DK158081B - Hull - Google Patents

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DK158081B
DK158081B DK475086A DK475086A DK158081B DK 158081 B DK158081 B DK 158081B DK 475086 A DK475086 A DK 475086A DK 475086 A DK475086 A DK 475086A DK 158081 B DK158081 B DK 158081B
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hull
boat
water
air supply
waterline
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DK475086A
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DK475086D0 (en
DK475086A (en
DK158081C (en
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Jo Guettler
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Jo Guettler
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B1/00Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
    • B63B1/02Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving lift mainly from water displacement
    • B63B1/04Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving lift mainly from water displacement with single hull
    • B63B1/08Shape of aft part
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B1/00Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
    • B63B1/32Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls
    • B63B1/34Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T70/00Maritime or waterways transport
    • Y02T70/10Measures concerning design or construction of watercraft hulls

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  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
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Abstract

A body for a sailing boat, at the stern end of which are located devices (14a, 17a) for separating the water from the hull (1), whereby a continuous hydrodynamic transformation of a positive-displacement body into a sliding body is possible, even during movement.

Description

DK 158081BDK 158081B

Denne opfindelse vedrører et bådskrog med mindst én i skrogskallen foran skrogets ende udformet lufttilførselskanal.This invention relates to a boat hull with at least one air supply duct formed in the hull shell in front of the end of the hull.

En båd sejler med en given drivkraft desto hurtigere jo lavere skrogets modstand er i vandet.A boat sails with a given driving force the faster the lower the hull resistance is in the water.

5 I forbindelse med robåde til kapsejlads opnås der en lav modstand i vandet med et langt, smalt skrog med en lang, smal hæk.5 In connection with rowing boats for racing, a low resistance is achieved in the water with a long, narrow hull with a long, narrow stern.

I forbindelse med motorbåde til kapsejlads opnås en lav modstand i vandet med et kort skrog og en lige afskåret hæk.In connection with motorboats for racing, a low resistance in the water is achieved with a short hull and a straight cut stern.

Alle fartøjer har det specielle træk, at den mest fordelagtige skrog-10 form alene viser sine optimale egenskaber ved en ganske bestemt hastighed.All vessels have the special feature that the most advantageous hull-10 shape alone shows its optimal properties at a very specific speed.

Størstedelen af fartøjer kan inddeles efter deres skrogform i tre grupper, nemlig:The majority of vessels can be divided according to their hull shape into three groups, namely:

Fartøjer med et skrog af deplacementtypen, 15 fartøjer med et skrog af den halvplanende type og fartøjer med et skrog af den planende type.Vessels with a hull of the displacement type, 15 vessels with a hull of the semi-planing type and vessels with a hull of the planing type.

Fordelen ved et skrog af deplacementtypen er en lav modstand i vandet ved lave hastigheder og fortrinlig sødygtighed i hård sø, specielt i forbindelse med bølger agterind. En alvorlig ulempe ved denne skrog-20 form er imidlertid, at vandmodstanden ved den såkaldte skrog-hastighed (et bestemt forhold mellem hastigheden og skrogets længde) forøges meget betydeligt. Sugning hidrørende fra hækbølgen holder båden fast og fx, når båden slæbes af stærke slæbebåde, kan dette betyde, at båden trækkes ned under vandoverfladen.The advantage of a displacement type hull is a low resistance in the water at low speeds and excellent seaworthiness in hard seas, especially in connection with waves aft. However, a serious disadvantage of this hull shape is that the water resistance at the so-called hull speed (a certain ratio between the speed and the length of the hull) increases very significantly. Suction resulting from the stern wave holds the boat firmly and, for example, when the boat is towed by strong tugs, this can mean that the boat is pulled down below the water surface.

25 Hidtil kendte skrog af den halvplanende type er mere fordelagtige ud fra dette synspunkt, da denne skrogtype bryder en kraftig hækbølge ved hækken, der bryder gennem vandlinjen. Denne skrogform lider imidlertid af betydelige ulemper i hård sø og mere specielt i forbindelse med bølger agterind, da relativt store bølger skyller ind 30 over båden.Hitherto known hulls of the semi-planar type are more advantageous from this point of view, as this type of hull breaks a strong stern wave at the stern which breaks through the waterline. However, this hull shape suffers from significant disadvantages in rough seas and more particularly in connection with waves aft, as relatively large waves wash in 30 over the boat.

