DE202011000442U1 - Structural plaster ceiling - Google Patents

Abstract

Plaster ceiling consisting of arranged in a plane, cuboid paving stones (1) each having a horizontal top (2), a plurality of side surfaces (3) and a bottom (4), wherein between the side surfaces (3) of adjacent paving stones (1) one with a Grout material (6) filled gap (5) runs, and wherein the lower sides (4) in a paving bed (8) rest, such that on each side surface (3) facing each adjacent paving stone (1) facing at least two cams (9) are each a rib (91) and a flat element (92), wherein the rib (91) protrudes with a thickness of about 65% to 90% of the joint width (10) in the joint (5), and the am furthest protruding points of the rib (91) form a plane (911) parallel to the side surface (3), which extends from below to near the top (4) and perpendicular to the top (4), the rib (91) to the adjacent flat element (92) having a thickness of about 35% ...

Description

STATE OF THE ART

The invention relates to a plaster ceiling consisting of arranged in a plane, cuboid paving stones, each having a horizontal top, a plurality of side surfaces and a bottom between the side surfaces of adjacent paving stones a joint runs, and wherein the undersides rest in a plaster bed As the prior art More than 2,000 years ago, Egyptians and Romans already knew how to train roads and squares by laying stones that had been stored in a sand bed and separated from one another by filled joints. The paving materials used were preferably quarry stones or stones rounded by water, which were easy to handle in terms of weight and size. An alternative soon became paving stones made of baked clay in very dry areas. For covered areas, the use of pieces of wood as a paving element was common.

As the current state of the art, concrete has largely displaced other materials, natural stone is still common for surfaces where the surface effect of the natural material is desired. As concrete blocks can also reproduce the surfaces of natural stones through increasing improvements in the compressive strength of concrete and more and more possibilities for detailing the shapes of concrete blocks, concrete blocks are also replacing the naturally mined materials in this area.

Compared to covering an area with large blocks of material, individual, smaller paving stones offer numerous advantages. These include economical production in an optimized production facility, easier transport to the place of use and easier laying and better adaptation to irregular edge lines of the surface to be paved. A particularly important advantage, however, is the elasticity of the plaster ceiling, d. H. up to certain load limits a single stone tilts slightly under the load, usually in a rotary motion in the main direction of travel. This rotation is reversible, d. H. it forms again after the load has dropped. This effect results from the interaction between the side surface of the paving stone, the adjacent joint material and the side surface of the adjacent paving stone. Under the load, the joint material is compacted. The compaction is greatest at the upper edge of each paving stone in the main direction of travel because of the highest load occurring there. The grains of the joint material wedged into each other. As a result, the volume of the joint is reduced and the pressure passed not only to the wall of the adjacent paving stone, but also to the pavement bed. Thus, each paving stone is supported both on its neighbor, as well as in his pavement bed. In the paving bed not only the forces of the vertically acting load components are introduced, but as just described also components of horizontally or almost horizontally acting on the paving stone loads. The wedging of the grains of the joint material is reversible. With decreasing load, therefore, increases the volume of the joint filling again.

Like any other fixture, a paving slab has a load limit above which the paving stones are not only tilted in their bed, but have supported so much beyond the width of the joint to their neighbors that the edges have chipped or the paving stone is broken. To counteract this effect, so-called spacers or cams on the sides of paving stones are known.

Other forms of cams interlock the stones with each other and thereby increase the load capacity of the plaster ceiling against horizontal forces or horizontal force components that arise when driving the plaster ceiling through the wheels of the vehicles.

However, the previously known solutions have numerous disadvantages. Very numerous, small cams are not always evenly filled when pouring and compressing the mold and not always compacted evenly. The resulting cams are characterized weaker in some places than the rest of the paving stone.

The other, known extreme are very massive teeth or lugs on the side surfaces of the paving stones. In relation to the joint, however, they are so large that the volume of the joint is greatly reduced and thus the elasticity of the plaster surface is noticeably reduced, i. H. at a given load near its load limit, the stone will perform an even greater tilting movement.

This unfavorable effect is exacerbated by the fact that the lateral formations completely displace the joint material even at a smaller angle of rotation, abut the adjacent paving stone and thereby cause damage to the stones.

