DE2914483A1 - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - Google Patents

Description

29H483

Building construction

Invention relates to buildings or other building structures including walls, partitions and the roofs in general and on a building structure that is partly created by spraying concrete on the formwork, which is incorporated into the construction, in particular.

Ordinary houses are made of bricks. The small size of each single brick of course limits the speed of construction and the setting of the brick itself is a highly specialized one Job. When building houses in this way, a relatively large, specialized artisan must also be used and, because their respective work often has to be done in a certain order, can this leads to high costs and delays.

Concrete structures are known and are generally made with pre-cast panels that are laterally assembled. Such structures are never sufficient from many points of view and contain weak points in the event of failure of one or more parts and have a high thermal conductivity in the wall parts. The last property results in condensation problems in houses and apartments produced in this way, since water vapor generated in the interstices tries to condense on or in colder parts of the walls.

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved concrete structure, the walls of which are very small Have thermal conductivity and can be built up quickly and by only a few specialist craftsmen.

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According to the invention, the building structure has at least an outer wall, which consists of at least two layers separated by an air gap, one with molded to it the or the outer layers protruding practically outwardly extending ribs provided inner wall, and in the ribs and reinforcing rods embedded between the inner and outer layers or layers, with parts in the outer layer go and bind the layer to the ribs and wherein the inner and preferably at least one outer layer of cement material are made. Preferably the reinforcing bars are zigzag in shape.

If, as mentioned, a building structure has an outer wall , the thermal conductivity of the wall can be very low. Therefore, an air gap is provided that the air gaps in ordinary stone houses and reduces the thermal conductivity by which viand is very effective. Furthermore, the rib construction ensures that the inner layer is supported and results in a construction against which the outer layer or outer layers can be laid and tied by means of the reinforcement rods.

The thermal conductivity can also be achieved by an insulating layer between the outer and inner layers and by means of supports either immediately or immediately on the clans and diminished by covering the spans between the ribs will. The insulating layer preferably also serves as a formwork, against which the other layer can be sprayed when this consists of cement material.

Although the reinforcement rods run at the gap in the ribs and are very heat conductive, their cross-section is vertical compared to the total vertical cross-section of the

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The wall is very small, so they only conduct a very small amount of heat at the air gap.

The construction also has a high thermal capacity and so the interior, together with its good thermal insulation be kept at relatively constant temperatures, i.e. warm in 7 / inter and cool in summer.

In the case of an outer wall produced in this way, the combination of the outer and inner layers connected to one another is effective as the only construction that is reinforced by the Hippen and that in areas of mine subsidence or in earthquake areas can remain intact without costly and additional foundations.

Because the two layers are separate and without any direct concrete connection with each other, but with reinforcing rods but connected, which if necessary because of the differential movement can bend between the two layers, this bending can be done without the risk of hitting the structure. In addition, breakage is even less likely because the inner layer has excellent thermal insulation properties is kept practically at a constant temperature.

Another important advantage of the invention is that this building structure can be constructed by spraying cellular material Material entirely from outside the. Construction can be made. This has in comparison with arrangements in which the spraying of cementitious material, at least partially in the confined interior of the building structure, takes place on a large scale Advantage Spraying inside the structure creates an uncomfortable and potentially dangerous location, in particular when spraying outwards against the underside of the ceiling of the roof. Also the rebounding sprayed cementitious material inside the building must be removed from it.

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But this is time consuming and labor intensive while the rebound on the outside of the building, for example by using the rebound material to make .7egen or the like. Easily used around the building can. Furthermore, the internal structure bearing the load can be produced and cured at an early stage in the construction of the building v / ground so that, for example, finishing of the interior commenced relatively early in the construction can be.

If necessary, the sprayed cement material can be further stiffened by introducing fibers into the material. This fiber can be Ξ glass, alkaline resistant glass, soft or stainless steel or plastic material such as polypropylene. The steel fiber can either be in the form of closed loops with a total diameter of 2 1/2 to 25 mm and a cross-sectional thickness of C. 25 mm, or the fibers or needles can be practically straight and between 0.1 and 1 mm thick and preferably about 0.25 mm. 2 mm thick and about 25 mm long. The polypropylene fiber is preferably 0.25 mm in diameter and 35 m long.

