement based on a comparison of the packing ratio of the casing without a core 7 days after the initial, largest packing ratio for the size 80 casing is 180 minus 154 or approx. 17%.

5

A comparison of packing rates and packing ratios for the wrinkled, fibrous casing articles of sizes 70, 80 and 100 with and without cores as described in Example XI of this Example gave the following result.

10

Packing rate (and packing ratio)

Without Core With Core With Core

Sheath size (7 days) (7 days) (initial) 70 0.66 (129) 0.77 (141) 0.82 (150) 15 80 0.63 (154) 0.71 (166) 0.77 (180) 100 0.50 (167) 0.59 (187) 0.70 (220)

Although coherence is also important in fibrous reinforced 20 cellulose casings, it does not pose the same serious problem as in small diameter reinforced cellulose casings. This is partly due to the fact that the former itself is considerably stronger due to the fiber reinforcement, but also differences in the padding devices used for each of them.

Typically, small diameter cellulose casings are stopped using fully automated high speed machinery in which the next rod to be used is automatically advanced to the stuffing position when the previous rod is used up. Poor connection can cause broken rods, which in turn can cause hollow rupture or tearing when inserting or rotating the automatic stop horn. When this occurs, a considerable amount of food emulsion is released to the environment before the apparatus can be stopped, and a considerable "waste time" is allowed for cleaning and removing the broken casing.

64 DK 171373 B1 In contrast, the machine speed of larger diameter fibrous casings is usually slower and the next rod is applied manually by the operator when used. If sheath rupture occurs (less likely due to the fibrous reinforcement) the appliance can be stopped before a substantial amount of food has been released and the "waste time" is shorter.

EXAMPLE XII

10

Prior to the development of the present invention, the applicant, Union Carbide Corporation, developed and marketed a machine, Shirmatic · Model 405 Sizer, for stuffing boneless whole meat ham into fibrous reinforced cellulose 15 large diameter casings and of the type previously described. It was intended to use wrinkled casings which had a retaining disc positioned at one wrinkled end of a wrinkled rod without a core. At the beginning of the development of the machine, the need for a maximum stop-20 horn illumination size as well as the restriction on the horn size imposed by the maximum achievable illumination of the wrinkled casing bar were recognized. In order to obtain the maximum horn size, the wall thickness of the horn was reduced to the minimum acceptable from a strength point of view. The casing length was necessarily, but undesirably, reduced from 61.0 m to 45.7 m and the wrinkle conditions were optimized for the highest achievable illumination size. Also, the bushing wall thickness and clearance over the stop horn were necessary, but undesirably, reduced to the least possible acceptable dimensions.

The results of these efforts were utilization of the most advanced wrinkle technique available at that time, and use of an internal diameter stop horn of 8.573 cm. The original marketed Shirmatic Model · 405 Sizer is described in detail in the description of Belgian Patent No. 888,526. A considerable number of these machines were installed in meat packaging factories, but for most applications they were found not to be satisfactory. It was observed that the extreme elongation of the buttocks during passage 5 through the horn and the subsequent "mixing" when stopped in the casing caused the surface grease to settle in the interior of the stuffed, contained buttocks and produced a poor muscle fiber marbled arrangement. . The system was not judged by the meat packaging manufacturers 10 to correspond to hand stuffing, and attempts to market Shirmatic® Model 405 Sizer were temporarily suspended.

Experiments were then performed in the applicant's food laboratory 15 using large stopper horns and non-wrinkled casings. These tests crucially demonstrated that a larger horn size would solve the problems associated with the Shirmatic · Model 405 Sizer and that hams made with a larger stuffing horn were as good as 20 hams made by hand stuffing.

At this point, the applicant had begun to develop the core, highly compacted, wrinkled casing bar of the present invention. The development work showed that using the cored, highly compacted, wrinkled casing bar of the invention as a stop horn resulted in an increase in the inside diameter of the horn to 9.525 cm (33 3/4 inches). Part of this increase in horn size was due to the elimination of the 30 tension bushing in the Shirmatic® Model 405 Sizer. The clamp was replaced with a tiltable retaining member, as described in the description of DK Patent No. 158,872, filed May 1, 1981. As a result of these changes to the Shirmatic® Model 405 Sizer, the horn size 35 calculated to a size 10 fibrous casing was increased from 8.573 cm inside diameter to 9.525 cm inside diameter. This is a diameter increase of 0.953 cm or 11.1%. This increase in diameter, in turn, again provided an effective increase in the cross-sectional area of the interior of the stop horn of 23.5%. Of these 23.5% increase of the horn cross section, the 7.5% is due to the elimination of the tensioning bush used in the prior art and 16.0% to the use of the core, highly compacted, wrinkled product of the present invention.