Another, principal disadvantage of very large teeth is the very narrow gap to the side surface of the adjacent paving stone. The narrower the gap, the worse it can be filled. A common effect is that a narrow gap at the beginning of the life of a plaster ceiling is filled only in the upper area, because during filling larger grains from the filler form a locking bolt. The underlying area of the gap remains empty. At the top, however, the gap appears already completely filled. During use of the plaster ceiling, however, the joint in the upper part is temporarily widened by tilting the stone. This loosens the locking bolt. When the paving stone tilts backwards, an increased pressure is exerted on the filling material in the upper region of the joint and at the same time the lower region of the joint is widened. As a result, the filler moves continuously down until the initial cavity is completely filled. The upper part of the joint is then empty. But especially in this area causes a tilting paving stone the highest load. The result is that stone pokes on stone and chips off material. Further loads that lie within the permissible range lead in this state of wear of the plaster pavement already to further chipping and thus to an acceleration of progressive aging.

Even if when laying the narrow joint area between the large tooth and side surface of the adjacent stone has been filled, this contains only material with very fine grain due to its narrow dimensions. This fine material is pressed down by the movements of the filling under load and / or by surface water down more and more, especially when the paving bed has been built from very coarse-grained material. This effect leads in the long run to a gradual emptying of the joint.

Another disadvantageous effect of a only partially filled joint is that with a tilting paving stone on the side of the raised edge grout material can get out of the joint down into the pavement bed inside. There it leads to a permanent imbalance of the paving stone, whereby the stability of the plaster ceiling is weakened lasting.

Finally, there is the problem that too wide joints provide a good drainage property, but do not provide a durable stable pavement, while very narrow joints provide insufficient infiltration capability to surface water, especially in conjunction with non-infillible paving stones. To address this problem, infiltration paving stones are often used, which, however, have only a low resistance to freeze-thawing salt, and whose infiltration capacity is greatly reduced by pollution over long periods of time.

The invention has set itself the task of creating the largest possible, easily fillable gap by the special shape of the cams and their optimal vertical positioning, and thereby to reduce the primary damage significantly by optimizing the first contact surface of the paving stones in case of overload and thus, at the beginning of the overload, to improve the diagnosability of an accumulating damage and at the same time to extend the time available for remediation measures. In addition, by means of a suitable choice of joint and paving bed material, a high infiltration capability of the plaster surface over long periods of time is to be made possible in order to increase the durability of the plaster surface and to improve the infiltration performance.

This object is achieved by a paving slab of paving stones having at each side face on each adjacent paving stone at least two cams, each comprising a rib and a planar element, the rib having a thickness of about 65% to 90% of the joint width in the fugue protrudes and the furthest projecting points of the ridge form a plane parallel to the side surface which extends from below to near the top and perpendicular to the top, the ridge being adjacent to the planar element which is approximately 35% thick. up to 90% of the joint width, but less than the rib projects into the joint and extends from the bottom over only a part of the side surface, wherein within the region of the joint between two adjacent paving stones at least a pair of cams is arranged so that there is a Cam exactly on the opposite side surface, in such a way that the flanks of the Cams facing in the longitudinal direction of the joint with a distance of 10% to 120% of the joint width. Here, the material and / or the grain size of the joint material is chosen finer than that of the paving bed.

A plaster ceiling according to the invention offers numerous advantages. This implies that when a certain horizontal force is exceeded, the single paving stone moves on its bed until its cams catch on the side face with the opposing cams of the adjacent stone. As a result, this stone also supports the overloaded neighbor. Likewise, the overloaded stone will rest on its neighbor on the other side. When they begin to wander in their pavement, they will again lean on their respective neighbors. In this way, a peak load can spread evenly over several stones. The weakest link in the chain of power distribution is the cam of the originally overloaded stone. The stronger he is trained, the higher the load limit.

An inventively designed cam is much stronger, especially in its lower half than other previously known cams. As a result, a noticeable increase in the relevant resilience is achieved.

A further advantageous function of the cams according to the invention is the relatively narrow rib leading up to relatively close to the surface. It helps to form a proper joint during installation. Even if (inappropriately) the paving stones are laid with mutual contact and / or without or with partial or inappropriate backfilling, there still remains a minimum joint between the paving stones. Even in this (not desired by the invention) situation, in the overload case, only the upper edges of the narrow ribs will flake off first.