DK 158081 BDK 158081 B

22

Skrog af den planende type kan kun benyttes i forbindelse med både med stor motorkraft og meget lette både, da den afskårne hæk ved lave hastigheder dypper ned i vandet, hvorved der fremkommer en meget stor modstand i vandet.Hulls of the planing type can only be used in connection with boats with large engine power and very light boats, as the cut stern dips into the water at low speeds, thereby creating a very large resistance in the water.

5 Fra fransk patentskrift nr. 2.271.975 kendes en båd af den planende type, hvilken båd fra forskibet til hækken har kamlignende fremspring. Disse kamlignende fremspring krydser også vandlinjen. Disse kamlignende fremspring hindrer imidlertid kun en stigning af vandet langs skrogskallen under glidefart og dermed en forøgelse af den 10 flade, som påvirkes af vandets tilbageholdelseskraft.From French patent specification No. 2,271,975 a boat of the planing type is known, which boat from the foreship to the stern has comb-like projections. These comb-like projections also cross the waterline. However, these comb-like projections prevent only an increase of the water along the hull shell during sliding speed and thus an increase of the surface which is affected by the restraining force of the water.

Desuden findes der under vandlinjen ved hækken en klap. Hermed sikres det, at den planende båd ved langsom fart udviser egenskaber svarende til en båd af deplacementtypen, medens skroget ved større hastigheder på en måde glider op på vandlinjen og udviser egenskaber som en båd 15 af den planende type.In addition, there is a flap below the waterline at the hedge. This ensures that the planing boat at slow speed exhibits properties similar to a displacement type boat, while at higher speeds the hull somehow slides up on the waterline and exhibits properties like a boat 15 of the planing type.

En ulempe ved denne bådform har vist sig at bestå i, at fremspringene eller indhakkene skal strække sig over hele bådskroget. De kan endvidere kun ved mindre hastigheder tjene til at tilvejebringe egenskaber svarende til et skrog af deplacementtypen i forbindelse med et skrog 20 af den planende type. Til et skrog af deplacementtypen er hverken fremspringene eller klappen egnet til ud fra denne skrogtype at frembringe et skrog af den planende type. Klappen har endvidere udelukkende den opgave at reducere bølgedannelsen ved hækken og dermed at reducere modstanden. Ved denne klap forstørres imidlertid 25 den overflade, som er i berøring med vandet, og følgelig forøges vandmodstanden igen.A disadvantage of this boat shape has been found to be that the projections or notches have to extend over the entire hull of the boat. Furthermore, they can only serve at lower speeds to provide properties corresponding to a displacement type hull in conjunction with a planar type hull 20. For a displacement type hull, neither the projections nor the flap are suitable for producing a hull of the planing type from this hull type. Furthermore, the flap has the sole task of reducing the wave formation at the stern and thus reducing the resistance. With this flap, however, the surface which is in contact with the water is enlarged and consequently the water resistance is increased again.

I britisk patentskrift nr. 1.447 er beskrevet et bådskrog af den halvplanende type, der ligesom flydelegemer til vandflyvere har vinkelret på bevægelsesretningen udragende trin. Dette betyder ved 30 lavere bevægelseshastigheder en væsentlig større modstand. Ved en forøgelse af hastigheden samler luften sig i trinafsnittene, hvilket fører til, at kontakten med vandet formindskes. Herved skal hastigheden imidlertid forøges ganske betydeligt.British Patent Specification No. 1,447 describes a boat hull of the semi-planing type which, like floating bodies for seaplanes, has projecting steps perpendicular to the direction of movement. This means at 30 lower speeds of movement a significantly greater resistance. By increasing the speed, the air collects in the step sections, which leads to the contact with the water being reduced. However, this must increase the speed quite significantly.

