DE69737719D1 - Substituierte gamma-aminobuttersäurederivate als arzneimittel - Google Patents
Substituierte gamma-aminobuttersäurederivate als arzneimittelInfo
- Publication number
- DE69737719D1 DE69737719D1 DE69737719T DE69737719T DE69737719D1 DE 69737719 D1 DE69737719 D1 DE 69737719D1 DE 69737719 T DE69737719 T DE 69737719T DE 69737719 T DE69737719 T DE 69737719T DE 69737719 D1 DE69737719 D1 DE 69737719D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- pct
- aminobutteric
- drugs
- acid derivatives
- disorders
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
- C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
- C07C323/57—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C323/58—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups with amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/24—Antidepressants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C229/02—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
- C07C229/04—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
- C07C229/22—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated the carbon skeleton being further substituted by oxygen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
- C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Psychiatry (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Heat Sensitive Colour Forming Recording (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US2960196P | 1996-10-23 | 1996-10-23 | |
US5990097P | 1997-09-24 | 1997-09-24 | |
PCT/US1997/017997 WO1998017627A1 (en) | 1996-10-23 | 1997-10-07 | Substituted gamma aminobutyric acids as pharmaceutical agents |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69737719D1 true DE69737719D1 (de) | 2007-06-21 |
Family
ID=26705131
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69737719T Expired - Lifetime DE69737719D1 (de) | 1996-10-23 | 1997-10-07 | Substituierte gamma-aminobuttersäurederivate als arzneimittel |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6153650A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0937032B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002514187A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE361909T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU733896B2 (de) |
BR (1) | BR9712651A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2263663C (de) |
DE (1) | DE69737719D1 (de) |
HR (1) | HRP970560B1 (de) |
NZ (1) | NZ334898A (de) |
WO (1) | WO1998017627A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (54)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6329429B1 (en) | 1997-06-25 | 2001-12-11 | Warner-Lambert Company | Use of GABA analogs such as Gabapentin in the manufacture of a medicament for treating inflammatory diseases |
HRP980342A2 (en) * | 1997-06-25 | 1999-02-28 | Warner Lambert Co | Anti-inflammatory method |
US6127418A (en) * | 1997-08-20 | 2000-10-03 | Warner-Lambert Company | GABA analogs to prevent and treat gastrointestinal damage |
AU8668598A (en) * | 1997-08-20 | 1999-03-08 | University Of Oklahoma, The | Gaba analogs to prevent and treat gastrointestinal damage |
TR200001794T2 (tr) * | 1997-12-16 | 2000-10-23 | Warner-Lambert Company | Farmasötik maddeler olarak yeni aminler |
EP0974351A3 (de) * | 1998-04-24 | 2000-12-13 | Jouveinal | Arzneimittel zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Magendarmschäden |
NZ508490A (en) * | 1998-07-09 | 2003-08-29 | Warner Lambert Co | Use of a combination of a GABA analog and caffeine as an analgesic |
DE69934813T2 (de) * | 1998-10-16 | 2007-10-11 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Verwendung von gaba analogen zur herstellung eines arzneimittels zur behandlung von manie und bipolaren erkrankungen |
WO2000031020A1 (en) * | 1998-11-25 | 2000-06-02 | Warner-Lambert Company | Improved gamma amino butyric acid analogs |
FR2791982B1 (fr) * | 1999-04-06 | 2002-12-27 | Inst Nat Sante Rech Med | Inhibiteurs de lta4 hydrolase et leurs applications therapeutiques. |
CA2373210A1 (en) * | 1999-05-26 | 2000-12-07 | Warner-Lambert Company | Fused polycyclic amino acids as pharmaceutical agents |
US6642398B2 (en) | 1999-06-10 | 2003-11-04 | Warner-Lambert Company | Mono-and disubstituted 3-propyl gamma-aminobutyric acids |
DE60041256D1 (de) * | 1999-06-10 | 2009-02-12 | Warner Lambert Co | Mono-substituierte 3-propyl-gamma-aminobuttersäure |
US7164034B2 (en) | 1999-06-10 | 2007-01-16 | Pfizer Inc. | Alpha2delta ligands for fibromyalgia and other disorders |
EP1840117A1 (de) * | 1999-06-10 | 2007-10-03 | Warner-Lambert Company LLC | Mono- und disubstituierte 3-Propyl-gamma-aminobuttersäure |
CA2320556A1 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2001-03-29 | Queen's University At Kingston | N,n-dichlorinated omega amino acids and uses thereof |
JP2003528148A (ja) * | 2000-03-28 | 2003-09-24 | デロレンゾ、ロバート・ジェイ | 損傷に際して神経細胞中に形成される新規カルシウム損傷電流の阻害は神経細胞死を抑制する |