Advantageously, the special cam shape allows the formation of defined joints with mutually toothed paving stones. Due to the particular selection of the grain of the joint material, which is finer than the paving bed material, the grain should preferably be 0.2 to 0.6 times smaller than the joint width, in particular 20% to 60% of the joint, with a high composite at the same time a high infiltration capability be reached the plaster ceiling. Thus, a permanent infiltration capability of more than 270 l / (s · ha) can be achieved. Due to the special shape of the spacer cams (two adjacent ribs with different depths of for example 3 and 4 mm), which engage in the opposite cams of the neighboring stones, for example, a homogeneous 5 mm gap can be achieved. In conjunction with a grout material, for example, 1 / 3er split (average grain size 1 to 3 mm), a paving bed material, for example, 2 / 5er split (2 to 5 mm grain size) and the all-round cam teeth, the aforementioned permanent infiltration performance is achieved, so that a Paving slab can be created, which complies with the existing regulations without the use of haufwerksporigen paving stones, which have a self-infiltration ability and far exceed. Thus, the German Association for Water Management (DWA) and the Research Association for Roads and Transportation (FWA) calls for a permeability of paved traffic areas, which should be more than 270 l / (s · ha) even with prolonged use and possible addition of the joint by dirt entry , A plaster ceiling according to the invention allows a more than 10-fold higher infiltration performance, the essential due to the geometry of the joint, due to the cam shape and the use of a grout after DIN 18130 has a permeability of at least 5.4 × 10-4 m / s and compared to the bedding material is filter-stable, is achieved. Thus, it is possible to dispense with the use of previously infiltrated, haufwerksporiger stones, so that the resistance of the plaster ceiling to frost and de-icing salt is significantly increased. A plaster ceiling according to the invention can be permanently installed in public space and stable in value for an extremely long functional life.

The individual stones of the plaster ceiling can have any format size. Size dimensions of 20 × 20 cm or 20 × 10 cm as well as a size of 16 × 16 cm have proved to be advantageous. This size allows for easy installation, a sufficient joint surface and well-defined per square meter joints and a robust, weather-resistant, heavy-duty plaster ceiling over a long period of time.

In the case of a heavy load on the paving stone this - as already described several times - put into a rotary motion. As a result, a compaction of the joint material in the upper region of the joint is known to occur. Due to the finer consistency of the joint material continues to ensure good water passage through the joint even with a compaction. Thanks to the special design of the cam with a wide, flat element, which does not protrude as far into the joint as the narrow rib, has a plaster ceiling of an embodiment in comparison to other system on a particularly voluminous joint, which also only in the narrow range of Narrow ribs significantly reduced the joint width. Therefore, the paving stones of a plaster blanket according to the invention on a smaller angle of rotation than other systems with the same load.

• – Dadurch dass die Rippe nicht ganz bis zur Oberkante hinreicht, wird der mögliche Verdrehwinkel des Pflastersteins bis zum Anstoßen an den Nachbarstein vergrößert.
• – Wenn der Pflasterstein dennoch an den Benachbarten anstößt, so berühren zuerst die Oberkanten der schmalen Rippe die Fläche des Nachbarsteines. Da die Fläche sehr viel stabiler ist als die Ecke der schmalen Rippe wird dieser Teil der Rippe zu einer Art Sollbruchstelle. Wenn die Belastungsgrenze nur geringfügig überschritten wird, wird dadurch nur der obere Teil der Rippe des Nockens „geopfert”, der restliche Teil des Nockens bleibt ebenso wie der Pflasterstein selbst erhalten.

Only when the load limit is exceeded or when the joint is imperfectly filled, the two adjacent paving stones collide in the upper area. For this reason, the joints should advantageously be filled completely or at least for the most part. For this situation, several advantageous properties of the cam according to the invention should be emphasized:

• - Due to the fact that the rib does not reach all the way to the upper edge, the possible angle of rotation of the paving stone is increased until it hits the neighboring stone.
• - If the paving stone still abuts the adjacent one, first the upper edges of the narrow rib touch the surface of the neighboring stone. Since the surface is much more stable than the corner of the narrow rib this part of the rib is a kind of predetermined breaking point. When the load limit is only slightly exceeded only the upper part of the rib of the cam is thereby "sacrificed", the remaining part of the cam remains as well as the paving stone itself.

With the aforementioned type of filling of the joint, the achievable load limits can be increased and an above-average infiltration capability can be achieved. A reinforcement of the positive effect of the joint with cams according to the invention is achieved when the joint is filled with sand, gravel, crushed sand, grit or a mixture thereof, the grain size of this joint material being from 0% to 100%, preferably 20% to 70%. the joint width should be enough. A fine grain size in the range of 20% to 70% of the joint width, allows a homogeneous filling of the joint material, so that the stones are insulated from each other by joint material and tilt-mounted, with a high percolation performance can be ensured. The joints realized by the cams in combination with the proposed joint material, a required permeability coefficient (hydraulic conductivity) of at least 5.4 × 10 ^-4 m / s can be achieved.