DK 158081 BDK 158081 B

3 I britisk patentskrift nr. 116.255 er beskrevet et skrog af deplace-menttypen, i hvilket der ved hækken er tilvejebragt talrige ventileringsklapper, gennem hvilke der ved hjælp af en ventilator blæses luft ned i vandet. Den således indblæste luft stiger op til over-5 fladen i form af luftbobler, så at bådens modstand gennem vandet herved ikke formindskes.British Patent Specification No. 116,255 discloses a displacement-type hull in which numerous ventilation flaps are provided at the rear through which air is blown into the water by means of a fan. The air thus blown rises to the surface in the form of air bubbles, so that the resistance of the boat through the water is not thereby reduced.

I USA-patentskrift nr. 2.663.276 er igen beskrevet et fartøj med ved hækken tilvejebragte lufttilførselsrør med slidser. Der er endvidere under vandlinjen monteret tilsvarende klapper, der benyttes dels til 10 en bremsning af fartøjet, dels til at frigive åbninger, gennem hvilke der afgives luft fra lufttilførselsrør et til vandlinjen. Herved kan vandmodstanden til i en vis grad reduceres ved frembringelse af en luftpolstring. Den herved opnåede virkning er imidlertid minimal.U.S. Pat. No. 2,663,276 again discloses a vessel with slotted air supply tubes provided at the stern. Corresponding flaps are also mounted below the waterline, which are used partly for braking the vessel and partly for releasing openings through which air is discharged from the air supply pipe to the waterline. Hereby the water resistance can to a certain extent be reduced by producing an air padding. However, the effect thus obtained is minimal.

Til grund for den foreliggende opfindelse ligger den opgave at ud-15 vikle et skrog til en båd, hvilket skrog, når båden er stationær og/eller selv under sejlads, kontinuerligt kan ændres fra et skrog af deplacementtypen med de kendte fordele til et skrog af den planende type med de kendte fordele, idet skrogets form kan tilpasses i hydrodynamisk henseende efter den givne sejlhastighed, idet tilpasningen 20 fortrinsvis sker automatisk.The object of the present invention is to develop a hull for a boat, which hull, when the boat is stationary and / or even while sailing, can be continuously changed from a hull of the displacement type with the known advantages to a hull of the planing type with the known advantages, the shape of the hull can be adjusted in hydrodynamic terms according to the given sailing speed, the adjustment 20 preferably taking place automatically.

Denne opgave kan løses ved, at lufttilførselskanalen krydser vandlinjen og dækkes af fleksible bånd, hvis forreste kanter er fastgjort til bådskroget, medens båndenes bageste kanter er indrettet til at afbøje det strømmende vand fra bådskroget.This task can be solved by the air supply duct crossing the waterline and being covered by flexible belts whose leading edges are attached to the boat hull, while the trailing edges of the belts are arranged to deflect the flowing water from the boat hull.

25 Herved opnås, at hækbølgen adskilles fra bådskroget allerede over vandlinjen og alt efter hastigheden mere eller mindre langt nede under og fortil og dermed ikke mere frembringer nogen modstand som følge af sin sugevirkning. Herved tilvejebringes der et bådskrog, der ved vilkårlig hastighed i hydrodynamisk henseende kan indstilles til 30 den optimale form med mindst modstand.25 Hereby is achieved that the stern wave is separated from the boat hull already above the waterline and depending on the speed more or less far below and in front and thus no longer produces any resistance due to its suction effect. This provides a boat hull which, at any speed in hydrodynamic terms, can be adjusted to the optimum shape with the least resistance.

Indretningerne til adskillelse eller brydning af hækbølgen skærer fortrinsvis vandlinjen foran øverst og bagud nedefter, dvs. i en spids vinkel. Herved opnås, at, selv når hækken stikker dybt i van-The devices for separating or breaking the stern wave preferably intersect the waterline at the front at the top and backwards at the bottom, i.e. at an acute angle. This ensures that, even when the hedge protrudes deep into the water

DK 158081 BDK 158081 B

4 det, er indretningerne placeret på en sådan måde, at brydningslinjerne til stadighed strækker sig op over vandets overflade i bevægelsesretningen og altid forløber foran neddykningspunkterné. Ellers ville lufttilførselskanalerne kunne blive fyldt med vand og dermed 5 gj ort inaktive.4 it, the devices are placed in such a way that the lines of refraction constantly extend above the surface of the water in the direction of movement and always extend in front of the immersion points. Otherwise the air supply ducts could be filled with water and thus become completely inactive.