The cement material, whether with or without fiber reinforcement, can be a wet or dry mixture which is sprayed onto the surface to be sprayed with the simultaneous application of water. The cement material can consist of one part by weight of Fortland cement and 3 1/2 parts by weight of sand as a base for the mixture. The sand can have a fineness of 2 according to the British standard. Instead of Iortland cement, good clay or other cement such as Swifterete or Sulfacrete can be used.

For fiber reinforcement, an amount of 1 to 5 and usually 2 percent by weight of fibers or needles made of soft or

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stainless steel required. But it can also be used instead of or in addition to the steel needles 0.1 to 2, usually 0.2 to 1 weight percent polypropylene fiber can be used.

The water-center ratio is about 0.5 to 0.6 percent by weight, when the mixture is premixed and introduced into a spray gun as a wet mixture. Using a dry mix can use this in a water / cement ratio 0.3 to 0.4 percent by weight can be used.

On the outer surface of the inner layer, on which it is usually by means of parts of reinforcing rods protruding from the ribs is applied before the outer layer or outer layers are applied, a vapor barrier can be applied.

According to the invention, the outer wall is about 22.9 to 33.0 mm thick and consists of the inner layer of a 5 »1 gel thick outer concrete layer.

The advantage of using polystyrene as an insulating layer is that it is easily applied to the reinforcement bars v / earth, which run through the ribs only by suscepting the leaves above the rods. This gives then the formwork onto which the cement outer layer is sprayed. Thus, only the formwork is necessary which must be provided in order to produce the inner layer with the possible attachment of the formwork to the vertical ribs easier to manufacture. The formwork can be made by using an inner wear board, e.g. a mortar board reduced; on which the inner layer is sprayed. The fine sanding board can then remain there so that the inner formwork can be removed.

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29U483

Su; H'eiTerer: Reinforce the Inrteniu ~ e V ^ * '-. : ■■ ':; . "■ ::"au;, -./eichstahl in the inner layer ~ e: ri _; '; h- --v: -: -. ';. -between the tilt and the reinforcement! gr3st .... r -'- ~ "v>: - ~ uf- ^{r the} braid can be applied to this.

Another feature of the invention is eir ^r er "-. I r.-r;. · -R n create a construction with at least ο" nor. "- ,. y.-wall of at least two layers,""which are separated from each other by eir er li.-fi .. · - · .t, where the inr.eril ^ / e:. ··. χ '\ r.tz has hips that lead to the or the outside. '. and run in a vertical direction, ir. which : iin .ict'ilvr- was built on a foundation. -is v ^ rae-! ^ e-vertical, distributed zigzag verfitarkun ^ rfst ^ ir -.- e · "ir erected at horizontal intervals, which are directed towards the exterior of the planned construction at places where the clans are to be located. Zorentrr.atftri-.il reu-en a formwork is sprayed in order to form the inner lare : cnä d - is o-ebiet of the reinforcing rods and thus to raise the ribs, aie from the inner layer facing outwards sina, whereby the i ..r, kte of the zigzag protruding from the ribs are left free , the thermal insulation over the protruding parts of the reinforcement rods are fitted and at least one outer layer of cement material is sprayed onto the thermal insulation, which serves as formwork, to embed the protruding parts of the reinforcement rods.

Preferably, the formwork for the kußenlaire Eire insulating layer made of a material such as polystyrene, ias d-.t- ■■ '■: IORT also after spraying the outer layer verblei ¹ ..T. DhS'J -OfIoCh ^- H made of soft steel can be used in the inner or, if not . A

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Vapor barrier either in the form of a film or by additional means Spray applied.

Preferably a practically horizontal, continuous one Rib placed around the building structure at the height of the roof or one storey. She is supposed to be by spraying molded onto the inner layer and containing the connecting rods of a conventional metal or other construction, which absorb the tension that the clan may be exposed to.