According to an excellent embodiment, the gap may have a width of about 3.5 mm to 6.5 mm, preferably 4.5 mm to 5.5 mm, in particular 5 mm. In this case, the rib may have a thickness, ie a protrude into the joint in the direction of the side surface of the adjacent stone, of about 2.5 mm to 5 mm, preferably 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm, in particular 4 mm and the sheet member has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4 mm, preferably 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, in particular 3 mm. Thus, a gap with an average minimum width of about 4 to 5 mm can be created, which ensures adequate infiltration capability according to the size of the paving stone, and allows a closely interlocked, visually appealing array of paving stones, so that both durability and road safety are achieved can. The joint portion of the surface to be created in conjunction with the aforementioned joint material after DIN 18130 or allow sufficient infiltration capacity of at least 270 l / s × ha (liters per second and hectare) by means of infiltration tests.

In the interest of a high infiltration capability and durability of the system, an embodiment prefers that the grain size of the joint material is finer than that of the grain size of the paving bed. Advantageously, the joint material may have a particle size of about 40% to 100%, more preferably 50% to 90% of the paving bed material, preferably 60% to 85%, in particular the joint material 1-3 mm filler and the Plasterbettmaterial a 2-5 mm Filling material is. Due to the refined, but similar grain of the joint compared to the paving bed material a high resistance to high traffic loads such as truck traffic is achieved at the same time high infiltration capability. The stones are reinforced due to the defined joint geometry and the toothing effect of the cams together with the joint filling by means of fine joint material against each other, with a finer joint filling against pollution or decreasing infiltration effect is more resistant than a coarser filling. With increasing infiltration of the surface water, the grain of the substrate increases, so that an improved water removal is achieved. Even at the very bottom of the joint at the junction between the joint and the paving bed an improved leakage and elastic deformation between the grains of fine-grained joint material and coarse-grained pavement bed is achieved at peak loads. For example, if a pavement is designed so that it can be used by trucks on a continuous basis, joint material with a grain size of 60 to 90% of the joint width reduces the number of equivalent axle transitions due to heavy traffic. So only a few trucks can drive the pavement, with a coarser grain ensures better infiltration capacity of the plaster ceiling.

Basically, the paving stones can be made of any material. For paving water-penetrable stones, in particular hard stones are used in particular to achieve high infiltration, but which have only a low frost and de-icing salt tolerance and a high risk of contamination. A further advantage of a plaster blanket according to the invention is that the paving stones can be produced from a very wide variety of materials, in particular non-infiltratable, robust and durable materials. The invention prefers concrete, as are reinforced concrete, fiber cement or other hardening after potting mineral mass. Also used may be fired clay, also referred to as clay, brick or clinker, or another mineral mass which is cured by heating. Also metal, rubber or plastic are conceivable as material. Basically, the paving stones can be designed to be open-pored per se and therefore have their own infiltration capability. Preferably, however, the paving stones are not themselves open-pored and thus not permeable in their structure, so that the pavement is infiltrated solely on the special design of the joint in the area.

When dimensioning the cams according to the invention is of course to the maximum Pressure resistance of the material to take into account; The cam must therefore be widened accordingly. It is common to all the aforementioned materials that they are suitable for producing the stone in a mold. In this production method, the optimization of the cams according to the invention is comparatively simple. The expenditure for the shaping is quantified with the one-time investment of a suitable casting mold As material for paving stones in principle very much proven and as mentioned, already used for millennia, are natural stones. The inventive design of the cam, however, requires the effort of a fairly accurate material removal in each individual copy.

A plaster blanket according to the invention is preferably designed so that at least two adjacent stones adjoin one side surface, ie. h., That in parallelepiped paving stones only in one direction, the joints straight through, in the transverse direction oriented other direction, the joint is offset from stone to stone in each case by a half stone width. An inventive design of the side edges of paving stones is of course possible and useful for polygonal stone shapes. Interesting shapes are, for example, hexagon or octagon, as well as diamond and trapezoid, but also all other polygons, as they are known, for example, in the field of wall tiles.

An inventive design of cams is also possible and useful for curved or polygonal side surfaces. Any shapes of the side surfaces are possible and useful if the adjacent stone forms a complementary surface, so that between two adjacent stones always creates a joint with uniform width.