By further modifying the stuffing horn and using the cored casing rod in this manner, it was possible to increase the packing ratio of fibrous casing, size 10 from approx. 78 to approx. 13 0, which is an increase of 67%. Also, the packing rate was increased from 0.39 to 0.76 and the casing length was increased from 45.7 m to 76.2 m. This change of stop device is now marketed as 15 Shirmatic® Model 405H System. Example I of this specification is a special illustration of a core, fibrous casing article used in the Shirmatic® Model 405H System.

This example also illustrates the preferred embodiment of the core article in which the core, on the basis of a luminous size comparison, has a luminous size at least as large as the inner luminous size the casing would have when wrinkled and strongly compressed. under the same wrinkle and compression conditions without the core and for the same packing conditions. Specifically, the modified apparatus (Shirmatic® Model 405H) on the basis of size 10, uses a fibrous casing with a core having a 9,525 cm luminous size, while the internal luminous size of the wrinkled rod without a core is approx. 9,208 cm when wrinkled and compressed to a packing ratio of 78. The core used for this particular sleeve size is made of high weight polyethylene and has a wall thickness of 35 1.575 mm.

After the development program was completed, the Shirmatic® 35 Model 405H System was brought back to the meat packaging manufacturers who were dissatisfied with the original Shirmatic · Model 405 Sizer and have now accepted "The Model 405H System" as a significant improvement when stuffing hams. Ten months after the introduction of the 5 Shirmatic * Model 405H system, 20 machines were in commercial use and several such machines are being installed in the normal way in meat packing departments. The Shirmatic · Model 405 Sizer has now been withdrawn from the market for the aforementioned reasons, and the excellent success of the 10 Shirmatic · Model 405H system is clearly due in large part to the present invention.

The invention, as described above, provides significant advances in the art. More 15 wrinkled casings in a given rod length enable longer continuous production runs. A greater degree of packing provides a more favorable combination of a large packing ratio and a large brightness size, which can maintain or improve padding characteristics below 20 while achieving longer, continuous production runs. The invention completely eliminates problems of coherence and rod growth that have so far plagued manufacturers and users of small casings. That the article of the invention is pre-wetted (no bleeding) is a particularly advantageous feature, since the characteristic large packing conditions cannot be practiced with casings soaked by the casing user prior to stuffing. This is because the closely spaced folds would prevent water from entering the casing wall, and adequate soaking would not be achieved within a commercially acceptable period.

It is to be understood that when comparing inner liner peripheries of wrinkled and compressed sheath articles with and without core, the comparison should be at least 35 1 week after manufacture. Embodiments of the invention other than those described above but within the spirit and scope of the invention may fall within those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure. Therefore, it is intended that the foregoing description of the invention is to be understood as illustrative only and not in a limiting manner, the invention being defined and limited by the appended claims.

5

Claims (28)