The structure of the building structure according to the invention can be changed depending on its ultimate function when the Walls have been started once. For example, the walls can go further upwards and in the same way on the building run horizontally, resulting in a box-like construction and a simple sloping roof that sits on top of a Extension of the wall is carried on one side. In this embodiment, the roof insulation is very low, but can rely on the insulating properties of the layer structure of the horizontal main roof. The overall effect results in insulation that is at least as high as the wall insulation. But it can also be a usual inclined one Roof can be provided with the layer structure that rises between the outer walls of the construction to the gable. In this In this case, the main insulation for the roof is in the sloping part. It can be done in a manner similar to the erect ribs Roof beams are made.

The invention extends to all types of buildings and structures, including single and double story Houses, apartments, office buildings, factory buildings and include individual walls, partitions and roofs. The one here

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The term "building construction" used here thus includes all of these characteristics.

The production of a building according to the invention is described by way of example with the aid of the drawings. In these is:

Figure 1 is a horizontal section through an outer wall of a building according to the invention;

Figure 2 is a vertical section on the line 2-2 of Figure 1 at the lower ^ nde of the wall and shows the foundation this;

FIG. 2A shows a section similar to FIG. 2, but on the line 2A-2A of FIG. 1;

Figure 5 is a vertical section through a simple building with walls and a ceiling according to Figure 1;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a building of a shed roof construction modified from FIG. 3, in which the roof itself is removed;

Figure 4A is a section of the modified roof structure on line 4-4 of Figure 4;

Figure 5 is a detail in section of an eaves construction in a building with a pitched roof; and the

Figures 6 and 7 are sections at different parts and show the construction of a sloping roof in which the construction of the walls of Figure 1 continued on the roof will.

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A basic form of the building construction according to the invention is a sprayed monolithic hollow concrete body of high strength, in which the walls and the roof or the wall connecting the elements in ^ orm of a hollow layered body with high thermal insulation are built.

The hollow concrete body is supported on a reinforcement lattice, which is built on a concrete grate with oversized Foundations and a protective vapor insulation.

The thickness of a hollow outer wall rests on a total thickness of 25.4 cm by 30.5 cm with a gap of 10.1 cm. The inner skin of the laminate is covered from one with one

5 cm wicker-reinforced concrete This basic structure is described with the aid of FIGS. 1 and 2.

First of all, the foundations are erected on the construction site and made from a roll 1 with a rolled hard core of a plastic film 2 for shielding and steam flow. This is sealed with a concrete protection 5 cm thick. Then a latticework 4 is made from 10 mm highly elastic steel, which runs in a ring completely around the foundation of the construction. On the latticework 4 · are starter rods 5 and

6, which run upwards from there, a foundation block 7 is formed around the latticework 4- around, which leaves free the starter rods 5 and 6, which protrude from the block and result in a shoulder 8 around the interior of the block 7, to support floor beams 9 of 15 »2 cm. Upon completion of the foundation block, another steam path 10 can be provided on the block using the plastic sheeting or some other bituminous sealant.

The zigzag reinforcing bars 12 and I3 are then attached the starter rods 5 and 6 attached at each point where

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a vertical rib is to be formed. Form the rods 12 and 1 $ can be seen in Figure 2A. They have outwardly directed locations 12a and 13a. The braid 14 is then attached to the reinforcement rods 12 and 13 attached to a point corresponding to the approximate center point of the intended inner layer 15. It is from one highly elastic type and works at a load of 4-, 79 N / bi. The reinforcement rods are made of soft Steel with a corresponding base load of 2.9 N / m, which changes with shear stress from a spreading factor.

The next step is to erect the (not shown) inner circuit against which the layer 15 is sprayed and temporarily carries the inner formwork.