By combining paving stones in several forms, various designs of plaster paving are possible. In particular, when the joints run diagonally to the main direction of travel, which is also in terms of resilience a functional advantage. The cams designed according to the invention can then successfully counteract rotational movements and at the same time tilting movements of the paving stone.

In all the cases mentioned above, the minimum requirement for the side surfaces is that a single cam be arranged on one side surface so that it fits into the interspace of a pair of cams on the opposite side surface, each with a distance of 10% to 120% of the joint width. This distance is useful because it filled grout material ensures an even distribution of forces. The combination of a cam pair on the one with a single cam on the other side surface secures the two adjacent stones against horizontal movements in both directions, ie against braking and acceleration of the vehicles.

In order to create a variety of possible combinations between standardized paving stones, it may be useful to equip a side surface with a plurality of cams according to the invention. In this case, it is advantageous that all cams mesh tooth-like. However, a distance of 10% to 120% of the joint width should always be maintained between the flanks of the cams in the joint longitudinal direction, so that joint material can be filled into this intermediate space.

Another useful variant of a cam according to the invention provides that the ribs run through to the surface of the paving stone. Although thereby the possible tilt angle of the individual paving stone is slightly limited until it hits the neighboring stone, but the production of the stone and the use of the rib as a spacer during installation and as a predetermined breaking point when touching the neighboring stone is slightly improved or maintained.

Another advantageous embodiment of a paving stone according to the invention is to provide further cams, which consist only of a rib. These can be a useful tool when loading the stones and laying them with machines.

In order to optimize the elasticity of the plaster ceiling, it is an improvement to provide on a side surface further cams in which only the lower surface part is formed. This improves the accessibility of the joint and increases the maximum tilt angle of the paving stone in case of overload. Likewise, the volume of the joint continues to increase.

In order to reduce the driving noise of a plaster ceiling, it makes sense to make the joint at the upper edge in some areas narrower. In order not to worsen the filling of the joints too much, it is a further advantageous version to make the joint width at the top alternately wider and / or narrower.

If the joint is wider at the top than at the bottom, improving the fillability is an important asset. Because of the funnel effect, the water permeability of the joint is somewhat limited. Likewise, the risk of collision of the stones is increased at their lower edge in case of overload.

Basically, the paving stone may have a smooth bottom, so that the Plaster ceiling rests flat in the paving bed and has little or no toothing against the ground. A further advantageous embodiment of the plaster ceiling is that additional recesses are present at the bottom of the paving stones. These recesses may in particular be designed as groove-shaped bottom grooves on the underside of the paving stone. The bottom grooves may be formed in cross-section trapezoidal or semi-circular. If these are filled with the material of the paving bed, they increase the load capacity of the paving stone against horizontally acting forces. Thus, a horizontal displacement of the paving stones against each other is prevented and improved the bottom teeth of the plaster ceiling especially at high traffic load. Preferably, the Aussparrungen can have a width of 8 to 20 mm and a height of 7 to 10 mm, which can be easily realized manufacturing technology, and does not cause weakening of the paving stone. Nevertheless, a large amount of filling material of the paving bed can accumulate for displacement inhibition in the recess. The underside profiling leads to a clawing of the stone in the paving bed and results in a high displacement protection against horizontal load. This results in a very high stability and resistance to shear and rotational forces. The friction value is increased by more than 50% compared to a smooth stone underside.

Starting from the aforementioned embodiment, a heating device, preferably a heating conductor or a heating tube can be inserted along at least one recess between the paving bed and the underside of the paving stone. Thus, the geometry of the underside profiling can be matched to the diameter of heating conductors or heating cables or heating pipes for the possibility of realizing heated concrete surfaces. Heating conductors are supplied by electric current. It is alternatively conceivable to use liquid or air-heated heating pipes that can prevent icing of the plaster ceiling by connecting to a district heating system, heating system of a building or the like. The laying of heat conductors or heating pipes under pavement and slabs is facilitated by the bottom profiling, so that a frost-free traffic area, such as stairs or garage entrance can be created. The laying of large-area heating mats, which adversely affects the interlocking between the plaster and the floor, is no longer necessary. In addition, a repair capability without paving degradation may be opened, for example, a defective strands of the heater under the plaster ceiling through and pulled out while a new strand be retracted.

Another useful variant of a plaster ceiling according to the invention represents the curvature of the ceiling. This not only improves the discharge of the surface water is achieved, but even at borderline loads an even greater part of the forces carried by the adjacent stones. In this case, a correspondingly strong clamping at the edge of the plaster ceiling is to be provided for the absorption of the horizontally from stone to stone forwarded forces. It is therefore recommended that the uppermost point of the arched plaster ceiling be positioned in the middle between the restraints.