Til opnåelse af en så trinløs i hydrodynamisk henseende konvertering som muligt af et skrog af deplacementtypen til et skrog af planings-typen kan der være placeret ikke hlot én indretning med en bølgebry-derlinje, men flere sådanne indretninger efter hinanden på hækken, og 10 de kan eventuelt også strække sig i forskellige vinkler i forhold til hinanden og i forhold til vandoverfladen (vandlinjen).In order to achieve as stepless a hydrodynamic conversion as possible of a displacement-type hull to a planing-type hull, not only one device with a breakwater line may be located, but several such devices one after the other on the hedge, and the may also extend at different angles to each other and to the water surface (waterline).

I en udførelsesform er kanalen dækket med fleksible bånd, hvis placeringer kan ændres med mekaniske, pneumatiske eller hydrauliske aktiveringselementer. Takket være den luft, der slipper ud på dette 15 sted, dannes der mellem skrogets skal og vandet en luftpude, så at der ikke længere kan dannes et sug, og derfor adskilles hækbølgen på pålidelig måde fra skroget.In one embodiment, the duct is covered with flexible bands, the locations of which can be changed with mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic actuating elements. Thanks to the air escaping at this location, an air cushion is formed between the hull of the hull and the water, so that a suction can no longer be formed, and therefore the stern wave is reliably separated from the hull.

En anden mulighed består i, at lufttilførselskanalen kan være dækket af f jederlignende bånd, der lader en spalte tilbage.Another possibility is that the air supply duct may be covered by spring-like bands which leave a gap.

20 Båndene er placeret i skrogskallens flade, så at båndenes form ikke har nogen hastighedsreducerende virkning ved lave hastigheder. I overensstemmelse med en yderligere forbedring kan de fjederlignende bånd justeres, og til dette formål er der i lufttilførselskanalen tilvej ebragt aktiveringselementer.The belts are placed in the surface of the hull shell so that the shape of the belts has no speed-reducing effect at low speeds. In accordance with a further improvement, the spring-like bands can be adjusted, and for this purpose actuating elements are provided in the air supply duct.

25 I forbindelse med den foreliggende opfindelse kan fordelene ved et skrog af deplacementtypen således fuldt udnyttes ved lave hastigheder og i forbindelse med hård sø. Ved en hastighedsforøgelse kan skrogets længde i hydrodynamisk henseende forøges efter behov ved hjælp af de ovenfor beskrevne indretninger. Hastighedsbarrieren ved den såkaldte 30 skroghastighed (V = 2,43 x ,/længste vandlinje i meter knob) optræder således ikke længere. Det er således fx muligt at bringe en yacht til at plane eller surfe på samme måde som en jolle, da hækken ikke trækkes nedefter. Af et skrog af deplacementtypen fremkommer et skrogThus, in the context of the present invention, the advantages of a displacement type hull can be fully exploited at low speeds and in connection with hard seas. With an increase in speed, the length of the hull can be hydrodynamically increased as needed by means of the devices described above. The velocity barrier at the so-called 30 hull velocity (V = 2.43 x, / longest waterline in meter knots) thus no longer appears. Thus, for example, it is possible to bring a yacht to plan or surf in the same way as a dinghy, as the stern is not pulled down. A hull emerges from a displacement type hull

DK 158081BDK 158081B

5 af den planende type. Dette sker ved en bevidst bortledning af hækbølgerne fra skrogskallen foran skrogets ende. Derved afskæres hækbølgen helt fra vandlinjen fra skroget og ledes bort.5 of the planing type. This is done by deliberately diverting the stern waves from the hull shell in front of the end of the hull. Thereby, the stern wave is cut off completely from the waterline from the hull and led away.