The inner cementitious layer 15 of the outer wall (Figure 1) is then sprayed against the inner formwork and through the mesh 14 to a thickness of 5 cm. Then the vertical Ribs 16, preferably in intervals of 137 cm, but they have windows and doors installed in order to kungsstangen 12 and 13 sprayed around what is supported, where it is necessary due to the formwork (not shown). These ribs run 10.1 cm from the inner layer 12 and result in an air gap 17, which is of the inner layer 15 between adjacent vertical ribs 16 is directed outward. Then a vapor barrier 11 is attached to the Inner layer 12 either in the form of a plastic film or a bituminous coating and the surfaces of the ribs 16 are applied (Figure 1). It covers the outer surface of the layer 15 to be sprayed.

A polystyrene insulation 18 of 5 cm. Thickness is at the after outwardly directed points 12a and 13a of the reinforcement rod

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genes 12 and 13 are jagged. Then an outer layer 19 made of cement-based material against the lolystyrene insulation 18 sprayed, which serves as formwork, and the points 12a and 13a of the rods 12 and 13 and the starter stands 5 v / earth completely covered and embedded. The Au; .enJ age 19 is approximately 10 inches and the insulation 18 is approximately 5 cn thick and this creates a layered body wall with a thickness of 25.4 cm. The external appearance of the outer layer 19 can be adjusted by the spray operator to produce either a smooth or a patterned surface. The outer layer can also be provided with color.

With regard to the finishing of the inner layer, Lörtel be applied. Instead of the internal formwork and armor, a mortar plaster can be used.

Before starting the spraying, the door and window frames are inserted into the wall, which end between them upright ribs 16 can lie. In addition, horizontal hips (not shown) can be similar to the ribs 16 Construction are provided that the adjacent ribs 16 over and optionally also under the door and Connect window frames together.

There are various options for the roof of the building structure. In Figure 3, a shed roof is provided. the Inner layer I5 is led up to ceiling height and then runs a top layer 20 of a structure similar to that of the wounds on the building structure until it meets the opposite inner layer I5 on the other side of the structure and is connected to it, an insulation layer 21 is applied over the cover layer 20 and over this lies a

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Zex-containing outer layer 22. Around the upper part of the .. walls lieruiii and about the height of the roof interior calibrate a zecienthalter ring bar 16a, the corresponding one Contains tie rods (not shown). Hs can be more, the ribs 16 in the walls similar tilts are provided between the layers 20 and 22 in the pool. the the resulting structure is box-like, and completely self-supporting and holds a bend in the foundation the end.

To the. Drainage of water from the construction is a Part 23 of the outer wall is directed upwards on one side and provides a support for a light roof construction 24, which consists of light beams and is covered with roofing felt or tiles. This construction gives a small but usable attic 25

Figures 4- and 4A show the construction of either one according to Figure 3 different roof in greater detail. There a triangular rib 26 runs from the ceiling in line with one of the vertical ribs 16 -upwards. These Rib 26 has at its lower end, which lies on the ceiling, Reinforcement rods 27 extending from reinforcement rods 12 and 13 in ribs 12 in the opposite "walls, so that there is a part between these reinforcing rods both above and below the building structure is located. On the rods 27 can starter rods 27b and a Braid 27c are attached, which is further reinforcement of the ribs 23a result. The rib 26 extends upward and carries the roof together with the parts 23 that extend from the walls of the structure.

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A ceiling insulation 21 extends from the sides of the beam 26 and, together with the insulation cliiclites 29, results and 32 an insulated box 33 "which is a very good one Represents roof insulation. The bricks above each or above a particular box can be replaced by a solar panel so that the air heated in the box by the plate can be derived for heating the building. In the same way as the walls with the cementitious outer layer 28, an upwardly directed extension 23 becomes the outer wall, an insulating layer 29 a made of polystyrene and a sprayed, cementitious inner layer 30 with a dem Air gap 17 of the outer wall corresponding air gap 31 is made. The roof is made with a secondary insulating layer 32 that is placed on the ribs 26 and extensions 23 is carried over the secondary layer 32 v / ground wooden slats 34- applied and nailed with wedge-shaped slats 36, which are located on the upper part of the beams 26. The tiles 35 are placed on the roof battens *

Figure 5 shows the eaves construction in which the advantageous form of construction can be seen with a concrete beam 37 is made Versträkungsstangen and the right runs as Sing around the building, in order to reinforce the upper parts of outer walls and to make the roof loads resistant . In this case, the roof is an entire component of the building and consists of a sprayed concrete layer 38 with integrated braid 39, an insulating layer 40 and another cement-containing layer 4-1, which is covered with a vapor-proof membrane (not shown), on the bricks 43 supporting slats 42 are placed.