In this configuration, the paving stones according to the invention are therefore particularly advantageous because the cam is especially strong, especially near the bottom.

In the following, further details and features of the invention will be explained in more detail by way of examples. However, the examples shown are not intended to limit the invention, but only to explain. In a schematic representation:

1 : Top view of a four cam joint;

2 : Oblique image of a parallelepipedic paving stone with several cams and a staggered, cut, second paving stone;

3 : Cross section through a paving stone at the load limit in two variants;

4 Cross section through a plaster ceiling with a curvature transverse to the main direction of travel;

5 Three horizontal cross sections of two adjacent paving stones in three different levels;

6 : Oblique view of an embodiment of a cam-occupied paving stone with soil profiling with inserted heating device;

7 Embodiments of a paving stone composite with embodiment of a joint design according to the invention.

The figures show in detail:
1 gives the supervision to the part of a joint 5 between two adjacent paving stones 1 again. In the right half of the picture is a paving stone 1 to be seen in the supervision, and only with the small portion of a corner. The left half of the picture is a second paving stone 1 in cross section again. At the paving stone on the right 1 is in the supervision to recognize that each cam 9 from the planar element 92 and the rib 91 consists. The rib 91 points with her level 911 towards the neighboring stone. The upper surface of the rib 91 almost juts up to the top of the right paving stone 1 so the outline of the rib is outlined on all sides. Also the contour of the flat element 92 is separated from the other elements, as this element only up to half the height of the paving stone 1 up projects. In 1 is the fugue 5 with their width 10 entered. In the fugue 5 is the filling material 6 and many examples of the different grain size 7 of the joint material entered that finer than the chippings of the paving bed 8th is executed. It is clear that the joint material is a mixture of larger and smaller grains, which are in a range of 1 to 3 mm and therefore between 20% to 75% of the joint width with a joint width of 4 to 5 mm. The paving stone shown on the left 1 is drawn in section, so are from the cams 9 only the contours pointing into the joint can be seen. It becomes clear that the rib 91 protrudes further into the joint than the planar element 92 ,

In 2 is a complete paving stone 1 with his top 2 and two side surfaces 3 shown. On the two visible side surfaces he is with a total of seven cams 9 Mistake. On the right narrow side is also a cam 9 to recognize the only one rib 91 The other cams are one with the rib 91 adjacent flat element 92 Mistake. In front of the completely shown paving stone 1 an adjoining adjacent stone is shown in which the upper part is cut off. As a result, the profile of the cams arranged thereon 9 visible, noticeable. Also, this stone carries on its right-facing side of a cam, the only of a rib 91 consists. In the fugue between the two stones becomes clear how ever two pairs of cams 9 meshed with each other, each with two cams 9 a stone 1 a cam of a neighboring stone 1 embrace like a clamp.

In 3 are two cross sections through paving stones 1 shown at the load limit without joint and bed filling. In the upper 3a the paving stones have an approximately square cross section, the cams shown on the right in the side view 9 touched with his rib 91 the side surface of the neighboring stone. The rib 91 on the left side touches the side surface of the other neighboring stone with its lower point. As a comparison, is below in 3b the cross section through a very flat paving stone shown with the same orientation of the main direction of travel burdening him. It becomes clear that the flat stone reaches a much larger tilt angle. From the comparison of the two figures it is clear that the upper paving stone has a considerably larger side surface on which the load can be distributed. This significantly larger area explains the lower tilt angle.

In 4 the cross section is drawn through a plaster ceiling with a curvature. With vaulting 13 is the height difference between the highest point of the pavement approximately in the middle between the two restraints 14 and the deepest lines of the plaster ceiling near the respective restraint reproduced. It can be seen that the bulge 13 already in the underground 17 must be incorporated, only then have the supporting layer thereon 16 and the pavement bed 8th at all points of the carriageway the same width and therefore also the same characteristic.

It is also plausible that the paving stones are closest to their lower edge, so that the invention full formation of the cams at the bottom of the paving stone is advantageous over previously known systems.

In 5 become three horizontal cross sections through the border areas of two adjacent paving stones 1 and the gap between them 5 shown. And as a section of a corner of the right paving stone 1 and part of the opposite paving stone 1 , The arrangement of the cams indicates that they are in the 2 pictured joint acts.