A tubular, wrinkled casing article, characterized in that it comprises a combination of: a tubular casing core (31) and a humidified, cellulose-based food casing length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of the total weight of the casing; is wrinkled and strongly compressed on the sheath strong core to a packing ratio of at least 100 and to a packing degree of 0.50 or greater, each of which is also greater than the packing ratio and packing rate for the same sleeve length when wrinkled and heavily compressed under the same wrinkle and compression conditions but without the sheath cores, thereby producing a strong inwardly expanding force from the sheath, the sheath core being sufficiently rigid to withstand the deformation and reduction of the inner diameter of the sheath core under the influence of the strong, inwardly extending sheath force. Sheath article according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the inner diameter formed by the sheath core wall to the thickness of this wall is in the range from 10: 1 to 60: 1. 3. A casing article according to claim 1, characterized in that the casing core wall, by the action of the inward forces, is contracted over time to an interior diameter of 1.9% to a maximum of 6.7% smaller than the inner diameter formed by the wall. Casing article according to claim 1, characterized in that the casing core wall further forms a substantially non-perforated straight cylindrical conduit for feeding a pressurized food item directly into and through the casing core (3) to a predetermined object. part of the casing length. 5. A casing article according to claim 2, characterized in that the casing (17) has a spaced diameter of 3.8 cm to 9.9 cm and the thickness of the tube wall is in the range of 0.10 cm to 0.15. cm. Sheath article according to claim 2, characterized in that the sheath (17) has a spaced diameter of from 10.2 cm to 15.2 cm and the thickness of the sheath core wall is in the range of 0.13 cm to 0.19 cm. Sheath article according to claim 2, characterized in that the sheath (17) has a diameter in the spaced condition of from 3.8 cm to 8.9 cm, that the thickness of the sheath core wall is approx. 0.127 cm and the ratio of the inner diameter formed by the tube wall to the thickness of the casing core wall is in the range of 22: 1 to 33: 1. Sheath article according to claim 5, 6 or 7, characterized in that the sheath (17) is a fibrous sheath. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The casing article of claim 1, characterized in that the casing core wall further forms a substantially non-perforated, straight, cylindrical conduit for feeding a pressurized blank directly into and through the tube to a front portion of the casing length. which is 6 retracted and freed from wrinkles over the leading end 7 of the casing core (31), said front portion of the casing 8 extending to an end portion thereof, 9 being closed over the leading end of the casing core for reception of the feed member pressed through the casing, and 11 the first wrinkles being stopped backward from the front end of the casing core, so that an annular air gap of considerable length is formed instead of wrinkles on the casing core between the retracted casing part and the casing core wall. Sheath article according to any one of claims 1-4 and 9, characterized in that the sheath (17) 5 has a wall thickness of from 0.025 mm and a diameter in the spaced condition ranging from 1.55 cm to 2.26 and that the thickness of the tube wall is in the range of 0.05 cm to 0.127 cm, and that the ratio of the inner diameter formed by the hollow core wall to the thickness of the hollow core wall 10 is less than approx. 26: 1st Sheath article according to claim 10, characterized in that the inner diameter of the sheath core wall in the form in which it is held over time under the action of the inwardly directed forces is from 50% to 59% of the diameter of the sheath (17). played out mode. Sheath article according to any of claims 1-4 and 9, characterized in that the sheath (17) 20 has a wall thickness of from 0.025 mm and a diameter in the played-out condition of approx. 2.11 cm, the sleeve length comprising at least approx. 48.8 m casing, and the wrinkle thereof contains the casing in a packing ratio of at least approx. 116, and the thickness of the sleeve core wall is in the range of 25.064 cm to 0.127 cm and the inner diameter formed by the sleeve core wall is at least 1.27 cm and has a ratio of the thickness of the sleeve core wall from 10: 1 to 26: 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sheath article according to claims 4 or 9, characterized in that the sheath (17) has a wall thickness of approx. 3 0.025 mm and a diameter in the played-out condition of approx. 2.11 cm, 4 with the sleeve length comprising at least approx. 48.8 m casing, and the wrinkle thereof contains the casing in a packing ratio of more than 124, with the thickness of the casing core wall being from 0.064 cm to 0.127 cm and the inner diameter formed by the casing core wall being at least approx. 1.12 cm and has a ratio of pipe wall thickness of from 10: 1 to 26: 1, and DK 171373 B1 with the inner diameter of the sleeve arching the nub wall, with which it is held over time under the inward forces, is at most about . 6.7% smaller than the inner diameter formed. 5 Sheath article according to any one of claims 1-4 or 9, characterized in that the sheath core wall is provided with an annular elevation externally thereof within a retracted part of the sheath length at a position posterior to the front of the tube. end. A method of producing a sheathed and strongly compressed sheath article according to claim 1, characterized in, (a) providing a cellulosic food sheath length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of the sheath total weight, 20 ( b) pushing the inner luminous circumference of this cellulosic casing length over a first end of a mandrel (13), and then (c) alternately wrinkling and compressing the cellulosic casing length of the dome, 25. providing a hollow casing (31) ), the casing core being sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage of the casing inner diameter caused by the action of inwardly expanding casing expansion forces resulting from the casing (17) compression and (e) the wrinkled and compressed casing length. from the other end of the