AU2002211863A1 (en) | 2000-10-06 | 2002-04-15 | Xenoport, Inc. | Bile-acid derived compounds for providing sustained systemic concentrations of drugs after oral administration |
WO2002032376A2 (en) | 2000-10-06 | 2002-04-25 | Xenoport, Inc. | Bile-acid conjugates for providing sustained systemic concentrations of drugs |
US6620829B2 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2003-09-16 | Warner-Lambert Company | Method of treating noninflammatory cartilage damage |
AU2002310409C1 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2008-04-17 | Xenoport, Inc. | Orally administered dosage forms of GABA analog prodrugs having reduced toxicity |
US6818787B2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2004-11-16 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
US8048917B2 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2011-11-01 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
US7186855B2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2007-03-06 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
EP1412324A4 (de) | 2001-06-11 | 2004-09-29 | Xenoport Inc | Aminosäurekonjugate, die anhaltende systemische konzentrationen von gaba-analoga ergeben |
DE10203122A1 (de) * | 2002-01-25 | 2003-07-31 | Gruenenthal Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von substituierten Acrylsäureestern bzw. deren Einsatz zur Herstellung von substituierten gamma-Aminosäuren |
IL162028A0 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2005-11-20 | Warner Lambert Co | Alpha 2 delta ligands to treat tinnitus |
US6927036B2 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2005-08-09 | Xero Port, Inc. | Methods for synthesis of prodrugs from 1-acyl-alkyl derivatives and compositions thereof |
AU2003222033A1 (en) * | 2002-03-20 | 2003-10-08 | Xenoport | Cyclic 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl prodrugs of gaba analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
NI200300043A (es) | 2002-03-28 | 2003-11-05 | Warner Lambert Co | AMINOACIDOS CON AFINIDAD POR LA PROTEINA a2DELTA. |
AU2003243180A1 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2003-12-12 | Xenoport, Inc. | Amino acid conjugates providing for sustained systemic concentrations of gaba analogues |
BR0312240A (pt) * | 2002-06-27 | 2005-04-12 | Warner Lambert Co | Método de tratamento do distúrbio por déficit de atenção com hiperatividade |
WO2004052360A1 (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2004-06-24 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of fused gaba analogs, pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof |
AU2003286300A1 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-07-09 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Pregabalin and derivates thereof for the treatment of fibromyalgia and other related disorders |
CA2451267A1 (en) | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-13 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Pharmaceutical uses for alpha2delta ligands |
ES2341240T3 (es) | 2002-12-13 | 2010-06-17 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Ligando alfa-2-delta para tratar los sintomas del tracto urinario inferior. |
KR20050085636A (ko) | 2002-12-13 | 2005-08-29 | 워너-램버트 캄파니 엘엘씨 | 섬유근육통 및 기타 질환의 치료를 위한 프레가발린 유도체 |
EP1670451A4 (de) | 2003-09-11 | 2009-10-21 | Xenoport Inc | Behandlung und/oder prävention von harninkontinenz mit prodrugs von gaba-analoga |
RU2320369C2 (ru) | 2003-09-12 | 2008-03-27 | Пфайзер Инк. | Комбинации, содержащие альфа-2-дельта лиганды и ингибиторы обратного захвата серотонина/норадреналина |
US8114909B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2012-02-14 | Xenoport, Inc. | Treating or preventing restless legs syndrome using prodrugs of GABA analogs |
JP2007506729A (ja) | 2003-09-25 | 2007-03-22 | ワーナー−ランバート カンパニー リミテッド ライアビリティー カンパニー | α2δタンパク質に親和性を有するアミノ酸のプロドラッグ |
AU2004276072A1 (en) * | 2003-09-25 | 2005-04-07 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Amino acids with affinity for the alpha2delta-protein |
NZ546381A (en) | 2003-10-14 | 2010-01-29 | Xenoport Inc | Crystalline form of gamma-aminobutyric acid analog |
PL1691811T3 (pl) | 2003-12-11 | 2014-12-31 | Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc | Skojarzenie leku uspokajającego i modulatora neuroprzekaźnikowego oraz sposoby poprawy jakości snu i leczenia depresji |
EP1811986B1 (de) | 2004-11-04 | 2014-03-26 | XenoPort, Inc. | Orale darreichungsformen von gabapentin-prodrug mit verzögerter freisetzung |
MX2009006575A (es) | 2006-12-22 | 2009-07-02 | Recordati Ireland Ltd | Terapia de combinacion de trastornos del tracto urinario inferior con ligandos a2d y farmacos anti-inflamatorios no esteroidales (nsaids). |
WO2009094577A2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2009-07-30 | Xenoport, Inc. | Mesophasic forms of (3s)-aminomethyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid prodrugs and methods of use |