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Figures 6 and 7 show a further roof construction at which further sprayed the outer walls into the roof so that the inner layer 15 overlooks an inner roof layer 44. The insulating layer 18 abuts a corresponding roof insulating layer 45 and the outer layer 19 made of cement-containing iron. Llarerial merges into an outer roof layer 46.

Figure 7 shows the section with a vertical hip 12 is aligned in the side wall. A rib 52 is im - ^ ach formed on the inner layer 44 and corresponds to the Rib 16. It contains zigzag reinforcing bars in the walls 5 ^ · The rods 51? 12 and I3 are there with each other connected where they meet the gutters. Kin more Ring bar 37 »which is similar to that of Figure 5, runs around the top of the walls. It is shown in detail in FIG.

In addition, the roof has roof beams 47 that are transverse to the Beam 52 lie. Such a bar 47 is closed in FIG see. This contains zigzag reinforcing bars 48 and is thus similar in construction to the ribs 52.

When the building is completed, the concrete walls, the latticework floors and the roof panels result in a "hollow box" structure that is very resistant to lateral forces. The structure is also very resistant to larger cracks, as they usually occur in conventional buildings infoige contraction in the 'sub-floor. It is also very resistant to natural influences such as earthquakes, subsidence due to water or mines.

If required, the sprayed cementitious material,

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which is generally concrete, can be further stiffened by a fiber inclusion, which increases the resistance increased against surface cracks and abrasion. Of the

Concrete has a strength of 1.16 N / m on 28 days and a workload of 0.2 N / m without the addition of fiber reinforcements. Sand according to BS 882 - Zone 2 is used and concrete conforming to BS 1881 is used. The concrete is mixed with a combined concrete mixer and spray machine sprayed. The base materials are preferably a dry mixture to which water is added, which is set at the spray nozzle. The sprayed concrete can be applied at all ambient temperatures and under normal conditions the concrete fastness results an "early strike" for the rack. The concrete surface must be carefully placed under appropriate temperature conditions hardened. The sprayed concrete is very dense and has no voids in the solid mass. Under this fact, it is impenetrable and impermeable to absorption water. Together with all concrete structures the exposed roof areas should be provided with a bitum coating or with bricks or plates, like this has already been described. The outside finishing of all walls can be done by coloring, brick grinding or Wood cladding can be changed.

With regard to the thermal properties of the construction, it has been found that the hollow-layer body construction results in a high level of heat storage in order to absorb and maintain the internal heated or cooled temperature in the construction. The box-like roof structure according to Figure 4 is used for solar panels for heating buildings.

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The thermal insulation of the building is almost double the minimum requirement, the standard provisions, - ^ ie construction also provides very high resistance to steam movement and possible shape enlargement.

The construction of a building according to the method described requires only a single set of formwork for the Building inside. Thus, the cost of the formwork, which is significant in large structures, is significantly reduced. In addition, the inner circuit can be removed immediately after spraying the inner layer 15 if the cement is with early strength, e.g. that known under the name Swiftcrete is used.

The finishing of the inside of the building is also so good that plaster can be omitted. By spraying one Final coating of 1.6 mm on the formwork of the inner layer 15, which is made of soft sand covered with lime and cement in mixed with Y / ater in a ratio of 7: 1: 1 creates a high quality inner finish. The final layer can be finely plastered after removing the formwork. The end result of this finishing coat is generally of such a quality that it is more accurate and better than conventional plaster.

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summary

A building structure is provided with at least one outer wall, which atis is made of at least two layers which are separated by an air gap. The inner layer has molded ribs that form the outer layer stepping out. The ribs generally extend outward and into the inner and outer layers and between Reinforcing rods are embedded in this "Parts run into the outer layer and bind this layer to the ribs" The inner and preferably at least one outer layer consist of cement-containing L / l material. Preferably own the reinforcement rods zigzag shape.