mandrel to the outside of the casing core during production of a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inwardly expanding force from the sheath while simultaneously shrinking the inner diameter of the wrinkled sleeve length, or (c2) wrinkling the cellulose-based sleeve length (17) having the mandrel (13) a diminished diameter end portion at the other end of the mandrel, (d2) introducing a hollow casing body (31) which is coaxially disposed with and adjacent to the diminished end mandrel portion of which the sleeve cores are sufficient. rigid to withstand deformation and reduction of the inner diameter of the casing body by the action of inwardly expanding force from the casing arising from the compression of the casing, the casing body being optionally supported by another mandrel, (e2) displacing the wrinkled casing length linearly along the mandrel the outside of the coaxially disposed sleeve core and 20 (f2) compressing the wrinkled sleeve length the core casing to a high pakingsforhold and a high packing degree, thereby creating an inwardly directed expansion force from the sleeve. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the degree of packing is 0.50 or more. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the packing ratio is at least 70. 30 Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the packing ratio is at least 70 and that the packing ratio is 0.60 or more. 1 Method according to claim 18, characterized in that the packing ratio is at least 100 and that the food casing (17) is a cellulose casing without fiber reinforcement and of small diameter, and that the inner diameter of the casing core (31) is at least 50% of the diameter of the sleeve in the played out condition. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the packing ratio is at least 120 and that the food casing (17) is a cellulose casing without fiber reinforcement and of small diameter, and that the inner diameter of the casing core (31) is at least 40% of the diameter of the sleeve in the played out condition. 10 A method according to claim 15, characterized in that the casing core (31) is arranged coaxially with and adjacent to the other end of the mandrel (13). Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the casing core (31) is supported by an adrenal mandrel and that the packed casing (17) is transferred to the casing core (31) and the second mandrel. A method according to claim 15, characterized in that the mandrel-supported, wrinkled, cellulose-based food casing length is shifted to a second bed by the second alternative embodiment before the creased casing length is displaced from the other end 25 of the mandrel core. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that (a) a cellulose-based 2 food sheath length (17) is provided having a moisture content of at least 13% of the total 4 weight of the sheath, (b) that providing a hollow casing core (31) 6 which is sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage of the casing core diameter by actuating an inwardly expanding force resulting from the casing of the casing DK 171373 B1, c) providing a mandrel (13), and that the inner luminous periphery of the sheath core (31) is displaced longitudinally across the outer periphery of the mandrel (13), (d) the inner luminous periphery of the cellulosic food sheath length is displaced longitudinally over the outer periphery of the sheath core (10). the cellulose-based casing length is wrinkled on the casing core (31) and mandrel (13), (f) compressing the wrinkled cellulose-based casing length on the casing cores n (31) for a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inwardly expanding force on the casing core, and (g) causing the casing article wrinkled and strongly compressed to slide longitudinally from the mandrel (13). 20 The method according to claim 15, characterized in that (a) providing a cellulose-based food sheath length (17) having a moisture content of at least 13% of the total weight of the sheath, (b) extending the inner liner periphery of the cellulosic food sheath 30 over a first end of a mandrel (13), (c) the cellulase-based casing length is wrinkled on the mandrel (13), (d) the wrinkled casing length is compressed on the mandrel (13) to a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, (e) ) providing a hollow casing core (31) sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and shrinkage of the casing core diameter by impacting an inward expansionary force resulting from the casing as a result of the casing compression, and (f) the compressed, wrinkled casing length 5 is slid from the first end of the mandrel longitudinally and over to the outer periphery of the casing core and is the production of a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inwardly expanding expansion force from the sheath while contracting the inner diameter of the wrinkled sheath length. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that (a) a cellulose-based food sheath length (17) is provided having a moisture content of at least 13% of the total weight of the sheath, (b) the cellulose-based food sheath. the inner liner periphery of the sterl is inserted over a first end of a mandrel (13), (c) the cellulosic food sheath length is wrinkled on the mandrel (13), (d) providing a hollow casing core (31) which is sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation and reduction of the inner diameter of the sheath core by actuating an inwardly expanding force resulting from the sheath as a result of the sheath compression, the sheath core being optionally supported by another mandrel (s), the mandrel supported, wrinkled cellulose base. the food casing length is shifted to a second bed, (f) the wrinkled casing length is shifted from the first end of the mandrel to the casing core DK Outside (g) the length of the wrinkled casing is further compressed on the casing core to a high packing ratio and a high degree of packing, thereby producing an inward expansion force resulting from the casing. A method according to claim 26, characterized in that the casing core (31) is supported by a second mandrel and the partially compressed casing is transferred to the casing core and the second mandrel. Method according to claim 26, characterized in that the casing core (31) is arranged coaxially with 15 and adjacent to the other end of the mandrel.