In the (left) 5a is the cut near the bottom 4 played. In this section plane, both the farthest into the joint ribs 91 as well as the adjacent flat elements 92 of the cam 9 cut and therefore hatched. It is clear that in the longitudinal direction of the joint, the effective material cross section of rib 91 together with a flat element 92 is very big. This reinforces the flat elements 92 the cam against stresses in the longitudinal direction of the joint.

The element 92 has a larger distance to the opposite side surface than the rib 91 , By this broadening of the joint, the fillability is improved in comparison to previously known cams.

In the (middle) 5b is a cut drawn in a higher level. The flat element is no longer visible 92 because it ends below this cutting plane. This will change the cross-sectional area of the joint 5 clearly increased. This increases the elasticity and stability of the entire plaster surface.

In the (right) 5c gets a cut near the top 2 displayed. In this plane is also the rib 91 no longer visible. The joint 5 opens with its maximum area. This makes it clear that a joint according to the invention is much better to fill, as in other previously known systems. The comparatively finer filling material of the joint allows a homogeneous filling of the joint compared to the bed material.

6 represents an embodiment of a paving stone 1 which is basically the one of 2 equivalent. Opposite the stone 1 of the 2 has the in 6 illustrated stone 1 a soil profile in the form of semicircular transverse channels 12 . 20 in the floor area 4 on, by which the traction against the plaster bed 4 is improved. In two of the three floor channels 12 . 20 are heating devices 19 embedded in the form of heating conductors or heating cables. These can heat the plaster ceiling to a temperature of slightly above 0 ° C when applying a mains voltage, so that frost and ice on the floor surface 2 the plaster ceiling is avoided. Thus, the use of de-icing salt can be dispensed with, a de-icing of the paving surface is no longer necessary and damage by the road salt and the icing process does not take place. This increases longevity and road safety. It should be noted that the heating conductors 19 Any existing expansion joints should not cross in order not to be dilated accordingly when expanding the plaster ceiling. Furthermore, due to improved electrical safety, care must be taken that the heating conductors do not touch or intersect. A safety distance of 3 cm should be maintained, and the minimum bending radius of 6 times the cable diameter should be ensured. For example, the paving stone shown may have a dimension of 16 × 16 cm, with the two heating conductors 19 have a distance of 8 cm from each other.

7 represents a top view of a paving stone composite of four stones 1 that the construction in the 6 represented stone. Every stone 1 has a surface 2 on, and borders with two side surfaces 3 to neighboring stones 1 at. On each side surface is a plurality of cams 9 arranged the ribs 91 and adjacent planar elements 92 include the cams 9 is formed such that in the bandage the ribs 91 and the flat elements 92 adjacent side surfaces 3 interlock and are offset from each other. As a result, have the paving stones 1 a defined laying direction, which must be taken into account in the production of the pavement. By in the 7a illustrated laying method of a paving stone composite 1 With a paving stone size of 20 × 20 cm and a grid area of 40,000 mm ² and a 5 mm joint width, a joint share of 1,328 mm ² can be achieved, which corresponds to a joint share of 3.3%. The in 7b shown paving stone composite with a stone size of 20 × 10 cm reaches a grid area of 20,000 mm ² , which results in a 5 mm wide joint a joint surface of 899 mm ² , which corresponds to a joint share of 4.5%. Due to the small proportion of joints and the special joint design allows the paving stone composite after 7a and 7b a closed surface design with a very large infiltration capacity

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

paving stone

2

Top of the paving stone 1

3

Side surfaces of the paving stone 1

4

Bottom of the paving stone 1

5

Joints between the side surfaces 3 neighboring paving stones 1

6

Grout material to fill the joint 5

7

Grain size of the joint material 6 or the paving bed 8th

8th

pavement bed

9

Cam on side surface 3

91

Rib, part of the cam 9

911

Plain, part of the rib 91

92

flat element, part of the cam 9

10

joint width

11

not used

12

Recesses at the bottom 4

13

bulge

14

clamping

15

joint doctrine

16

base course

17

underground

18

Main Befahrung direction

19

heater

20

bottom groove

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited non-patent literature

• DIN 18130 [0018]
• DIN 18130 [0023]

Claims (14)