I britisk patentskrift nr. 2.098.136 er beskrevet et lignende pro-5 biem. I overensstemmelse med dette britiske patentskrift frembringes der ændring af skrogformen ved udtrækning af dele fra bådens bund, så at båden ved større hastigheder glider på vandoverfladen. I overensstemmelse med denne teknik sker der imidlertid ikke en adskillelse eller brydning af hækbølgen.British Patent Specification No. 2,098,136 discloses a similar problem. In accordance with this British patent specification, a change in the hull shape is produced by pulling out parts from the bottom of the boat so that the boat glides on the water surface at greater speeds. In accordance with this technique, however, no separation or refraction of the stern wave occurs.

10 Opfindelsen vil i det følgende blive nærmere forklaret under henvisning til tegningen, der beskriver fordele, træk og detaljer ved opfindelsen, og på hvilken fig. 1 viser en båds skrog, set skematisk, fig. 2 et vandret snit gennem en del af den bageste del af skroget 15 efter linjen II-II i fig. 1 og fig. 3-4 andre udførelsesformer for en hækdel vist på samme måde som i fig. 2.The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, which describes advantages, features and details of the invention, and in which fig. 1 shows the hull of a boat, seen schematically, fig. 2 is a horizontal section through a part of the rear part of the hull 15 along the line II-II in fig. 1 and FIG. 3-4 show other embodiments of a hedge part shown in the same way as in fig. 2.

I fig, 1 er vist en skrogskal 1 med en hækdel 2, et ror 3 og en køl 4. Linjerne 5 viser placeringen af aktiverbare organer til brydning 20 af hækbølgen.Fig. 1 shows a hull shell 1 with a stern part 2, a rudder 3 and a keel 4. The lines 5 show the location of activatable means for breaking 20 of the stern wave.

Forskellige udførelsesformer for disse organer er vist mere detaljeret i fig. 2-4.Various embodiments of these means are shown in more detail in fig. 2-4.

I en i fig. 2 vist udførelsesform dannes den brydende kant af fleksible bånd 14, der er fastgjort flugtende med skrogskallen 1 i be-25 vægelsesretningen, men rager frem fra skrogskallen 1 i retning modsat bevægelsesretningen og dækker renden 11. Båndene 14 kan imidlertid fx også være forspændt af en indefter rettet spænding. Holdedele 15 kan være konstrueret som trækelementer, hvis båndene 14 er spændt udefter. Ved at trække i spændingselementerne er det derefter muligt 30 at kontrollere placeringen af båndene i forhold til skrogskallen.In one of FIG. 2, the breaking edge of flexible bands 14 is formed, which is fixed flush with the hull shell 1 in the direction of movement, but protrudes from the hull shell 1 in the opposite direction of movement and covers the groove 11. However, the bands 14 can for instance also be prestressed by a inward directed voltage. Holding parts 15 can be constructed as traction elements if the straps 14 are tensioned outwards. By pulling on the tension elements, it is then possible to check the position of the straps in relation to the hull shell.

Hvis et bånd 14 er trukket helt ind, danner det en del af skrogskallen 1. Placering af båndet 14, der virker som den brydende kant, kanIf a band 14 is fully retracted, it forms part of the hull shell 1. Placement of the band 14, which acts as the breaking edge, can

Claims (6)