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Claims (1)

Meissner & Meissner PATENT AGENCY OFFICE BERLIN - MUNICH 29U483 PATENT LAWYERS DIPL-ING. W. MEISSNER (BLN) DIPL-ING. P. E. MEISSNER (MCHN) DIPLlNG. H.-J. PRESTING (BLN) HERBERTSTR. 22, 1000 BERLIN 33 Your sign Your letter from our sign Berlin, the APR 6. 1979 CALEDONIAN MOROCCAN CONSTRUCTION LIMITED U.A. Place Betanzos, Tangiers, Morocco Claims f 1. ) Building construction with at least one outer wall, which consists of at least two layers separated by an air gap, characterized in that the inner layer (15) has outwardly directed molded ribs (10) and reinforcing rods (12, 13) in the ribs and between the inner (15) and outer layer or outer layers (19) are embedded that the parts (23) go into the outer layer and bind this layer to the ribs and the inner and preferably at least one outer layer consist of cementitious material. 2. Construction according to claim 1, characterized in that that a heat insulating layer (18) between the inner and outer layers and between the Ribs (16) and the outer layer (19) is provided. 909A42 / Q888 BORO MONKS: TELEX: TELEGRAM: PHONE: BANK ACCOUNT: CHECK ACCOUNT: ST. ANNASTR. 11 1-85644 INVENTION BERLIN BERLIN 31 W. MEISSNER, BLN-W 1000 MONKS 22 INVEN d BERLIN 030/891 SO 37 BERLINER BANK AQ. 122 82 -109 TEU: 0NO2a644 030/882 23 82 3695716000 3 · Construction according to claims 1 and, 2, α · * c u r c h characterized in that over the outwardly facing surface of the inner layer (15) and over the ribs a vapor barrier (11) is provided. 4, according to the preceding construction ^ .r ^ · prvchor, by aa in c ;. "the Irrenfliiche the inner layer (15) having a LOER ^ e] - ^ Z ;; t, re covered, against which the inner layer (15) felt .. order is. >. Construction according to the preceding i-.nsprohen, characterized in that in the Irmenlage (15) a steel reinforcement mesh (14-) embedded is. . 6. Construction according to the preceding ^Arr.pr: Icher, characterized in that the AAII \ ui: enwand is connected as a whole by a roof or ceiling (2'O, its or their structure an in ^v i "NLAP e (il'2) with molded-on vertical ribs (26 "), in which reinforcing rods (27) are embedded, that this Lii:; e has been produced by spraying cement-based material and an upper outer layer (22 ) : r.ifc divider of the reinforcement protruding from the ribs. r-sstr.nror: (Ι ^ ', Ι ^) is connected. 7. KonsturKtion horizontal, continuous - ⁱ ij τ · β ^ 1 " ^N ι-.πϊ cie construction molded around the inner layer .-; t is. 8. A method for producing a construction m.ch the preceding claims, characterized in _t -; eke ii π indicates that the circuit is based on a. ^; india: .ent (7) is erected that vertically, distributed .. delegated Yei'strengthening bars (12,13) to the exterior of the planned 909fU2 / 0888 BAD OeiGlfslAL Structure protrude at places where the ribs (16) are to be arranged that cementitious Material is sprayed against the formwork in such a way that the inner layer (15) and the area of the reinforcement rods (12, 13) arise and so hip are formed, which are from of the inner layer are directed outwards, that a thermal insulation (18) is fitted over the protruding parts of the reinforcing rods (12, 13), and that an outer layer (19) to the protruding parts of the reinforcement rods be bound. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that that at least one outer layer (19) made of cementitious material is sprayed onto the thermal insulation which serves as formwork to embed the protruding parts of the rods (12,13). 10. The method according to claims 8 and 9, characterized g e k e nn ~ z e: i chn e t that the thermal insulation (18) is a foil (2) made of eolystyrene. 909842/0888