US7872046B2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2011-01-18 | Xenoport, Inc. | Crystalline form of a (3S)-aminomethyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid prodrug and methods of use |
CA2706575C (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2015-07-14 | Xenoport, Inc. | Enantiomerically resolving acyloxyalkyl thiocarbonates used in synthesizing acyloxyalkyl carbamate prodrugs |
CN105330603A (zh) | 2008-10-08 | 2016-02-17 | 凯飞药业公司 | Gaba偶联物及其使用方法 |
US9066853B2 (en) | 2013-01-15 | 2015-06-30 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Clonidine compounds in a biodegradable fiber |
AU2014209028C1 (en) | 2013-01-28 | 2019-08-29 | Hector L. Lopez | Methods of improving tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of b-alanine and use therefor |
CN107857710A (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-03-30 | 河南师范大学 | 一种抗癫痫药普瑞巴林的制备方法 |
CA3099775A1 (en) | 2018-05-14 | 2019-11-21 | Xgene Pharmaceutical Inc. | Process for making 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl-carabmate drug conjugates of naproxen and pregabalin |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1385846A (en) * | 1973-05-18 | 1975-03-05 | Le G Venny Ped I Im A I Gertse | Chlorohydrate of beta-phenyl-ypsilon-amino butyric acid and process for producing same |
US4087544A (en) * | 1974-12-21 | 1978-05-02 | Warner-Lambert Company | Treatment of cranial dysfunctions using novel cyclic amino acids |
DE2460891C2 (de) * | 1974-12-21 | 1982-09-23 | Gödecke AG, 1000 Berlin | 1-Aminomethyl-1-cycloalkanessigsäuren und deren Ester, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und diese Verbindungen enthaltende Arzneimittel |
ZA902661B (en) * | 1989-04-10 | 1991-01-30 | Schering Corp | Mercapto-acyl amino acids |
ATE117988T1 (de) * | 1990-05-17 | 1995-02-15 | Schering Corp | Disulfidderivate von mercapto-acyl-aminsäuren. |
AU9137091A (en) * | 1990-11-27 | 1992-06-25 | Northwestern University | Gaba and l-glutamic acid analogs for antiseizure treatment |
ES2165857T3 (es) * | 1992-05-20 | 2002-04-01 | Univ Northwestern | Analogos de gaba y acido l-glutamico para el tratamiento de trastornos del sistema nervioso central. |
IL109397A0 (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 1994-07-31 | Schering Ag | Quinoxalinedione derivatives, processes for the preparation thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same |
DE4439492A1 (de) * | 1994-10-25 | 1996-05-02 | Schering Ag | Neue Chinoxalindionderivate, deren Herstellung und Verwendung in Arzneimitteln |
DE4439493A1 (de) * | 1994-10-25 | 1996-05-02 | Schering Ag | Neue Chinoxalindionderivate, deren Herstellung und Verwendung in Arzneimitteln |
-
1997
- 1997-10-07 AT AT97945516T patent/ATE361909T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-10-07 US US09/254,093 patent/US6153650A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-10-07 WO PCT/US1997/017997 patent/WO1998017627A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-10-07 EP EP97945516A patent/EP0937032B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-07 JP JP51940498A patent/JP2002514187A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1997-10-07 AU AU46697/97A patent/AU733896B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-10-07 CA CA002263663A patent/CA2263663C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-10-07 NZ NZ334898A patent/NZ334898A/xx unknown
- 1997-10-07 DE DE69737719T patent/DE69737719D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-07 BR BR9712651-9A patent/BR9712651A/pt active Search and Examination
- 1997-10-23 HR HR970560A patent/HRP970560B1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HRP970560B1 (en) | 2003-02-28 |
HRP970560A2 (en) | 1998-08-31 |
AU733896B2 (en) | 2001-05-31 |
CA2263663A1 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
WO1998017627A1 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
NZ334898A (en) | 2000-09-29 |
ATE361909T1 (de) | 2007-06-15 |
US6153650A (en) | 2000-11-28 |
JP2002514187A (ja) | 2002-05-14 |
EP0937032B1 (de) | 2007-05-09 |
BR9712651A (pt) | 1999-10-26 |
CA2263663C (en) | 2006-05-30 |
EP0937032A1 (de) | 1999-08-25 |
AU4669797A (en) | 1998-05-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE69737719D1 (de) | Substituierte gamma-aminobuttersäurederivate als arzneimittel | |
ATE207878T1 (de) | Zyklische aminosäure als pharmazeutische wirkstoffe | |
ATE218135T1 (de) | Zyklischaminosäure als pharmazeutische mittel | |
NO984204D0 (no) | Nye brodannete cykliske aminosyrer som farmasöytiske midler | |
ATE280154T1 (de) | Verzweigte alkylpyrrolidin-3-carbonsäuren | |
AU4673300A (en) | Amino heterocycles useful as pharmaceutical agents | |
CA2245647A1 (en) | Novel bridged cyclic amino acids as pharmaceutical agents |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8332 | No legal effect for de |