15 PATENTKRAV15 PATENT REQUIREMENTS 1. Bådskrog med mindst én i skrogskallen foran skrogets ende udformet lufttilførselskanal, kendetegnet ved, at lufttilførselskanalen (7) krydser vandlinjen og er dækket af fleksible bånd (14), hvis forreste kanter 20 er fastgjort til skrogskallen, medens deres bageste kanter er indrettet til at afbøje det strømmende vand fra bådskroget.Boat hull with at least one air supply channel formed in the hull shell in front of the hull end, characterized in that the air supply channel (7) crosses the waterline and is covered by flexible bands (14), the front edges 20 of which are attached to the hull shell, while their rear edges are arranged for to deflect the flowing water from the hull. 2. Skrog ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at båndenes (14) stilling i forhold til skrogskallen (1) er automatisk indstillelig.Hull according to claim 1, characterized in that the position of the belts (14) relative to the hull shell (1) is automatically adjustable. 3. Skrog ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at lufttilførselskanalen (7) er dækket af fjederlignende bånd (14a), der lader en spalte 17a tilbage, idet båndene (14a) er monteret i skrogskallens (1) flade. DK 158081 BHull according to claim 1, characterized in that the air supply duct (7) is covered by spring-like bands (14a) leaving a gap 17a, the bands (14a) being mounted in the surface of the hull shell (1). DK 158081 B 4. Skrog ifølge krav 3, kendetegnet ved, at der i lufttilførselskanalen (7) findes en drivindretning (18) til en drivstang (19) eller lignende, hvilken drivindretning er indrettet til at drive båndene (14a) ud fra skro-5 gets (1) flade.Hull according to claim 3, characterized in that in the air supply duct (7) there is a drive device (18) for a drive rod (19) or the like, which drive device is arranged to drive the belts (14a) out of the hull 5 ( 1) flat. 5. Skrog ifølge et hvilket som helst af kravene 1-4, kendetegnet ved, at der efter hinanden på skroget (1) er placeret flere aktiverbare indretninger (7, 14).Hull according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that several activatable devices (7, 14) are placed one after the other on the hull (1). 6. Skrog ifølge krav 5, 10 kendetegnet ved, at de aktiverbare indretninger (7, 14) kan strække sig i forskellige vinkler i forhold til hinanden og i forhold til vandlinjen.Hull according to claim 5, 10, characterized in that the activatable devices (7, 14) can extend at different angles relative to each other and relative to the waterline.
DK475086A 1985-02-06 1986-10-03 BAADSKROG DK158081C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US69863385A 1985-02-06 1985-02-06
US69863385 1985-02-06
PCT/DE1986/000042 WO1986004557A1 (en) 1985-02-06 1986-02-06 Sailing boat
DE8600042 1986-02-06

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DK475086D0 DK475086D0 (en) 1986-10-03
DK475086A DK475086A (en) 1986-10-03
DK158081B true DK158081B (en) 1990-03-26
DK158081C DK158081C (en) 1990-09-24

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AU (1) AU592775B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1284917C (en)
DE (1) DE3663643D1 (en)
DK (1) DK158081C (en)
ES (1) ES8704827A1 (en)
FI (1) FI86830C (en)
NO (1) NO175245C (en)
NZ (1) NZ215050A (en)
WO (1) WO1986004557A1 (en)

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US5088433A (en) * 1989-07-31 1992-02-18 Masakazu Osawa Wave-making resistance suppressing means in ship and ship provided therewith

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GB190901447A (en) * 1909-01-21 1910-01-21 Theophilus Osborn Smith An Improved Method of Reducing the Water Friction of Ships and Boats.
GB116255A (en) * 1917-06-01 1918-08-01 John Elniff Improvements in Means for Reducing the Resistance to Propulsion of Marine Vessels.
US2663276A (en) * 1951-12-27 1953-12-22 Albert F Ouellet Ship construction for reducing drag
GB1034370A (en) * 1963-03-08 1966-06-29 Harrison Lackenby Method and means for preventing flow-separation alongside ships' hulls in motion
GB1496670A (en) * 1973-12-29 1977-12-30 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd Planing hulls
GB1604462A (en) * 1978-05-31 1981-12-09 Orr A H Means with which to reduce resistance of surface marine vessels

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ES551664A0 (en) 1987-05-01
DE3663643D1 (en) 1989-07-06
EP0215812A1 (en) 1987-04-01
AU5399786A (en) 1986-08-26
WO1986004557A1 (en) 1986-08-14
EP0215812B1 (en) 1989-05-31
ES8704827A1 (en) 1987-05-01
NZ215050A (en) 1988-04-29
ATE43545T1 (en) 1989-06-15
CA1284917C (en) 1991-06-18
NO863983D0 (en) 1986-10-06
FI864007A0 (en) 1986-10-03
NO863983L (en) 1986-10-06
NO175245C (en) 1994-09-21
FI864007A (en) 1986-10-03
FI86830B (en) 1992-07-15
DK475086D0 (en) 1986-10-03
DK475086A (en) 1986-10-03
DK158081C (en) 1990-09-24
FI86830C (en) 1992-10-26
AU592775B2 (en) 1990-01-25
NO175245B (en) 1994-06-13

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