Paving slab consisting of parallelepipedic paving stones ( 1 ), each with a horizontal top ( 2 ), several side surfaces ( 3 ) and a bottom ( 4 ), whereby between the side surfaces ( 3 ) of adjacent paving stones ( 1 ) one with a joint material ( 6 ) filled gap ( 5 ), and the undersides ( 4 ) in a plaster bed ( 8th ), such that on each side surface ( 3 ) on each adjoining paving stone ( 1 ) having at least two cams ( 9 ) are arranged, each having a rib ( 91 ) and a planar element ( 92 ), wherein the rib ( 91 ) with a thickness of about 65% to 90% of the joint width ( 10 ) into the fugue ( 5 protrudes, and the furthest protruding points of the rib ( 91 ) one to the side surface ( 3 ) parallel plane ( 911 ) from the bottom to near the top ( 4 ) and perpendicular to the top ( 4 ), whereby the rib ( 91 ) to the planar element ( 92 ) with a thickness of about 35% to 90% of the joint width ( 10 ) but less than the rib ( 91 ) into the fugue ( 5 protrudes), and from the bottom ( 4 ) only over part of the side surface ( 3 ), whereby within the area of the fugue ( 5 ) between two adjacent paving stones ( 1 ) at least one pair of cams ( 9 ) is arranged so that it is a cam ( 9 ) on the opposite side surface ( 3 ), in such a way that the flanks of the cams measured in the joint longitudinal direction at a distance of 10 to 120% of the joint width ( 10 ), characterized in that the material and / or the grain size of the joint material ( 6 ) finer than that of the paving bed ( 8th ). Plaster ceiling according to claim 1, characterized in that the joints ( 5 ) with the joint material ( 6 ) are filled completely or at least to a greater extent, and that the joint material ( 6 ) Sand, gravel sand, crushed sand, split or a mixture thereof, the grain size ( 7 ) of the joint material ( 6 ) from 0% to 100%, preferably 20% to 70% of the joint width ( 10 ). Paving slab according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the joint ( 5 ) has a width of about 3.5 mm to 6.5 mm, preferably 4.5 mm to 5.5 mm, in particular 5 mm, the rib ( 91 ) has a thickness of about 2.5 mm to 5 mm, preferably 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm, in particular 4 mm, and the flat element ( 92 ) has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4 mm, preferably 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, in particular 3 mm. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the joint material ( 6 ) a grain size of about 20% to 90% of the paving bed material ( 8th ), preferably 60% to 85%, wherein in particular the joint material ( 6 ) a 1-3 mm filling material and the plaster bed material ( 8th ) is a 2-5 mm filler. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the paving stones ( 1 ) made of concrete, reinforced concrete, fiber cement or other potting hardening, mineral mass and / or baked clay such as clay, brick, clinker or other hardened by heating, mineral mass and / or natural stone and / or wood or wood materials and / or metal and / or rubber and / or rubber materials such. B. used tires and / or plastic, preferably the paving stones ( 1 ) are not self-infiltrating. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more side surfaces ( 3 ) with a joint ( 5 ) on more than one paving stone ( 1 ) borders. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outline of the surface ( 2 ) is a polygon and / or any shape with mutually complementary subregions, wherein the side surfaces ( 3 ) perpendicular to the surface ( 2 ) are aligned. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the joint ( 5 ) all cams ( 9 ) of one side surface ( 3 ) with one exception in intermediate spaces between the cams ( 9 ) of the other side surface ( 3 ) tooth-like intervene and that the distance between the cams measured in the joint longitudinal direction is about 10 to 120% of the joint width. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more ribs ( 91 ) from the bottom ( 4 ) to the top ( 2 ) completely. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there are further cams, which only consist of the rib ( 91 ) and / or that there are further cams which only consist of the planar element ( 92 ) consist. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the joint width ( 10 ) near the top ( 2 ) wider than at the bottom ( 4 ), or the joint width ( 10 ) near the top ( 2 ) alternately wider and / or narrower than at the bottom ( 4 ). Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that paving stones ( 1 ) Recesses ( 12 ) as soil profiling, in particular gutter-shaped soil grooves the bottom ( 4 ), wherein the Aussparrungen ( 12 ) preferably have a width of 8 to 20 mm and a height of 7 to 10 mm. Paving slab according to claim 12, characterized in that along at least one recess ( 12 ) between the paving bed ( 8th ) and underside ( 4 ) of the paving stone ( 1 ) a heating device ( 19 ), preferably a heating element or a heating tube is inserted. Paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has a curvature in at least one direction ( 13 ), wherein the edges of the plaster blanket on lateral restraints ( 14 ) and the topmost point of the plaster ceiling close to the center between the restraints ( 14 ) is arranged.

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